Itheyibhile yeMigangatho kwiRashiya yaseRashiya. Itheyibhile yeeRanks Russian Federation

"Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" aseTsarist yaseRussia (1722-1917) ngumthetho wenkqubo yokwenza inkonzo kaRhulumente kwiRiphabliki yaseRussia kunye neRashiya yaseRashiya, ibonisa kwakhona ubungakanani bobukhulu beendawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulandelelana apho ukuveliswa kwempahla.

Yavunywe nguPetros I ngoJanuwari 1722 kwaye yaphela kwaNovemba 1917 ngeenguqu ezininzi. Kweminye imimandla elawulwa yi-Cossack no-Oorhulumente bamhlophe, ukusebenza kwayo kwagcinwa ngo-Oktobha 1922. "Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" eRussian Federation ayikho.

Imbali yendalo

U-Tsar uPetros uthathe inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekuhleleni kwalo myalelo, osekelwe kwiintlobo zemboleko ezivela kwiluhlu lwemibuso yamaPrussia, isiFrentshi, isiDanish nesiSweden. UPetros, ngokuzilungisa ngokwakhe iprojekthi eyilwayo, wasayina ngo-1721, kodwa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa wayala ukuba angenise lo myalelo ukuba uqwalaselwe yi-Senate.

Iziqulatho ze "tafile yeenqanaba" zaseRashiya zaseRashiya, ngaphandle kweSeneti, zaye zaqwalaselwa kwi-Admiralty and Military Colleges, apho kuye kwachazwa inani lamanani malunga nendlela yokubala, imivuzo yomvuzo kunye nokufakwa kwamanqanaba aseRashiya endala kwikharityhulam yengxelo kwaye Ukuqedwa komcimbi kwiintlawulo zokuhlala kwisihlalo esiphezulu kunesithuba esifanayo ebandleni. Zonke ezi ngongoma, kodwa, zishiye ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi emthethweni "Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" (uMbuso waseRussia). Amalungu eSenate uBruce noGolovkin, kunye noDmitriev-Mamonov noMatyushkin, uMago-Jikelele, bathatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqeni inguqu yokugqibela.

"Itheyibhile yamanqanaba": Yayinceda njani uMbuso kwiRashiya yaseRashiya

NgoJanuwari 24, 1722, i-tsar yavuma loo mqulu. Zonke iindidi zahlula ngoku kwahlula kwiintlobo zintathu zilandelayo: i-civil, yempi kunye nenkundla. Baye baqukwa kwiiklasi ezili-14 ezahlukeneyo.

"Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" kwi- Tsarist yaseRussia yayinezithuba ezingama-263, kodwa ezinye zapheliswa, kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 zaphela ngokupheleleyo.

Uzuko olusifa

Ibanga lesi-14 (i-fendrik, kwaye kamva, ukususela ngo-1730, isibonakaliso) yanika umntu ilungelo lokuzuzisa ifa, elalikufunyanwa kwimbutho yabasebenzi ekufikeleleni kwibakala lesibhozo (ireyiti yomhloli-mvavanyo) kunye ne-14 (oko kukuthi, Kuphela kweso sikhundla somphathiswa wakhe.

Ubukhulu obuzuzekayo beManifesto, eyapapashwa ngoJuni 11, 1845, yafunyanwa kunye nemveliso kwifom ye-8 (ehambelana negosa legosa labasebenzi). Ozelwe ngaphambi kokuba ooyise bamkele, abantwana babamele iqela elikhethekileyo. Babizwa ngokuba yi-ober-igosa labantwana. Ngelo xesha, omnye wabo unako ukufumana igunya lozuzwa kwisizukulwana ngesicelo sikayise.

Utshintsho olwenzeka kamva kwi "Itheyibhile yeMigangatho"

NgoDisemba 1856, uAlexandro II wayemisela umyalelo wakhe ilungelo lokufumana i -colonel (le ndlela ye-6) ngozuko lwabazuzi belifa, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu-kwiklasi yesine.

Njengoko ubona, inguqu yokuqala, eyayine "Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" kwiRashiya yaseRashiya, yatshintshwa ngenxa yenguqulelo malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini. Izikhundla ezininzi zoluntu ziye zaba yinkonzo karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaxanduva bokwenene babameli babo.

Ukuphelisa izihloko

Umzekelo, amagama "umhloli wenkxaso-nkolo", "umcebisi wezemfundo", "umcebisi wezepolitiki", "umcebisi wezepolitiki" kuqala wabonisa isigxina apho ibhunga liyenziwa ngezwi eliqinileyo nelingenakuzikhethela, unobhala webhodi kunye nomongameli wekholeji. Usihlalo wenkundla wayebizwa ngokuba ngumcebisi ngaphandle. Ngo-1726, iinkundla ezikhankanywe ngasentla zachithwa, kwaye igama leli nqanaba lahlala kude ngo-1917.

"Itheyibhile yamanqanaba" kwiRashiya yaseRashiya yanike ithuba lokuba abantu abanetalente, abameli beeklasi eziphantsi, ukuba baqhube phambili, kuquka ukufumana abahloniphekileyo.

