Ingcamango ephambili kaVoltaire kunye nembono yakhe yefilosofi nezopolitiko

Iingcamango zoLwazi lweFransi lwaluquka ukuvuselela ukuziphatha komphakathi, okuza kuphakama ukuvukela. Abakhanyisayo abaqaqambileyo nguCharles Montesquieu noVoltaire, kwaye kamva uJean-Jacques Rousseau noDenis Diderot.

Iingcamango zikaMontesquieu kunye neVoltaire zazingekho efanayo malunga nemibandela karhulumente kunye noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, baba ngundoqo ekuphuhliseni uluntu olutsha. Iingcamango eziphambili zeVoltaire zahluke kwiimbono zabanye abameli beli xesha.

Brief biography

U-Born Voltaire (ekuzalweni wanika igama likaFrancois-Marie Arue) eParis (uBukumkani waseFrance) ngoNovemba 21, 1694. Unina wayenobhala wenobhala wenkundla yezobugebengu. Ubaba wayesebenza njengombhalisi kunye nomqokeleli werhafu. U-Voltaire akazange avume uqeqesho lwabawo, njengelakhe, ngoko ngo-1744 wada wazibiza ngokuba ngunyana ongeyena mthethweni womnxusa onxusa umlobi.

Ngobutsha bakhe wafunda kwiikholeji yaseJesuit, emva koko waqala ukufunda umgaqo. Emva kwexesha, loo mfana wayekhathele ukuthobela uyise, waqala ukufuna indlela yakhe ebomini. Ukususela ngo-1718, wasayina i-pseudonym ye-Voltaire, eyi-anagram yegama lakhe elipheleleyo nge-postcript "junior".

Ngethuba le-satire, umbongi wayehleli ngexesha elithile eBastille. Kwakuqala oko kwenzeka ngo-1717. Isizathu sokubanjwa kwakuyi-satire yokuthuka ebhekiswe kuDuke wase-Orleans, owayengumlawuli waseFransi.

Ngethuba lokuphila kwakhe, uVoltaire wabhekana nesisongelo sokubanjwa. Waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye eFransi. Ifilosofi kulo lonke uhambo lwakhe lwahlala eNgilandi, ePrussia, eSwitzerland. Ngo-1776, waba ngumntu ocebile kakhulu eFransi, okwamnika ithuba lokudala "iinqununu" zakhe kwifa likaFerney.

Ukusuka kwifa lakhe iVoltaire, iimbono zakhe zezopolitiko zazingabomkhosi, zihambelana nabantu abaninzi abadumileyo belo xesha. Ezi ziquka iintloko zamagunya:

• UKumkani wasePrussia - uFriedrich 2.
• UMmpress waseRussia - uCatherine 2.
• UKumkani wasePoland - uStanislav August Poniatowski.
• UKumkani waseSweden - uGustav 3.
• UKumkani waseDenmark - ongumKristu 7.

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-83 ubudala, umkhanyiso owaziwayo wabuyela eParis, apho wafa khona kungekudala. Amathuba akhe agcinwa kwingcwaba yesizwe kubantu ababalaseleyo-i-Pantheon.

Iingcamango zefilosofi zeVoltaire

Ngokufutshane kwifilosofi kaVoltaire kunokutsho njalo-wayengumsekeli wezobugcisa. Kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe waxhasa imfundiso yefilosofi yesiNgesi uLikeke. Ngelo xesha wayemchasi wesikolo saseFransi esikolweni.

Iimpawu zakhe ezibalulekileyo zefilosofi ezipapashwe kwi "Pocket Philosophical Dictionary." Kulo msebenzi wayechasene nenkolelo kunye nenkolo. U-Voltaire uthembele kwi-science yolwazi ngexesha lakhe.

Iimbono eziphambili zeVoltaire malunga nendoda zancitshiswa ukuba wonke umntu kufuneka abe namalungelo emvelo:

• Inkululeko;
• U khu seleko;
• Ukulingana;
• Ipropati.

Nangona kunjalo, amalungelo emvelo kufuneka akhuselwe yimithetho emihle, kuba "abantu banobubi." Ngelo xesha, abaninzi abafilosofi baloo hlobo baqaphela ifilosofi njengobulungisa.

Imibono yezobuNtu

Ingcamango ephambili yeVoltaire kwimbono yentlalo iqhubela kwisidingo sokungalingani kuluntu. Ngokwakhe uluvo, kufuneka lube nobutyebi, bafundiswe kunye nabo banyanzelekile ukuba basebenzele. Wayekholelwa ukuba abantu abasebenzayo babengenalo isizathu semfundo, kuba ukucinga kwabo kungonakalisa yonke into.

