Sezibalo omkhulu GAUSS: engobomi, iifoto, ukuvulwa

Sezibalo GAUSS wayeyindoda Reserved. Eric Temple Bell, ngubani wafunda engobomi bakhe ethi, ukholelwa ukuba GAUSS wayephaphashile lonke uphando yakhe ezifunyaniswe ngexesha ngokupheleleyo yaye, oko ube sisiqingatha elinesibini zezibalo dumeke. Kwaye ngoko ke kwafuneka ukuba bachithe isabelo yengonyama ixesha ukufunda ukufumana indlela sisazinzulu okanye ezinye iinkcukacha. iindlela Ngapha koko, ayenzelwe yapapashwa, isoloko waba nomdla kuphela isiphumo. A yezibalo owaziwayo, indoda engaqhelekanga nobuntu nanto - kuyo yonke Carl Friedrich GAUSS.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

yezibalo Future GAUSS wazalwa ngomhla 30.04.1777, i-Lo, kakade, into eyinqaba, kodwa abantu ezibalaseleyo azalelwe kubo kwiintsapho ezihluphekileyo rhoqo. Kwathi ngelo xesha. Uyisemkhulu yaba ngumlimi eziqhelekileyo, noyise wayesebenza Duchy ka Brunswick myezo, mfana okanye imibhobho yamanzi. Abazali bafunda ukuba zabo mihla umntwana, xa usana kwiminyaka emibini ubudala. Emva konyaka, uCarl sele uyazi ukuba babale ngayo, ukufunda nokubhala.

Esikolweni, utitshala waphawula ubuchule bakhe xa banikwa umsebenzi uakubala isiphumo sokudibanisa amanani ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya 100 GAUSS wakwazi ukuqonda ukuba onke amanani kakhulu kwi Isibini 101 ukuya ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imizuzwana embalwa, wagqiba lenxaki yokuphindaphinda 101 ngo-50.

Young izibalo lucky kakhulu kunye notitshala. Oko kwamnceda kwakhe zonke izinto, ukuze sizabalazela ukuba stipend makhwelo kwetalente. Ngoncedo lwe Carl ikwazile kugqiba kwikholeji (1795).

studentship

Emva college, Lo ndandifunda kwiYunivesithi Göttingen. Eli xesha biographers ubomi obizwa ngokuba echumayo kakhulu. Ngeli xesha ke unako ukungqina ukuba heptadecagon draw usebenzisa kuphela ikhampasi, oko kunokwenzeka. Uthi: U nga tshinela semnadtsatiugolnik nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye yeepoligoni rhoqo, kusetyenziswa ikhampasi kuphela lokulinganisa.

KwiYunivesithi GAUSS eqalisa ukuba akhokele yokubhala, nto leyo ibeka zonke iirekhodi ezinxulumene kuphando lwakhe. ukusuka iliso kawonke Uninzi kubo efihliweyo. Kubahlobo, wayesoloko wathi angabi nako ukupapasha uphando okanye ifomula, ezo ke qiniseka 100%. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inkoliso izimvo zakhe esafunyanwa ngamanye zezibalo emva kweminyaka engama-30.

"Uphando Izibalo"

Kunye ekupheleni yezibalo university GAUSS umsebenzi wakhe ebalaseleyo "uphando Izibalo" (1798), kodwa yaprintwa kuphela emva kweminyaka emibini.

Lo msebenzi sele ifumanise uphuhliso ngakumbi kwimathematika (ngakumbi, algebra, nasekubaleni Higher). Uninzi lomsebenzi swi nenkcazelo abiogenesis iifom equation '. Biographers bathi na apha eziqala uvula GAUSS kwimathematika. Ngapha koko, waba sezibalo wokuqala kwenzeka ukubala amaqhezu eyiguqula ukuba isebenze.

