IsiNgesi sobulumko ezibonakalayo Thomas Hobbes: A Biography (Amafoto)

Thomas Hobbes, ifoto apho linikwa kwi nqaku, wazalwa eMalmesbury ngo-1588, ngomhla we-5 April. Yena i IsiNgesi nzulu ngezinto-izinto. amagama zakhe ziye zanda kakhulu kwiinkalo zenzululwazi ezifana nembali, inzululwazi kunye nejiyometri, zakwalizwi kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. Cinga ngakumbi kwe Thomas Hobbes yaziwa. Kwakhona figure biography emfutshane ziza kuchazwa kwinqaku.

ulwazi zembali

Thomas Hobbes, ogama engobomi izaliswe kakhulu umsebenzi umsebenzi wakhe kunye nokuqulunqa kwengqiqo, wazalwa ngaphambi kwexesha. Oku kungenxa loo nto ibenza kanina wakhe abasondela Spanish Homepage eNgilani. Noko ke, wakwazi Zinokuphila zide zibe neminyaka 91, imali yonke iminyaka yabo ukucaciselwa yengqondo. Imfundo le nani kwaba Oxford. Yena wayenomdla iimephu, matiloshe zokuhamba. izimvo Thomas Hobbes ukuba baphenjelelwa iinkcuba ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lakhe. Ngokukodwa, wayeqhelene Descartes, Gassendi, Mersenne. Ngaxa lithile wasebenza unobhala Bacon. Iingxoxo kunye naye waba hayi nempembelelo ubuncinane izimvo uThomas Hobbes. Kwakhona wayenomdla imisebenzi Kepler kunye UGalileo. Xa kunjalo ke wadibana eItali ngo-1637-m.

UThomas Hobbes: A Biography

Ngokutsho kwinkangeleko, waba monarchist. Ukususela 1640 kwada th 1651. Thomas Hobbes waba elubhacweni eFransi. imiqondo yalo esisiseko kwasekwa phantsi kwempembelelo le yoohlohlesakhe revolution e England. Xa wabuyela kweli lizwe emva kweMfazwe Civil, waphula kunye Cavaliers. E London, Hobbes wazama ukuzithethelela ideologically imisebenzi zopolitiko Cromwell, ogama ngeqhudu yamiselwa emva revolution.

imiba yabantu

Thomas Hobbes wayesondele kakhulu iziganeko ngexesha lakhe. iingcinga zakhe olona uxolo kunye nokhuseleko abemi. imiba uluntu zibe yinkalo engundoqo kumsebenzi owaqala uThomas Hobbes. Iingcamango ezingundoqo njengomntwana onengqondo kwimiba zabantu. At kwasekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe wayecebe ukupapasha trilogy. Ingxenye yokuqala ukuchaza umzimba, wesibini - indoda, nangowesithathu - ngummi. Umqulu wokuqala, Noko ke, yaba wokugqibela ukhulelwe. Eyokuqala imbali "Kwi ngummi" yapapashwa ngo-1642. Sebenza 'iQumrhu' epapashwe ngo-1655-m, kunye neminyaka emithathu kamva ephuma "Owu umntu." Ngowe-1651 yanyatheliswa "iLeviyatan" - lo msebenzi voluminous kwaye ebalulekileyo wadala Tomas Gobbs. Philosophy (ngokufutshane kunye ngokubanzi) oko ochazwe amacandelo okuqala umsebenzi. Ezinye imibuzo ekusetyenzwe nenkqubo lwentlalo karhulumente.

