Isakhiwo yangaphakathi nangaphandle izinambuzane

Iklasi kakhulu ezimbini - izinambuzane, isakhiwo sangaphandle kunye namaziko lwangaphakathi zihlolisiswe kakuhle. Ukusuka nezinye iintlobo arthropods luphawulwa ngokwahlula umzimba ube zahlulo zithathu: intloko, Isifuba nesisu. Njengoko umthetho, wafunda isakhiwo sangaphandle izinambuzane mzekelo zizibawu Meyi okanye njengenkumbi.

exoskeleton

Izinambuzane akukho skeleton yangaphakathi. indima yakhe lwenziwa yi kwindawo eqinileyo oxineneyo emzimbeni - Ulobuza. Kuyinto zokhuselo kunye nenkxaso umsebenzi, idala uhlobo ehokweni.

Ukuncamathelisa kwemisipha exoskeleton, yaye ubuso bawo zenza umqobo olwahlula umzimba uvuleke ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Le Ulobuza kunokuba nzima okanye ethambileyo, bona iqokobhe. Kwezinye iimeko, phezu intloko nesifuba Ulobuza lukhuni, phezu esisu - zithambe.

Imibungu yokukhula ngokukhawuleza abe bhetyebhetye, Ulobuza eqine. Bayakwazi molt izihlandlo eziliqela, baphosa iqokobhe endala. Amanye amalungu omzimba esi sinambuzane sinokutshintshwa ngakumbi ikhuselwe neepleyiti namakhaka.

intloko

Isakhiwo sangaphandle izinambuzane baqale ukufunda entlokweni yakhe. Ngophanya nje lweliso, kubonakala ukuba entloko lonke elimanyeneyo, kodwa evolutionarily lenzeka ngokudibana amacandelo-5.

Isendaweni phezu zeepali intloko izibini ezithathu mouthparts imilenze. Zahlula-hlulwe ephezulu, umhlathi ephantsi udini ephantsi (iperi imihlathi ezinyibilikiswe). Mouthparts izitho e izinambuzane ezahlukileyo ahlukeneyo zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokutya:

• eyiva ukudla okuqinileyo, ezifana amabhungane karhataka;
• lihlaba-na usana lwakhe, ukuba ufuna imngene zeendawana ukutya, kukho iingcongconi, bugs, zikhetha;
• tubular-owanyayo ukuba ukugqojozwa asifuneki, ezifana amabhabhathane;
• ikhotha-eyiva ukutya ulwelo lwe iinyosi, oonomeva;
• muskoidnye lokondla ulwelo ukutya okuqinileyo fruit.

Emacaleni entloko zilungiswe amehlo ezimbaxa, yaye phakathi ukuya kwemithathu amehlo elula. Phambi kwamehlo am - le zeepali, nazo zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela.

lwebele

Siyaqhubeka ukuhlola isakhiwo sangaphandle izinambuzane. amabele izinambuzane lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe amacandelo ezintathu ezinkulu, ezimi ngaphandle nokuba incinci kakhulu. Emazantsi iinyawo esifubeni prichleneny. Trochanter ngendebe imilenze zinika ukuhamba. Ethangeni - le nxalenye inkulu kwaye zinamandla yomlenze, baxhotyiswa kunye izihlunu ezinamandla.

Kulandelwe kwedolo umzantsi womlenze, nto leyo unikwe loza kanye spikes. Unyawo ngokwayo yahlulwe amacandelo eziliqela ezincinci, ibekwe phezu neenzipho kunye lana. Iimpawu lobume lwangaphandle zezinambuzane lixhomekeke iintlobo. Imilenze Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ezikhethekileyo yaye zohlulwa ngokwendidi.

amaphiko

Isakhiwo sangaphandle izinambuzane umdla ukufunda ngenxa zezinto eziphilayo. Kwamaphiko mabhabhathane kunye neengcongconi zahluke ngembonakalo, kodwa abe iqumrhu elikumila kunjalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngambini samaphiko, ukuba protuberances elahliweyo kwi backrest. Ziqulethe zizixwexwe kakhulu lukhuselekile mithambo engqongqo.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle yomzimba esi sinambuzane ixhomekeke yokuphila. Ngokuphathelele ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, Noxelisa amaphiko ngokwemigaqo inani lotshintsho. In Diptera similise magqudu amaphiko angasemva abe strepsiptera - ngaphambili. Zhukov amaphiko phambi ekhulisa kwi maphiko, mantises namaphela baba bulishica njalo njalo. D. Kwezinye iintlobo amaphiko yezinambuzane abangekhoyo zesini elinye okanye ngokupheleleyo kuwo onke abantu.

isisu

Imisa ukuba bafunde isakhiwo sangaphandle esisu zezinambuzane. Le nxalenye siqulathe ezininzi amacandelo ezifanayo, ngokokuqhelekileyo ezilishumi. E 8 kwicandelo 9 zicwangciswe esini kunye iminyango. In esiswini kokuba ibekwe phantse onke amalungu zangaphakathi.

Izitho osesiswini ayikho, kodwa ikuyo le ezidla imilenze zobuxoki apho. Ezi ziqwempu ngomva ibekwe copulatory sitho into eyindoda, iimazi thini and ezimpundu. Uluhlu "isakhiwo lwangaphandle izinambuzane" ukunceda ngcono ukuqonda isakhiwo ezi abameli zehlabathi isilwanyana.