Kwakhona kule ncwadi, unako ukufumana yipharadaym epheleleyo quadratic cyclotomic. Lo unobuchule bokusebenzisa le ngcamango ngokuzama ukusombulula ingxaki weepholigoni nomlawuli kunye nekhampasi ezingaqondakaliyo. Ukubonisa oku kwenzeke, uCarl GAUSS (yezibalo) lazisa uthotho amanani, ebizwa amanani GAUSS (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto zokubhala ezilula, unako ukwakha i-3-eYangon, 5-eYangon, 17-eYangon, njl Kodwa 7-gon Yakhani akuyi kusebenza, kuba 7 akuyona 'inani GAUSS. " Ngenombolo yezibalo "yakhe" iphinda isichazele ngabantu ababini xa iphinda kuyo nayiphi iqondo uthotho zayo amanani (2 ^3, 2, ^5, njalo njalo)

Le umphumo kubizwa ngokuba "theorem ubukho olunyulu". Njengokuba sele sitshilo ekuqaleni, Lo wayethanda ukupapasha iziphumo zokugqibela, kodwa wabonisa iindlela. Ngokufanayo, kulo mzekelo, sezibalo ithi ukwakha yipolygon wokwenene kakhulu, loo nto nje ucacise ngqo indlela yokuyenza.

Ngeenkwenkwezi ukumkanikazi of Sciences

ngo 1799. Carl GAUSS (yezibalo) lifumana isihloko umncedisi unjingalwazi Braunshveynskogo University. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yena sivunyiwe indawo kwi St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, apho ukhonza othile. Nangoku usaqhubeka ukufunda kwithiyori amanani, kodwa uluhlu iimfanelo zakhe zandiswa emva kokuba kuvulwe iplanethi encinane. Lo uzama ukubala uze ucacise indawo yayo ngqo. Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba igama Iplanethi computing imathematika GAUSS. Noko ke, bambalwa uyazi ukuba Ceres - akufani iplanethi kuphela zezenzululwazi yokusebenza.

Ngo-1801, ixesha lokuqala umzimba omtsha yasezulwini uyaziwa. Kwathi ngequbuliso, kanye nje ngesiquphe, baphulukana umhlaba. Lo wazama ukufumana kuye, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zemathematika, yaye, Isimanga, kwaba kanye apho iingcali zenzululwazi etsolo.

Astronomy sesayensi obandakanyeka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini. World ludumo ufumana GAUSS (yezibalo ongumnini ezifunyaniswe ezininzi) ukufumanisa komzila ngoncedo kokuma ezintathu. imigqaliselo Three - indawo apho iplanethi ibekwe kwisithuba ngexesha elahlukileyo. Ngoncedo kwezi zalathisi kwakhona wafunyanwa Ceres. Ngendlela efanayo safumana kwenye iplanethi. Ngowe-1802, xa ebuzwa ukuba igama umhlaba, ingcali yezibalo wafumanisa GAUSS akwazi ukuphendula: "Pallada". Running kancinane phambili, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngo-1923 igama sezibalo odumileyo ogama njengokuntlithwa enkulu Bajikeleza Mars. GAUSS, okanye litye 1001 - uyavunywa ngokusemthethweni planet yezibalo GAUSS.

Ezi zifundo yokuqala entsimini ngeenkwenkwezi. Mhlawumbi Eyokuqiqa ka nesibhakabhaka esimnyama yaba sizathu ukuba umntu ukwazi amanani, egqiba ukuqala intsapho. Ngowe-1805 utshata uJohann Ostgof. Le mbumba wazalwa sibini babe nabantwana abathathu, kodwa, unyana omncinane wafa ezelwe.

Ngowe-1806 wafa luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi, lowo axhasa izibalo. amazwe aseYurophu elwela GAUSS ukuqala ukumema wodwa. Ukususela 1807 yaye de imihla yakhe yokugqibela GAUSS ithathe isebe kwiYunivesithi Göttingen.

Ngowe-1809, umfazi wokuqala uyafa imathematika kunyaka omnye Lo ipapasha indalo yayo esitsha - ". Le wenguqulo ye intshukumo ye imizimba yasezulwini" incwadi ebizwa Iindlela zokubala umzila iiplanethi, nakuzo izinto ezibhaliweyo kule msebenzi, zisekhona ezifanelekileyo namhlanje (nakuba sikho nezilungiso minor).