UThomas Hobbes: ngokufutshane malunga ingqiqo

Sazi akhalazela ukunqongophala kwenkqubela-phambili yabo langaphambili. umsebenzi yakhe ukulungisa imeko enganelisiyo. Uye wabeka umsebenzi ukuchonga izinto eziya kuba yindawo yokuza- uphuhliso 'oyinyaniso "yaye" olunyulu "inzululwazi, ngaphandle kokuba ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela icetywayo. Ngoko ke, wacebisa ukuba ukuthintela ukwenzeka kweekhonsepthi eziphosakeleyo. Thomas Hobbes wagxininisa ukubaluleka kwendlela entsimini ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ezi ngcinga usizo kwintanda-bulumko Bacon, owakuchasayo scholasticism. Kufuneka ke ukuba nomdla kwi indlela waphawulwa ziinkokeli ezininzi kwenkulungwane ye-17.

iingcinga Okukodwa

Kunzima ukubiza ezinye isebe ethile isayensi, eye lweli Thomas Hobbes. Intanda-nzulu ngezinto, kwelinye icala, ngokusekelwe kuphando ngokwamava. Kwelinye icala, yena lweli ukusebenzisa indlela izibalo. Wasebenzisa nje kuphela ngqo ukuya inzululwazi ngqo, kodwa nakwezinye iinkalo zolwazi. Indlela yezibalo yokuqala esetyenziswa nguye kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko. Le ngqeqesho ngayo umzimba ulwazi malunga nemeko yoluntu, nto leyo evumela urhulumente ukuba ukuseka nokugcina uxolo. Okukodwa wayecinga kwindawo yokuqala ukusebenzisa indlela evela physics kaGalileo. Last wasebenzisa ubucukubhede kunye nejiyometri ngexesha uhlalutyo ukuqikelela of ngezenzeko kunye neziganeko ehlabathini. Konke oku Thomas Hobbes wabandezeleka kuphononongo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukusekwa izibakala ezithile ngokubunjwa kwabantu, ongayi kuchongwa zendlela abantu kwiimeko ezithile. Abantu, ngokwembono yakhe, kufuneka ifundwe njengomnye imiba behlabathi eziphathekayo. Ngokumalunga etyekele kunye neenkanuko, zingakotshwa bafunda ngokusekelwe iintshukumo zomzimba kunye noonobangela bazo. Theory of Thomas Hobbes wawusekelwe, ngoko ke, phezu umgaqo wokuba UGalileo olwenziwe. Waqiqa ngelithi yonke into ekhoyo - yeyona nto ihamba.

Kakuhle eli gama

Ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, indalo, Hobbes ithathwa iseti lwemizimba kwandiswa. Izinto ziya kutshintshwa, ngokwembono yakhe, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ihamba izinto eziphathekayo. Le nto ibhekisa kubo njengoko intshukumo ngoomatshini. Movement usasazwa ugqithiselwa nge push. Oku kuphakamisa amandla emzimbeni. Ngoko, ke, ingena eshukumayo. Ngokufanayo Hobbes lichaza ubomi bokomoya babantu kunye nezilwanyana, ezibandakanya ukushukumisa. La malungiselelo waza wavakalisa ingqiqo ngomatshini uThomas Hobbes.

kwingqiqo yolwazi

Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuba ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa "iingcamango." umthombo lwabo uluvo yenyama kakhulu ehlabathini. Akukho nto, ndacinga Hobbes ayikwazi ukuba simazi. Kulo mzekelo, izivamvo yangaphandle, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wakhonza kwingqiqo yolwazi jikelele. Umxholo zimvo kuxhomekeka lokuqonda koluntu. Ingqondo iyasebenza kwaye ndicinga neenkqubo ngokuthelekisa, ukungcola, uqhagamshelo. Le nto idale isiseko ulwazi iimfundiso. Ngokufanayo, Bacon, Hobbes swi nokutyhilwa enokwehla, eneneni abaqalayo kweso sikhundla sensualistic. Wayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu ayilogama enye, nto leyo ekuqaleni wabonakala ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo izitho. Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuba yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi luvela namava. Of njengokungathi, ngokwembono yakhe, ngokusekelwe zonke inzululwazi. ulwazi kwande wayecinga ukuba izivamvo, nokuba kungenyaniso, ochazwa amagama kunye nolwimi. Izigwebo akhiwa indibaniselwano izinto yeelwimi ebonisa iimvakalelo, ngaphezu apho kukho nto.