Yokuphefumla nenkqubo kwegazi

isakhiwo yangaphandle nezangaphakathi izinambuzane ixhomekeke yokuphila ukuba akhokele. Isixokelelwano sokuphefumla iqulathe uqhoqhoqho, ukuba igcwale umzimba wonke. Bathi vula ezizangqa elawula ukuhamba komoya. Xa izinambuzane, umoya-ukuphefumla, ukuphefumla evulekileyo. Xa amanzi ivaliwe, akukho ezizangqa. Imibungu are iigilizi.

Air ungena iingcango lingena singene ezizangqa noqhoqhoqho ekuthetheni amalungu zangaphakathi. Uqhoqhoqho sivala iiseli tracheal branched kunye tracheoles, Iziphelo apho ukugqobhoza kungena iiseli.

Hemolymph akuthethi inxaxheba kutshintshiselwano igesi, le ndima lwenziwa yi uqhoqhoqho. Hemolymph Impontshelwa nge entliziyweni, nto leyo ifumaneka ngasemva. Kubonakala ngathi dystrophy ityhubhu umzimba.

Hemolymph Asikokungena ityhubhu kulo mngxuma kwaye edakasa kulwalathiso esisu ukuya entloko. Kwelinye isiphelo hemolymph aqukuqela ngokukhululekileyo ngqo kwi ndawo ibinomthwebeba emzimbeni kwaye, azithe ngeenxa enyama yangaphakathi, yokunyakamisa kuzo kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko.

Yokucola ukutya nokulwa excretory

Siza kuqhubeka isifundo ngesakhiwo lwangaphandle izinambuzane kunye zangaphakathi. Inkqubo sokugaya iqala kwisisu ngomlomo, apho imibhobho ukuhamba kwamadlala amathe. Amathe iqulethe enzyme ngenxa ukwetyisa ukutya. Oku kulandelwa kuvuleke iminxunya, izityalo, isisu. Yethumbu yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu ngokusebenzisa kwezivalo amabini kwaye siphele empundwini. Olunye uhlobo yenkqubo zokwetyisa omdala iye yaphuhliswa. Ngokomzekelo, akukho imihlathi mayflies, amathumbu lifinyele. Baphila iintsuku ezimbalwa yaye akazange adle.

amalungu excretory zezinambuzane imelwe tubules Malpighian kunye hindgut. tubules Malpighian - ityhubhu ibekwe phakathi embindini kunye hindgut. iimveliso Waste luhluzwa emithanjeni neboniswe hindgut.

Ezingokuqandusela nezenzala iinkqubo

amalungu Ezingokuqandusela hormone kungena hemolymph olawula nokomzimba ezifana ukutya, ukuzala, nokuziphatha al.
Izinambuzane - izilwanyana dioecious. Inkqubo zokuzala kuquka namasende ezimbini zeemvana, Umbobho yobudoda kunye ejaculatory duct. inkqubo Female enzala kumelwa zamaqanda kunye oviduct.

Ngexesha lokuphathana kwempahla amadlozi engena isitya ababhinqileyo ZakwaLizwi kwaye agcinwe khona. Lokukhwela ingahlala iintsuku eziliqela, uninzi lweentlobo ngoko nangoko ukuhamba. Ngeli ukubeka amaqanda aqhamileyo yi sperm lubricated. Eyachithwayo nokukotshwa yonke imikhosi zomzimba, ngoko iimazi okanye okunika ngenkuthalo, okanye afe.

luvo kunye izitho

Inkqubo ukoyika izinambuzane na isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Yenziwe zemithambo-luvo. Iseli luvo unako umzimba, luvo kunye Umzobo wesi azifani. Ngokusebenzisa iiseli dendritic zifumana iimpawu, kunye nolwazi abelane nge Umzobo wesi.

Inkqubo luvo ibandakanya Supra-nowomqala ganglion kunye umxokelelwane esiswini, nto leyo equka ganglia. Le arhente iliso imisebenzi onke amalungu kunye namalaphu. Inkqubo neuropathy - injini kunye luvo sensory ukuba uqhagamshele CNS ukuya amalungu kunye namalaphu. Inkqubo yawo ibandakanya ngamnye ganglia elawula nokusebenza kwamalungu.

Ngokusebenzisa ingqondo ulwazi ongena luvo.

Le mbono thaca amehlo nesindindeneyo, ezimbalwa amehlo ezilula okanye amehlo mibungu.

ezindlebeni zenu ukuze zibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Bona zimelwe vibroretseptorami ezinyaweni izinambuzane eziphila ukuba va Intshukumo zeendawana. Izandi ngokusebenzisa amanzi kunye nomoya zibonwa fonoretseptorami kunye Diptera abalivileyo nge dzhonstonovyh imizimba. tympanal zezona iqumrhu olunzima kakhulu iindlebe.

Arhente isongo amalungiselelo apha emilenzeni, esisu kunye em- ngomlomo. amalungu lafaka ibekwe wonke umzimba. amalungu ukuqgiba - phezu ajike.

isakhiwo yangaphakathi nangaphandle zonke izinambuzane kwahluka kakhulu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kuxhomekeke yokuphila kunye nohlobo lokutya. Uluhlu "isakhiwo sangaphandle izinambuzane", efumaneka ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, liza kunceda nokumisa ulwazi olufundiweyo.