Ukwahlula kwamanani

Amagosa ahlukaniswe ngamagosa asebenzayo, amagosa amagosa (ukuya kwinqanaba lesi-9, oko kukuthi, isigaba somcebisi / umphathi wamatyala ngokubandakanya) kunye namagosa kawonke jikelele. Eyona nto ikhethiweyo yayiyiqela leeklasi ezimbini zokuqala (ophezulu ophezulu). Baye bafanele bafumane unyango lwabo: kuba magosa aphetheyo, "uzuko lwenu", igosa labasebenzi kufuneka libizwe ngokuthi "uzuko lwenu," abaphathi beli "ngugqwesileyo," kwaye abameleli beeklasi ezimbini zokuqala babe "bakho ubugqwetha."

Iiklasi zeklasi ye-5 kwiklasi (uMcebisi wezeMeko / umongameli) wema ngaphandle, kungabi kubalwa kubaphathi okanye kumagosa, kwakufuneka basebenzise umyalezo olandelayo: "Ukuphakama kwakho".

Iingqongo, nangona zingabalulekanga ngokwahlukileyo, zanikwa kuphela amadoda. Abafazi bangena kwizinga elihambelana nabayeni babo, kwaye amantombazana angatshatanga athatyathwa njengeqela elingaphantsi kooyise. Kwakhona, umthetho wawusungulwa ngokubhekiselelwe kuyo isigwebo sokuba kubekho indawo eneemfuno kunye neendumiso ngaphezu kwebala kwiintlanganiso ezisemthethweni kunye nemibhiyozo yomphakathi, eyalingana nomvuzo wenyanga ezimbini, apho i-2/3 yemali yayiza kufunyanwa ngumntu onyanisekileyo. Isohlwayo esifanayo sanikezelwa umrhumo kumntu osesikhundleni esiphantsi sendawo yakhe. Ukuzaliswa, ukusebenza, indlela yokuphila - yonke into kufuneka ibe ngokuhambelana nereyithi ehlala kuyo.

Ukukhethwa kwabakhokheli bempi nguPeter I

UPetros I, egxininisa kuzo zonke izinto ezikhethiweyo zempi yabasemagunyeni, akazange afune ukumisela abantu abakwiinkonzo zembutho ezihambelana neeklasi zokuqala. Kodwa, ukuvumela ukunyaniseka kwe-Osterman, okulinganayo kwiimbono zegama lokuzibamba isigxina seKhansela (inhloko yesebe elithile lezombutho) kuye.

Isikhundla somcebisi wemfihlelo kwiklasi yokuqala saqalwa kuphela emva koko. Ukukhethwa kukaPetros kwachazwa kwakhona ukuba ukuba umntu ohloniphekileyo wayephumelele emkhosini kunye nesigaba se-14, ngoko kwinkonzo karhulumente - kuphela kwinqanaba lomhloli-nxaxheba (ootitshala bebakala lesi-8, abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni). Ukususela ngo-1856 kule nto kwakudingeka ukuba ufumane isikhundla sobanzi, oko kukuthi, ukuba yi-bhunga likarhulumente langempela.

Ukubonakalisa kule nkalo kunesimo esiphantsi (kungekhona kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo) ukuba umongameli wekholegi "welizwe", okokuthi, umfundisi, ngokwemiqathango yaseYurophu, wayenalo.

Kamva, abaphathiswa bafumana iinqanaba lomcebisi wezefihla kunye nomcebisi wangasese.

Iimpembelelo kubaphathi kunye noluntu

Ngokuqaliswa kwalo mthetho, iinqanaba zamandulo (okolnichi, boyars) azizange zichithwe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ukususela ngoko ke ukuqeshwa kwabo kuphelile. "Itheyibhile yeMigangatho" yaba nempembelelo enkulu kwixesha elidlulileyo lobukhosi, kunye neshedyuli esemthethweni. Ubungqina bodwa buba ngumlawuli wedwa wesikhundla esisemthethweni. Uzaliso, "uzuko lobawo" lulahlekelwe yintsi ngiselo ngale ndlela. Oku kukubaluleka kwembali yembhalo enjalo njengolu "Itheyibhile Yeenqanaba" kwiRashiya yaseRashiya.

Ukusuka enkundleni kunye nenkonzo yoluntu yahlula umkhosi. Ukufunyanwa kobukhosi ngenxa yonikezelo lolawulo lukaMongameli, ukuphumelela komntu ngokwasemthethweni kuye kwasemthethweni. Oku kwaphazamisa, ngokubanzi, idemokhrasi yobungangamsha, ukuhlanganiswa kohlobo lwayo lwenkonzo, kunye nokwahlula kweli klasi kumaqela amatsha-umntu kunye noluntu.

Isikhundla seklasi ephantsi kakhulu kwinkonzo yempi (isigaba 14, fendrik, kwaye kamva, ukususela ngo-1730 - umzobo) ngokukhawuleza wanikwa ilungelo lokufumana ubuhle kuyo yonke inzala. Kamva, iManifesto ye-1845, wanikezelwa kuphela kwibakala eli-8, kunye nenkonzo yoluntu-ye-5.