Theorem Main of Algebra

Ukuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba Jamani wadibana kwimo nentshabalalo kunye ukubola. Loo minyaka nzima kwezezibalo, kodwa eqhubeka ubomi. Ngowe-1810 Lo okwesibini wokubopha kono - Minna Waldeck. Kule manyano kubonakala abantwana abathathu: Teresa, uWilliam kunye Eugen. 1810 yayingunyaka ukufumana ibhaso kunye imbasa yegolide.

Lo iyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo emasimini ngeenkwenkwezi nemathematika, ukuhlola amacandelo ngakumbi kwaye ayaziwa ngakumbi kwezi Sciences. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala theorem esisiseko algebra, yaqala 1815. Ingcamango engundoqo ilandelayo: inani iingcambu polynomial lo umlinganiselo ngqo isidanga yayo. Kamva, ingxelo ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinane naliphi na inani isidanga, akalingani zero, a priori, lusuka ubuncinane enye.

Yena kuqala wabonisa ukuba nkqu 1799, kodwa akazange aneliseke umsebenzi wakhe, ngoko ke le ncwadi yapapashwa kwiminyaka eli-16 kamva, ezinye izilungiso, izongezelelo izibalo.

Non-Euclidean theory

Ngokutsho iingxelo, ngo-1818 Lo wakwazi ukwakha kuqala sisiseko geometry non-Euclidean, apho theorem kunokwenzeka ngokwenyani. geometry Euclidean ngummandla lenzululwazi, distinguishable evela Euclidean. Eyona feature of Euclidean geometry - phambi elikuwo kunye theorems ukuba azifuni kuhoywa. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, "Elements", Euclid wanika imvume ukuba uzigqala njengezingabalulekanga, kuba alunako ukutshintshwa bona. Lo waba ngowokuqala abaye bakwazi ukubonisa ukuba ingcamango Euclid kaThixo akusoloko ithathwe ngaphandle ukugwetyelwa, kuba kwezinye iimeko abanayo isiseko esiluqilima ubungqina uyazanelisa zonke iimfuno nokuhlola. Ngoko geometry non-Euclidean. Kakade ke, iinkqubo esisiseko zejiyometri esafunyanwa yi Lobachevsky kunye Riemann, kodwa GAUSS - kwezezibalo, nako ukujonga nzulu kwaye ufumane inyaniso, - nyangweni ekuqaleni kweli candelo geometry.

geodesy

Ngo-1818, urhulumente Hanover isigqibo ukuba kukho imfuneko umlinganiselo ubukumkani, yaye lo msebenzi Carl Friedrich GAUSS. Discoveries kwimathematika zange uphele, kodwa nje uthenge engathandekiyo entsha. Yandisa ezifunekayo ukuze kudityaniswe umsebenzi computing. Ezi zibandakanya indlela Gaussian of "encinane yembutho", nto leyo uvuka ukuya ukuhlola kwinqanaba elitsha.

Kwafuneka ukuba iimephu nokulawula iindawo ukurekhoda. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba bafumane ulwazi olutsha nokuhlangula imifuniselo ezintsha, ngoko ngo-1821 waza waqalisa ukubhala umsebenzi, elingcwele geodesy. Lo Lo msebenzi yapapashwa ngo-1827, osihloko sithi "uhlalutyo jikelele imiphezulu kolwabelo olungalinganiyo." Isiseko lo msebenzi, wew lwangaphakathi abalaleli kubekwe. Sezibalo wayekholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela izinto eziphezu, njengoko iimpawu kumphezulu, unikela ingqalelo ubude curve, lo gama ukukhathaza data ze isithuba ngumsindo. Thile kamva, lo mbono uye zincediswa imisebenzi Riemann kunye A. Alexandrov.

