The French Ukukhanya

Education (school of yokucinga kwi kweminyaka 17-18) kusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba ulwazi ngendlela yemvelo, ekwafanekisa le ngokwenene uhlobo oluntu kunye nabantu, kudlala indima isizathu esithatha nenzululwazi. Njengezikhanyiso unobangela sizi lwabantu yayigqalwa zonqulo kukuyibaxa, ukungazi obscurantism. Ngokuchasiweyo urhulumente feudal-absolutist, baba kwicala ukulingana yoluntu inkululeko kwezopolitiko.

Imfundo French wafumana lubonakaliswa bha kule minyaka 1715-1789, kungekhona kwazenzekela ukuba eli xesha kuthiwa "Age of Ukukhanya» (siècle des lumières). Kwaba ndawonye abameli inkqubela-nye art, izazinzulu, iingcali zefilosofi, amagqwetha nabanye.

French Ukukhanya of kwinkulungwane ye-18 wadala ingqiqo entsha ubudlelwane phakathi kukarhulumente kunye umntu phezu eziphambili kunye neendawo eziphambili ngamnye mihla bakhanyiselwa, uxanduva lwakhe zokuziphatha njengomphathi igunya elongamileyo - ingqondo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 eFransi, kunye nophuhliso ubudlelwane yamaphephandaba kunye nokomeleza feudalism lorhwebo yaba amazwi, iboniswa kuphela kubume bentlalo-kwilifa yoluntu. Yamaphephandaba, ngokungafaniyo langaphambili, wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa utshintsho kuba ngcono kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo strong nemfundo - yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi, imfundo, leyo hlengisa ngokufanelekileyo ingqondo ze aphelise ubandlululo.

Imfundo French sesona siganeko kakhulu eYurophu. Ukuba abalandeli bakhe isizathu indima ephezulu lokholo, basichasa lo absolutism ibandla, ngokuba leengcinga kunye nobuchule yokuluka. Ngeli xesha, ngokubonakalayo wambumba isenesazela oohlohlesakhe.

Ukususela imi--30-40. ngenkulungwane ye-18, igagasi lokuqala yobuhle intshukumo lemfundo kunye neengxoxo bulumko baqalisa ukufumana yongxamiseko kunye focus enkulu. Ukususela 1757 ukuya Salon rhoqo eParis waqalisa ukubonisa iintlobo imisebenzi yobugcisa ukuba bafumane ukutya ukuze iingxoxo shushu.

Intanda-French yiEnlightenment, ethetha ngokufuthi ekwimo akrelekrele zoncwadi, zizakubalulwa yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo zalo ezinkulu kwezentlalo anti-kamabhalana.

"Ubhishophu" yemfundo eFransi zithathwa ukuba French yiEnlightenment, uVoltaire kunye uMontesquieu, ngubani owabeka iziseko zawo de kube sekupheleni 40. Baba iinkokeli zayo, isizukulwana esitsha ukupha ngoko eqongeni. UMontesquieu akazange umiselwe ukubona zebhola (60-70.), Noko ke, uVoltaire kuloo minyaka gqitha Bahloneleni ukuthandwa.

UVoltaire, Rousseau, uMontesquieu, Holbach, Diderot, Helvetius, d'Alembert - aba ngabantu abakhulu abo bakwazi ukwenza ingcamango grand - ukwenza into multi-volume "Encyclopedia", leyo ukudibanisa imisebenzi yemfundo yabemi, ukukhuthazwa inzululwazi, ekhwaza esithi umsebenzi ngobuchule. Encyclopedic, njengoko ngokuba yiEnlightenment, kabukhali bagxeka umyalelo kwezopolitiko, inkolo, iimbono ezonakeleyo kuluntu kunye nendalo. Ngaphandle okuziinkozo ebaluleke kakhulu olwamkelweyo eziqulathwe iimfundiso zabo, makube lee engavumi liberalism okanye nedemokhrasi okanye socialism kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Imfundo ithathwa luhlobo yigadi yabantu enesiqulatho yokwenene ezinamandla. imfundo French Yiloo yigadi enkulu yabantu. inkalo yayo angundoqo bulumko imfundiso nephupha nolulahlekisayo. Njengezikhanyiso ezakudala zange ezibangela, iimeko kunye neziphumo zemisebenzi yayo, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba babeka, injongo omkhulu, kodwa ekugqibeleni nocalu azinakwenzeka.

imodeli imfundo Classicism ithetha ukohluka yawo yokuvelela esi kakuhle yaziwa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imigaqo nohlobo French waba umlinganiselo, ukuba kwingongoma nganye nayiphi na enye efanayo IG Petritskaya. The French Ukukhanya yaba ibinzana ngokubanzi yonke into ikhona kule nkqubo into inkcubeko yehlabathi.