Izinyithi acace: entsimini, yokugcina. acace insimbi

Metals - it soze ulahlekelwe izixhobo zayo ukufaneleka. ngokubanzi asetyenziswe ngayo ekhayeni kushishino. Kakade ke, ngoku siye sasungula ezininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokusekelwe apho izinto endibufumeneyo na enasilela nezinga nesinyithi. Noko ke, abanako indawo ngokupheleleyo. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ezintangweni namasango, grates, izingxobo, emiseleni, izixhobo kunye ngakumbi into enye.

Nangona iplastiki, iglasi, abicah, polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene ziye zibe yinxalenye yobomi mihla, kunzima endaweni izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo iinkcukacha ezininzi kweemoto nezinye kwezithuthi kuyo nayiphi na enye zesinyithi. Yinto nje.

Isinyithi of the Periodic System

The Periodic System of Elements iintsimbi abahlala ehamba isikhundla. Waziwa kungoku kwizikhundla 117 ezinxulumene iintsimbi ngaphezulu kwe 90. Zonke ezi zinto zibe eziliqela iimpawu ezizodwa ezikuvumela ukubhekisela ukuba iqela zesinyithi:

1. Ekwaziyo ukuqhuba yangoku yombane.
2. Yiba conductivity.
3. Oluthambileyo, ductile, ehlelayo efanele ibe amaxwebhu kunye neengcingo (hayi bonke).
4. Yiba Ndileka ubuhle (ngaphandle yobhedu legolide).

Ukongeza iimpawu ngokubanzi isiqalelo ngasinye lineqela ethile, kwaye loo nto yenza kube isidingo esinjalo.

typology

Zonke isinyithi nje into elula kwakhona kwahlulwa ibe abantu kwizintlu ezintathu:

1. Black.
2. Coloured.
3. Precious.

Kuba izinyithi non-ayoni yonke kodwa ezixabisekileyo kunye nentsimbi. Oko kukuthi, ikopolo, imetyhuri, mbala, chromium, nickel, zinc, nemagnesium, calcium, i-aluminiyamu, ilothe, nebhekile, njalo-njalo.

Kuba amatye anqabileyo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• yesilivere;
• ngegolide;
• platinum.

Acace iintsimbi - leyo ke baphathwa?

Kule klasi iquka:

• yintsimbi zonke aluminium zayo;
• manganese;
• chrome;
• vanadium;
• titanium;
• neyuranium actinides (thorium, neplutoniyam, neptunium, kunye nabanye);
• Tungsten;
• izinyithi kwealkali.

Oko kukuthi, ukususela ezahlukeneyo ezi zinto kwi isabelo zesinyithi ayoni akhawunti for ingxenye ezincinane. Kwaye ziyindlela hayi ixhaphakileyo (ngaphandle intsimbi) zifumaneka kuqweqwe ngaphakathi komhlaba.

Kodwa nangona yokuba iintsimbi ayoni yaziswe inani izinto ezimbalwa, zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye voluminous kwimveliso kunye processing. Weight lweemveliso, izahlulo, izincedisi wenza kanye ngentsimbi aluminium yayo.

Acace iintsimbi kumba ngokwaneleyo kwaye babefuna kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukumbiwa processing zesinyithi - iingxaki yeqondo eliphezulu kubugcisa nakuqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka naseRashiya.

Iidipozithi zesinyithi ayoni kwi planethi

zesinyithi isikali zemveliso zeeteksi kuqala phakathi zonke iintsimbi. nokuqulethileyo ubunzima kwindalo, kuquka kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kuqikelelwa ezigidi. Ngelo xesha, ngokutsho iingcali, umntu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iye yafunyanwa omnye billion kuphela ezilikhulu iitoni.

Ukuba sithetha iidipozithi yehlabathi zesinyithi ayoni, ikakhulu intsimbi, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke amazwekazi, kuzo zonke iindawo ehlabathini, ngaphandle kwindawo langasentla kakhulu. Ulwabiwo ngamazwe ezifana zilandelayo (kwehle):

• Russia (malunga namashumi amane ekhulwini oovimba behlabathi);
• Brazil;
• Australia;
• Canada;
• US;
• China;
• India;
• Sweden.

Imali e Russia

Insimbi Russian ayoni equlethwe ngazo zonke izithili federal omkhulu.

1. Central Federal District (Kurskaia anomaly magnetic) - kwama-59%.
2. Urals Federal District - 14%.
3. Siberian District - 13%.
4. Kude - 8%.
5. Ntshonalanga Federal District - 4%.
6. IVolga - 0.5%.

Kwimeko nganye kwezi zithili na inkampani, oluqhutywa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ayoni. Russia yinkokeli ecacileyo ehlabathini kwesi salathisi, kwaye, ukugweba koovimba, ngoko ke kuya kuqhubeka ixesha elide kakhulu.

nezokukhupha ezibonakalayo

imveliso ayoni kubandakanya eziliqela inkqubo inyathelo elukhuni. Okokuqala, izinyithi ayoni akafunyanwa ngohlobo lweenkobe, yaye inxalenye efanelekileyo ore (manganese, intsimbi, njalo njalo). Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba sifumana metal ukuba itsalwa emhlabeni iliwa - ore.