Ngenxa lo msebenzi ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi baqalisa ukuba kuvela ingqikelelo "ugobile Gaussian" (ichaza womgca ugobile ngokomlinganiso ukuya kwindawo ethile). Uqala khona geometry umahluko. Nokuba kokuma echanileyo, uCarl Friedrich GAUSS (yezibalo) kuzisa iindlela ezintsha ukuze bafumane amaxabiso Amathuba aphezulu.

nobuchwepheshe

Ngowe-1824, Lo yena engekho kubandakanywa amalungu St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Kule mpumelelo yakhe iphele, kuba kusekho nzima ukwenza imathematika kwaye izisa ukufunyanwa omtsha: "integers Gaussian". Ngezantsi kubo ithetha amanani ukuba yinxalenye nento ngengqondo, ezo integers. Enyanisweni, iimpawu zayo zisikhumbuza i integers Gaussian oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ezo mpawu encinane ngokukhethekileyo ukuvumela ukuba unalo umthetho ngokufanayo biquadratic.

Nangaliphi na ixesha, ukuba nanto. Lo - kwezezibalo, ukuvulwa leyo ngokusisulu edibene ebomini, - wenze uhlengahlengiso ezintsha naxa ukusetyenziswa ngo-1829. Ngeli xesha kwaphuma umsebenzi omncinane "kumgaqo omtsha iphela ubucukubhede". It GAUSS ingqina ukuba siseko neziphumo ezincinane, ngokufanelekileyo siyakuqwalaselwa yipharadaym entsha ubucukubhede. Izazinzulu iyasiqinisekisa ukuba lo mgaqo linokusetyenziswa zonke iinkqubo zoomatshini, ezidityaniswe kunye.

physics

Ukususela ngo 1831 GAUSS iqala ubunzima ukusuka ukuphuthelwa kakhulu. Esi sifo sasibonakala emva kokufa iqabane yesibini. Ufuna lukhulu yophando olutsha kunye nezihlobo. Ngoko ke, ngenxa isimemo yakhe Weber wafika Göttingen. Nomntu abatsha abanetalente GAUSS ngokukhawuleza ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo. Baye bobabini bayayithanda inzululwazi ukunxanelwa ulwazi abavumele phezulu, ukwabelana ngamava abo, nokuqonda kunye namava. Ezi bathandi zithathelwa ngokukhawuleza kushishino, ukuchitha ixesha lakhe nasekufundweni electromagnetism.

GAUSS, ingcali yezibalo, ogama biography oxabiso likhulu zenzululwazi, ngowe-1832, wadala iiyunithi elililo, ezo isasetyenziswa nangoku physics. Uthe ngaphandle kwizikhundla ezintathu eziphambili: ubudala, ubunzima kunye nomgama (ubude). Kunye nale ndawo ngo-1833, kubulelwe yophando kunye yamachiza Weber, Lo wakwazi ukuba zizakhele kusungulwe electromagnetic.

1839 wabona ukukhululwa lomnye imisebenzi - ". Kwi abiogenesis womxhuzulane Jikelele kunye isizathu, nto leyo kisekiyo ngqo kumgama" Kwi amaphepha ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha edume umthetho GAUSS kaThixo (eyaziwa ngokuba theorem GAUSS, okanye nje theorem GAUSS ngayo). Lo mthetho yenye enkulu electrodynamics. Icacisa ubudlelwane phakathi ombane kunye inani ophethe umphezulu, ngaku zibe njalo yombane.

Kulo nyaka GAUSS kakuhle ulwimi Russian. Uthumela iileta eSt Petersburg nesicelo ukuthumela kuye iincwadi Russian kunye namaphephancwadi, ingakumbi wayefuna simazi kakuhle umsebenzi "Ntombi I Yomphathi." Le nyaniso oluchaza kungqina ukuba, ukongeza iziphiwo ukubala, Lo waba ezininzi kwezinye izinto azithandayo.

nje umntu

Lo akazange ezikhawulezayo ukupapasha. Yena waba elide yaye ulutshekishe ngenyameko ngamnye umsebenzi wakhe. Ngokuba zonke izibalo ibalulekileyo: ukusuka indlela echanekileyo ziphethe ubuhle kunye elula. Wasithanda sithi umsebenzi wakhe - njengendlu elisanda kwakhiwa. Umnini zibonisa kuphela isiphumo lokugqibela, kodwa hayi iintsalela yehlathi esasifudula sibe kwindawo yokuhlala. Kwakhona ngomsebenzi wakhe: Lo wayeqinisekile ukuba akukho mntu kufuneka sibonise uyilo rough zophando, kuphela igqityiwe data, iingcamango, ifomula.