I-Voltaire yayingummiselo wokukhanya okukhanyisiweyo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayengubukumkani. Ngokombono wakhe, ukumkani kufuneka athembele kwingxenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu kumntu weengqondo kunye nefilosofi.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko malunga nokholo

Ingcamango ephambili kaVoltaire malunga nobukho bukaThixo kukuba unjineli owenzile, wadala kwaye uyaqhubeka ehambelana nenkqubo yendalo yonke.

UVoltaire wayechasene noThixo. Wayekholelwa ukuba: "Ukuba kwakungekho uThixo, kwakufanele ukuba yenziwe." Ubunzulu obuphezulu obubonakalayo bubonakala buphakade kwaye buyimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, ifilosofi inamathele kwisikhundla sokuba kubalulekile ukubonakalisa ubukho bukaThixo kungekhona ngokholo, kodwa ngovavanyo olufanelekileyo.

Oku kungenxa yokuba ukholo alukwazi ukutyhila ukuba lukhona. Yakhelwe kwizinkolelo kunye nezinto ezininzi eziphikisanayo. Inyaniso yodwa kule nkalo yunqulo lukaThixo nemithetho yakhe. Ngokutsho kweVoltaire, ukungakholelwa kuThixo, njengobunkokeli, kuphikisana nokunyaniseka ngokungaziqondi.

Iimbono zezopolitiko nezomthetho zikaVoltaire

Ifilosofi enkulu akazange amshiye emva kwakhe imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwizopolitiko nakwezomthetho. Nangona kunjalo, imibono yezopolitiko nezomthetho kaVoltaire ifanelekileyo ingqalelo. Zonke iingcamango zakhe malunga nombuso, umthetho, umthetho zifakwa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Kwiproseko kukho isimo sengqondo esibalulekileyo sombhali, ohlekisayo aze aphike iimbono zeengcinga zomphakathi. ImiSebenzi igxininiswe nomoya wenkululeko, ukunyamezela kunye nobuntu.

Iimbono eziphambili

Ifilosofi ibona imbangela yazo zonke izinto ezimbi zentlalo ukuba zilawulwe ngokungazi, inkolelo-ze nokubandlulula okuye kwasusa isizathu. Konke oku kuvela kwiCawa kunye noKatolika. Yingakho emsebenzini wakhe ukhanyisa abafundisi, ukunyanzelwa ngokwenkolo kunye nokunyaniseka.

Iyokugqibela, ifakwe yiCawa, iyabulala inkululeko yesazela nokuthetha. Kwaye lo ngumgaqo-wonikezelo lobomi wenkululeko. Kule Voltaire akazange ayigatya ubukho bukaThixo kunye nesidingo senkolo.

Injongo ephambili yeVoltaire yayingekho yedemokhrasi. Ukukhanya kwakungenakulungiselelwe abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo. Ifilosofi ayizange ibonge abantu ngokusebenza ngokomzimba, ngoko ingcamango yakhe ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwalo lonke uloyiko lwedemokhrasi. Kule Voltaire kunye neengcamango zakhe zezopolitiko zahluke kwabanye abameli belo xesha.

Wayeqonda ukulingana kwabantu kuphela kwimiqondo yezopolitiko-yomthetho. Bonke abantu kufuneka babe ngabemi abalinganayo kumalungelo kwaye bakhuselwe yimithetho. Ngelo xesha, wayekholelwa ukuba isikhundla somntu kuluntu kufuneka sithembele ekubeni unempahla. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lokuvota ngokumalunga noluntu olufanelekileyo kufuneka lube kunye nabanini, kwaye kungekhona kubo bonke abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Kwimeko apho, uVoltaire uxelele ukuba ityala elifanelekileyo, apho amagosa aza kuthatha inxaxheba. Akazange ambone ukuhlushwa kwaye afune ukupheliswa kwawo.

Ngokwakheko lombuso, ifilosofi yayingummeli wobukhosi obukhulu kunye nomlawuli okhanyisiweyo entloko. Nangona kunjalo, naye wayethanda umgangatho waseburhulumenteni eNgilani. Umbuso womgaqo-siseko kunye nobukho bamaqela amabini akwazi ukulandela omnye emva komnye bahlonishwa nguVoltaire.

Njengombono weengcamango, umcingeli akazange adale ifundiso yakhe yezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, imibono yezomthetho kaVoltaire yanikezela indlela yokuphuhliswa kweemfundiso zezopolitiko nezomthetho. Iingcamango zikaVoltaire zingaphantsi zingene kwiimbono zabo bonke abakhanyisa isiFrentshi.