Le nkqubo lwenziwa yi kushishino lwezimbiwa. Ngoko sisimbiwa ayoni, unako kugcwale abazizityebi alichumi ukuya metal. Ngoko ke, undinike isiqwenga ethathwa ukwenzela uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali ukuyilwa ekrwada emva gesi. Ukuba umxholo but is oluninzi phezu 57-60%, ngoko ke umsebenzi uyaqhubeka. Ukuba ephantsi, ngoko yima okanye bafudukele kwenye indawo ukufumana ngakumbi ore eliphezulu-grade. Kungenjalo, le nkqubo nje anisizakali ngokwezoqoqosho.

Isigaba esilandelayo, nto leyo ibandakanya ukuvelisa ayoni - ke processing of kuneore-mveliso eyodwa. Le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Kunokuba abe iintlobo ezininzi:

1. Hydrometallurgy - ubuchwepheshe esekelwe utsalo esikrwada ukuprosesa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kwinkqubo zesinyithi ukuhluzeka kuloko ukusuka ekrwada ndicanda isisombululo, uze emva koko kufunxwa eletroliza ngohlobo ecocekileyo. Amandla kunye eziphathekayo, le ndlela yeyona ibiza kakhulu, ngoko isetyenziswa kuphela iintsimbi ezikhethekileyo.
2. Pyrometallurgy - isiseko ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo umlilo. ubushushu inkqubo unyango nsimbi amaziko udubulo usebenzisa ilahle coked. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokujongwa esikrwada recovery metal. Oku kusetyenziswa kwishishini ngentsimbi ye.
3. Biometallurgy. Ngokusekelwe kwi intshukumo isimaphambili se eziphilayo, oko ekuqaleni nje ukuba kuqaliswa practice, kuphuhliswa biotechnology. Undoqo kukuba nako ezithile ezincinane ndikhuphe isinyithi kwinkqubo yobomi evela nsimbi.

processing

Xa ores izityalo processing geni equlathe izinyithi ayoni, kuxhomekeke unyango ngenyameko. Zonke ezi nkqubo iyabonakaliswa kule theyibhile ingezantsi.

inkqubo	Kakuhle eli inkqubo	ngenxa
1. ore	Ukwahlula inxalenye esikrwada equlethe isinyithi, ukusuka gangue. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke ngenye ngeendlela ezintathu: magnetic (ferromagnetic yentsimbi-based); bekukubi (isiseko - mninzi ezahlukeneyo kunye namatye engenanto-rich); ayinto (ngokususela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye arhente sewayini).	Ukunika nyulu, izityebi ayoni zeendawana metal, nto leyo iya kuthunyelwa kuqhutyelwe phambili.
2. Agglomeration	inkqubo sintering ore. Luqhutyiwe ukufumana izinto olusulungekileyo ngaphandle iigesi ukungcola nothuli njalo njalo.	Wafumana iintlobo ezintathu ore ziyaqhubekeka: ore sintered (elosiweyo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphandle ukufikelela emoyeni); Ehlukanisiwe (yokuzahlula zihlanjululwe); okatyshnaya (mass equlethe fluxes zentsimbi).
inkqubo somlilo 3. udubulo	Coking nsimbi eziko udubulo enokusetyenziswa njengendawo amafutha kunye nentsimbi nokunciphisa arhente amalahle oxides yayo.	Wafumana intsimbi ecocekileyo sele ihlanganiswa le carbon ukwenza zentsimbi xa kuyimfuneko.

Le nto ifunyenwe njani zentsimbi kunye aluminium yayo. Iindleko zokufunda iphezulu echithwe ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa coke (amalahle). Ukuba i arhente ukunciphisa ngenxa yentsimbi, amafutha, nobushushu, Umthengisi carbon. Ngoko, kwi inkqubo echazwe isebenzisa isixa enkulu kangangoko ngayo, kungoko ke iindleko cash eziphezulu.

iimeko yokugcina

Kuba izinyithi ayoni, ngokuyintloko libhekisela intsimbi kunye aluminium yayo. Kufuneka iqondwe ukuba oku kuyinto material umhlwa ezingazinzanga kakhulu. Ngoko ke, black yokugcina metal ifuna ukubambelela imithetho ethile, ingakumbi ukuba akukho malunga izakhiwo kunye neemveliso, kwaye babizwa ngokuba ezilahliweyo ayoni (inkunkuma, xa zishishina zisithengisela ezaphukileyo, iimakhishithi, iintonga, izixhobo njalo-njalo):

1. Igumbi apho izinto kufuneka zivalwe ngokupheleleyo ukufuma ukungena (eyimvula, ikhephu). Inowuthi ukufuma, liba lide ithuba lokugcinwa.
2. Kwintsimi yokugcina kufuneka ibe nkulu, akunakwenzeka ukugcina isakhiwo Igqabi zesinyithi ahle ilungelo ecaleni omnye komnye, njengoko oku kuza kuxhokonxa i umhlwa ekuqaleni.
3. Zonke izinto ezikhoyo kufuneka zikhethwe brand kunye nobukhulu.