Lo ebesoloko zabonisa unomdla kwisayensi, kodwa wayekulo wayenomdla kwimathematika, apho ingqalelo 'ukumkanikazi zonke Sciences. " Nendalo akukho bebandezwa ingqondo yakhe kunye neziphiwo. Nakuba ekwaluphaleni kwakhe, yena, njengesiqhelo, wachitha izibalo ezintsonkothileyo engqondweni. A yezibalo zange ngaphambili zange isicelo emsebenzini wabo. Njengabo bonke, woyika ukuba bexesha lakhe akazange aqonde. Kwenye yeeleta zakhe, uCarl uthi udiniwe kusoloko teeter emphethweni: ". Indlwane oonomeva xa buthuntu" kwelinye icala, wavuya ukuxhasa inzululwazi, kodwa kwelinye icala, akazange afune ukuba usikhwezele

Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe GAUSS wachitha e Göttingen, kuphela xa wakwazi kutyelela eBerlin kwinkomfa yenzululwazi. Waba ube nexesha elide lokwenza uphando, amalinge, izibalo okanye imilinganiselo, kodwa akazange ungathanda abathethise. Le nkqubo, wayekholelwa esibaluleke lilishwa kuphela, kodwa ukuba yena wabonakaliswa, neqela labafundi abanetalente, wamsindisa akukho xesha kubo, akukho amandla iminyaka emininzi igcine imbalelwano sixoxe ngale mibuzo yenzululwazi ebalulekileyo.

Carl Friedrich GAUSS, ingcali yezibalo, ifoto, apho kukho kweli nqaku ngokwenene indoda emangalisayo. ubuchule Outstanding akwazi ukuqhayisa kuphela kwimathematika kodwa kunye iilwimi zasemzini "wayengumhlobo." Wayesazi e Latin, IsiNgesi nesiFrentshi, Iyakwazi nokuba Russian. Sezibalo ukufunda nje kuphela kwimbali yobomi lwezenzululwazi, kodwa fiction zesiqhelo. Ingakumbi ethanda imveliso Dickens, Swift kunye Valtera Skotta. Emva kokuba oonyana bakhe omncinane bafudukela eUnited States, Lo waba nomdla ababhali yaseMelika. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngamakhoboka Danish, IsiSwedish, Italian kunye neencwadi Spanish. Ngokuqinisekileyo Yonke imisebenzi sezibalo ufunde kwi original.

Lo ithatha indawo endala kakhulu ebomini yoluntu. Ukususela ebuntwaneni waziva abaxhomekeke abantu abanegunya. Nokuba xa eyunivesithi ngo-1837 yaqalisa uqhankqalazo nxamnye nokumkani, abo nabasebenzi umxholo oonjingalwazi, uKarl akazange aphazamisane.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Ngowe-1849 Lo uphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 sabelo ubugqirha. Ukuze naye ke zezibalo abaziwayo, kwaye loo nto emehlweni akhe okuninzi ulwabiwo lomnye bhaso. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe abaninzi abagulayo Carl GAUSS. Math Kwakunzima ukuhamba, kodwa ke ukucaca ndikho ingqondo abasayi kohlwaywa.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa impilo GAUSS yakhe yayisiba. Oogqirha ukuba unesifo isifo sentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo luvo. Imithi zange kunceda phantse.

Sezibalo GAUSS wafa ngoFebruwari 23, 1855, eneminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo. Nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo wangcwatywa Göttingen kunye, ngokokuthanda kwakhe wokugqibela, wakrola heptadecagon ilitye. Kamva, iya kushicilela eni kwi zitampu kunye yamaphepha, eli lizwe liya kusoloko khumbula nzulu ngezinto akhe.

Lo Carl Friedrich GAUSS - engaqhelekanga eyingqondi, nomdlandla. Kwaye ukuba ubuze igama sezibalo planet GAUSS, ungenza ukuphumla impendulo: "Ukubala", kuba zona, wamtshabalalisa ubomi bakhe.