iinyaniso zezibalo

Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuba ucinge kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla, bekuya kuba nolwazi lula ngokwaneleyo izibakala. Nangona kunjalo, oku lulwazi oluncinane kakhulu zesayensi. Ngokuba lo umda efunekayo imfuneko kunye emhlabeni. Nabo ke, kuxhomekeke kuphela kwimathematika. Oko Hobbes ezichongiweyo naye ngolwazi lwezenzululwazi. Kodwa izikhundla zabo lale, ezo ezifana Descartes, yena idityaniswe le nto ngezinto. Ngokutsho kwakhe, impumelelo inyaniso zemathematika kwenziwa ngamazwi, kodwa akukho amava ngqo izivamvo.

Ukubaluleka ulwimi

Hobbes ithabathe ekuphuhliseni lo mbono. Wayekholelwa ukuba naluphi ulwimi lisebenza ngenxa yesivumelwano kwabantu. Ngokusekelwe kwisikhundla sokuba nominalism, amazwi babizwa ngamagama, nto leyo uphawu lwendibano. Athetha ke kuye ngohlobo uphawu kubomi malunga ezinye izinto. Xa kuthengwa ezi zinto ebaluleke jikelele kwi esiluqilima ngendlela enye okanye omnye iqondo iqela labantu, baya mpawu kudidi-gama. I "iLeviyatan" Hobbes wathi ukuba umntu ufuna inyaniso ngqo, kufuneka sikhumbule nokonyulwa kwegama ngalinye usebenzisa. Kungenjalo, uya kweyela umgibe amagama. Okukhona umntu uya kuchitha amandla ukuze uphume kuyo, kokukhona uya kufumana bedidekile. Ukuchaneka amazwi Hobbes nkcazelo kufuneka imiselwe ngawo ukususwa ukungacaci kwenzeka, kodwa hayi intuition njengoko Descartes wakholwa. Ngokutsho nominalist lwaluzibona izinto okanye iingcamango yimfihlo. Amagama, ke, kunokuba kunye nalawo. Nangona kunjalo, i "jikelele" ye nominalism akukho gama.

umthombo traffic

iinkolelo nangobunto, ngalo echaza ihlabathi, wabalekela eminye imiqobo. Ngokukodwa, iingxaki ezavelayo kumbandela umthombo kwezithuthi. Njengoko 'iLeviyatan' yakhe othi "Kwi ngummi" UThixo wabhengezwa. intshukumo elandelayo lwezinto, ngokutsho Hobbes, kwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo. Views sazi ngaloo diverged zelo iinkolelo zonqulo ixesha.

Iingxaki izinto ezibonakalayo mechanical

Njengoko omnye wabo wakhuthaza oqondayo indoda. Hobbes akukubona oko isebenza njengenkqubo onombono ngomatshini. Lidlale indima yokuba intliziyo spring, i-luvo - iintsinga, amalungu - njengoko amavili. Ezi izinto ingxelo intshukumo ye umatshini lonke. Le psyche lomntu sichazwe mechanistically. Umba yesibini inkululeko kwaloo myolelo. Hobbes kwiincwadi zakhe athunyelwa kuyo Kucacile kwaye tye, ukutshatisa imigaqo zabo. Uthe yonke kungenxa yokuba oko kuyimfuneko. Inxalenye yale nkqubo imbangela abantu. Ngelo xesha linye inkululeko yabantu lungenakuqondeka ezizimeleyo njengoko kuyimfuneko. Wathi ukuba indlela esa ngamnye olifunayo akakwazi ukuba imiqobo. Xa kunjalo, isiphumo uthathwa ukuba bakhululeke. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na imiqobo, isindululo ulinganiselwe. Intetho kule meko ikhutshwa phandle phezu iingxaki zangaphandle. Ukuba ukufikelela ezinqwenelekayo kusenza into engaphakathi emntwini, akuthathwa njenge inkululeko, kwaye yandlalwa nokungabikho yendalo yomntu.