Sebenzi yoluntu

Kuye kwathiwa ukuba uVoltaire akazange ahloniphe umsebenzi kayise. Nangona kunjalo, wadibanisa ubomi bakhe ngemicimbi esemthethweni kwiminyaka ye-1760-1770. Ngoko, ngo-1762 wabamba inkampani ukuphelisa isigwebo sokufa esadluliselwa kwiProtestanti uJan Kalas. Utyholwa ngokubulala unyana wakhe. U-Voltaire wakwazi ukufumana ukuhlawulelwa.

Amanye amaxhoba entshutshiso yezopolitiko kunye nenkolo, ekhuselwe ngumkhanyiso, yayingu Sirven, Comte de Lally, Chevalier de La Barre. Iimbono zezopolitiko-zomthetho zikaVoltaire zazibandakanya umzabalazo wokulwa neCawe kunye nokucwaswa kwawo.

Voltaire-Umbhali

Kwincwadi kaVoltaire evezwe ngekhulu le-18 leminyaka. Uyaziwa ngeendaba zakhe zobufilosofi, imisebenzi ephawulekayo, imbongo. Ubunqwenelekayo bemisebenzi yakhe kukulula kunye nokufikeleleka kolwimi, aphoristic, satire.

Inkolelo yayingumlobi ongenakuphela kwayo, kodwa iindlela. Ngoncedo lwayo, wazisasaza iingcamango zakhe, ekhusela abantu bebandla kunye ne-autocracy, ukunyamezela ukushumayela kunye nenkululeko yabantu.

Umdlalo

Kulo lonke ubomi bakhe, umbhali wabhala iintlekele ezingama-28 eziqhelekileyo, phakathi kwazo zidla ngokuba yi-Oedipus, iZaire, uKesare, isiTshayina kunye nezinye. Wayeyilwela ixesha elide kunye nokufika kwidrama entsha, kodwa ekugqibeleni yena waqala ukudibanisa kunye neengqungquthela.

Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lobomi obutsha bombhoxo, imibono yezopolitiko neyezomthetho ishintshile malunga nebala lezemidlalo, wavula iingcango ze drama kwiindawo zonke. Wayeqonda ukuba kulula ukuba abantu bavuselele iingcamango zabo ngoncedo lwamaqhawe avela kwiiklasi eziphantsi. Umbhali ulethe kwinqanaba lomyezo wegadi, ijoni, intombazana elula apho iintetho kunye neengxaki zisondele kuluntu. Benza impembelelo enamandla kwaye bafezekise injongo ebekwe ngumlobi. Iimidlalo ezinjalo zebourgeois ziquka "okunye", "iNkunkuma", "Ilungelo le-Señor".

I-Voltaire Library

Emva kokufa kwefilosofi, ilayibrari yakhe yaba nesithakazelo kuCatherine 2, enobhala naye. Umqeshi waseRashiya wanikela le ngxaki kwintengiso yakhe, oxoxela yonke into ngezindlalifa zeVoltaire. Le ntengiso yayiza kubandakanya iincwadi zeCatherine, kodwa zathengwa nguBeumumarchais. Wabapapasha ngezinye izilungiso kunye nokushiya kwisicelo se-empress.

Ilayibrari ngokwayo yanikelwa ngesihlwele ngo-1779. Kwakuquka iincwadi ezingama-6814 kunye nemibhalo yesandla engama-37. Ekuqaleni kwafakwa kwiHermitage. Ngexesha lokulawula kukaNicholas I, ukufikelela kwilayibrari kuvaliwe. Kuyaziwa ukuba i-AS Pushkin yasebenza kunye naye ngokukhethekileyo kwe-tsar, xa ebhala "Imbali kaPetros".

Ngo-1861, uAlexander 2 wayala ukuthunyelwa kwazo zonke izinto ezifumanekayo kwiThala leNcwadi yaseLimperial Public Library eSt. Petersburg.

Ezi ncwadi ziqulethe amanqaku amaninzi e-Voltaire. Benza into ehlukeneyo yokufunda. I-Voltaire, iimbono zayo zezopolitiko, njengabo bonke ubomi, zikhangela kude kube ngoko abaninzi abafilosofi, abalobi, izazinzulu zezopolitiko kunye neembali-mlando, babenomdla obumnandi kakhulu. Inomdla kumntu wakhe kunye nobuchule kuyaqhubeka.