Ngokulandela le mithetho elula, uyakwazi kuba elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba awuthintele iinkqubo ukutshatyalaliswa izakhiwo yesinyithi.

aluminiyamu ayoni

Kwabo wavuma ukuba aluminiyamu zentsimbi, ezo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi:

1. Steel. ayoni exutyiweyo icarbon, unika isiphumo elandelayo.
2. Iron. intsimbi Basic, evela ende yamaziko, Ngokufutha komoya ekusetyenzweni nsimbi, lowo akanakulunga ngokupheleleyo nje izinto ukulungiselela ukuveliswa zombane kunye iimpahla zendlu. Yena ulula kakhulu. Kuyafuneka ukuba ngakumbi kusingathwa ngokohlobo Ukwanda zentsimbi kunye carbon, ukufumana izinto kakhulu ixesha elide. Kwakhona nezinye izinto longeziwe ukwandisa nokumelana kunye nokuphucula intsebenzo.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Eyona njongo yale aluminium - ukuphucuka komsebenzi izinto lokugqibela.

steel

Awona zonke aluminium iintsimbi ayoni isusiwe ngentsimbi. Namhlanje bafunda ukuba kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ekuvelisweni kwale ngesixhobo iipropati kwangaphambili ebalulekileyo. Olu hlobo fusion - eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule mboni, ukuba iintsimbi ayoni. Yintoni waqala kuvela?

1. Nobulali - ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
2. insimbi (kuquka ukwenziwa nelembande, izahlulo elinjubaqa, ukusika izixhobo, izixhobo welding, njalo njalo).
3. chrome Ferritic.
4. Martensite-chrome.
5. Doped.
6. Nickel.
7. Chrome.
8. Chrome-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Manganese.

Ngu Isihloko Kucacile ukuba ezi zixhobo zongezwa ngomxube zentsimbi kunye kwekhabhoni a ratio ethile. Oku kuchaphazela utshintsho olubonakalayo iimpawu izinto ezifunyenweyo.

izinyithi zamabanga

Ngelishwa, njengoko besiya mna, izinto kunigqibela kuphele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, yonke into iza azisalungiseki - uwaphule ibetha, aluphale, aphume fashion. Ngoko ke uyilo ezenziwe izinyithi ayoni. Steel, intsimbi waphosa kunye nezinye iimveliso, iindawo kwakufuneka nje ayisekho.

Emva koko ke ukuhlala kwishishini okhethekileyo benza processing of raw materials ufikile azisalungiseki. Ngoku metal abamnyama eziziisekondari. Yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba iimveliso zesinyithi ayiphumelelanga kwaye okungeyomfuneko kwikhaya ezenziwe izinyithi ayoni.

Ezo iinkampani, eziqulathe ngaphandle nokuqokelelwa kwezinto ezindala, kufuneka bathobele imithetho ethile ekulondolozeni yayo, kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuthengiswa. Imithetho yelizwe lethu kulo mba isetelwe ku GOST. izinyithi acace, kwakunye umbala, zilawulwa ngokungqongqo ngumthetho.

izinyithi Secondary nga ri na ngokutsha uqale imveliso. Kungenxa yentengiso iinjongo ezinjalo, yaye ukuthenga up ayoni ezilahliweyo iintsimbi ngoosomashishini abalamleli.

Namhlanje, ukuba nesinyithi ayoni baphathwa ngembeko, bona babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ephambili kwimarike kwimveliso efanelekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa zobunjineli

Steel nentsimbi uphoswe izinto, amacandelo, kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zezona ngokubanzi asetyenziswe zobunjineli. Ezidinga nje endleleni, kodwa kwi acid, aerospace yokuvelisa, kunye imikhumbi. Konke oku sibulela amandla ekhethekileyo kwezi zinto, nokumelana kwabo ubushushu kunye nokumelana. Acace insimbi kukhona izinto isiseko ekuveliseni iintlobo ezininzi iimveliso. Phakathi kakhulu ezixhaphakileyo zezi:

• cover gear nangapha;
• iibheringi;
• valve;
• nokufakwa kwayo;
• bushings;
• imibhobho;
• iisilinda Car kunye nezinye izithuthi;
• amagiya;
• chain links kwiitrektara;
• imigqomo waqhekeza;
• buyo;
• ibandakanya njalo njalo.

Olu luhlu angaya kwi ngonaphakade, kuba iimveliso ezivela zesinyithi ahle kunye aluminium zabo ngokwenene abaninzi.

Izicelo kwamanye amashishini

Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezinkulu apho izinyithi ayoni asetyenziswa:

1. imboni Chemical.
2. zobunjineli Mechanical.
3. Ukwenziwa ifanitshala, injongo ekhethekileyo.
4. Issue izitya.
5. Manufacturing iindawo zezakhiwo.

Kakade ke, akukho uluhlu olupheleleyo, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, engunobangela uninzi kweemveliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ayoni.