ukhuseleko loluntu

Kuthatha kakhulu nesithuba bulumko Hobbes kaThixo. Abazinikele nomba loluntu "iLeviyatan" kwaye othi "Kwi ngummi." Emva ezithile nabantu, wabalaselisa indima ngamnye eluntwini. Isahluko 13, "iLeviyatan" ichaza "imo yendalo 'abantu. Kuyo, oko kukuthi ngemvelo yawo, abantu ezahlukeneyo kancinane njengoko uthile ebenabo ubutyebi omnye komnye. Kulo mzekelo, Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuba abantu kunye nendalo ngokwayo okanye bubi okulungileyo. Xa imo yendalo bonke abantu ukusebenzisa ilungelo yendalo ukulondoloza ubomi aphephe ukufa. "Ulonwabo ubukho" na impumelelo rhoqo umnqweno kuzaliseka. Noko ke, kungenzeka ukuba kungabi njalo nolwaneliseko ezolileyo, ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho Hobbes, ubomi ayikho ngaphandle iimvakalelo kunye neemfuno. Imeko yendalo abantu kukuba sihamba ofunekayo wonke umntu ehlangabezana omnye umntu. Ukulwela uxolo kunye nokhuseleko, abantu basoloko abandakanyeka kwimilo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu kufuneka imithetho yemvelo self-kulondolozwe. Wonke umntu apha unelungelo konke oko unako ukufumana evela ekusetyenzisweni amandla. Le meko Hobbes ubaphatha njenge imfazwe nxamnye nabo bonke, xa "enye indoda ingcuka."

ukubunjwa karhulumente

Oko kukuthi, ngokutsho Hobbes, kunokunceda ukutshintsha imeko. Ukuze sisinde wonke umntu kufuneka kudlule yonke inkululeko yawo ekuqaleni kwesi sifundo. Lowo imbuyekezo ihlabathi liya kubonelela amandla mda. Abantu abafuni yinxalenye yenkululeko bakhetha kumkani. Yena, ke, buqu uya kuqinisekisa intsebenziswano yabo kwezentlalo. Isiphumo yimeko ileviyatan. Oku enamandla, abanekratshi, kodwa ofayo, leyo yeyona iphezulu ehlabathini kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho kaThixo.

amandla

Le wadala ngokusebenzisa yesivumelwano lwentlalo phakathi kwabantu inxaxheba. nokumanyana igcine ucwangco kuluntu kwaye iqinisekisa nokusinda yabemi. ISivumelwano unika ubukho ngoxolo indlela enye kuphela. Lubonakaliswa njengoko xi onke amandla negunya ekufezekiseni abantu abathile okanye kumntu omnye, ngubani zonke ube ukuthanda enye yabemi. Ngelo xesha kukho imithetho yemvelo ukuba kuncitshiswe ifuthe nokumkani. Bonke, ngokutsho Hobbes, 12. Noko ke, ukuba sonke simunye enye ingcamango yokuba umntu ukuba enze kwabanye izinto ninge unqwenela abantu ukuba ziphunyezwe ngokunxulumene kuye. Lo mmiselo yokuziphatha ithathwa ukuba ibe yindlela self-umda kubalulekile ukuba ukuzingca ngabantu abasisigxina, ukuba ukubala phambi omnye komnye.

isiphelo

ingqiqo Social Hobbes ugxeke ababeziintanga kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ubukhulu becala wamelana ingqalelo yabantu njengenxenye umba motion. Ngovukelo wenza umzekeliso wakhe mfiliba endalo kunye ubukho ngabanye imeko yazo yendalo. It egxekwa nesikhundla kuthelekiswa wayo ngokwenene amandla, ukwalela amandla nguThixo kakumkani, njalo-njalo. Sekunjalo, ukubaluleka zembali kwengqiqo Hobbes kunye nefuthe lazo kubomi kwinzala a enkulu ngokwenene.