Umphakathi wobukhosi. Class of umphakathi wobukhosi

umphakathi wobukhosi yayigqalwa uhlobo phantse jikelele karhulumente Eurasia. Uninzi ezizwana omiweyo oko, ewatyhutyhile nkqubo. Emva koko, thatha sihlolisise, yintoni umphakathi wobukhosi.

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Nangona kukho iinguqu ezithile kubudlelwane phakathi kwabathengi kunye umvelisi, le yokugqibela wahlala ukuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo lokuqala. uluntu ikhoboka wobukhosi yayisekelwe ngendlela ethile yokwenza ushishino. ngumlimi ngqo waba kweyakhe intsimi. Noko ke, wahlala ukuxhomekeka njengekhoboka. Sinyanzela ichazwe rent. Ukuba kufuneka zimelwe ngokohlobo corvee (labour-ibhodi), nerhafu (iimveliso) okanye luboniswa imali. Ubungakanani irenti bamiselwa ngokuqinileyo. Oku kwanika a umenzi ngqo kukho inkululeko ethile ekuqhutyweni kwemisebenzi yabo ishishini. Ezi iimpawu umphakathi wobukhosi zaye ngokukodwa libizwe ngethuba lenguqu ukuya iintlawulo yemali ezinyanzelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, umlimi ukhululekile ukuveza ukukwazi ukuba bathengise imveliso yabo.

Iimpawu ze umphakathi wobukhosi

Sinako ukwahlula iimpawu yoluntu onjalo:

• i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto zokulima yokuphila;
• indibanisela lwengqesho amancinci umhlaba yamahlwempu kunye nelungelo elikhulu ilizwe feudal;
• sixhomekeke ngayo zabavelisi ngqo. Extraeconomic ngenkani zabasebenzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemveliso;
• karhulumente inqubo lixesha ubugcisa;
• ubukho kobudlelwane irente (iintlawulo ezinyanzelekileyo kwenziwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba).

Noko ke, kwakukho izinto buqapheleke kunye ethile yoluntu wobukhosi:

• uzwi urhulumente zonqulo (kweli xesha ngembali ibandla wacula indima ekhethekileyo);
• umphakathi wobukhosi uba kuphuhliso ngokubanzi lwamaqumrhu corporate;
• isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya ;
• kwakukho emafeni oluntu wobukhosi.

Umfuziselo classic

Kakhulu ngokucacileyo umphakathi wobukhosi iye yaphuhliswa eFransi. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ningabi isicelo kurhulumente, kunokuba isakhiwo noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Noko ke, kwaba eFransi iklasi kakhulu kakuhle echazwe oluntu wobukhosi. Awabasondezayo njengenkosi ekhonza ezinyukweni kanye. nokubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho wavalelwa ngokutsha ngenkani kweentlawulo phakathi kweengqimba nabalawulayo. Ngokomyalelo ingumbuso suzerain ziqokelelwe wamajoni ngeendleko zakhe. Yayikhusela imida yaye amelwe, enyanisweni, isixhobo yesinyanzelo non-noqoqosho abalimi. Loo inkqubo, apho kwakukho umphakathi wobukhosi, wanika kaninzi kuntlitheka. Ngenxa yoko, France iye yaba liqonga iimfazwe yesizwe yoluntu. Ngakumbi nzima ilizwe abafumana iziphumo imfazwe eNgilani 14-15 th eminyaka. Noko ke, le mfazwe iye negalelo yokunyusa inkululeko abalimi ukusuka yokuxhomekeka. Oku kungenxa yokuba amajoni bokumkani kwakufuneka. Resource impi nanceba zosasazo zokudubula, oko kuba abalimi simahla. Nangona ukuqaliswa othathwe, imeko yezoqoqosho yabantu abaxhomekeke musa okunene ngcono ukususela irhafu kunye neentlawulo kwetu ziye indawo irente feudal.

lunye Agricultural

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-14, France yahlulwe ngokuqgibeleleyo ukuba zibe kwimimandla emininzi. Umzekelo, iindawo esembindini emantla ingqalelo engundoqo ukutya, kumazantsi - iwayini kwisiseko. Ngelo xesha oko yaqala ukubonisa ukongama omnye mimandla ngokwalo kwezoqoqosho. Ngokukodwa, kuMntla France bavumile inkqubo intsimi-amathathu.

Iimpawu zophuhliso loqoqosho of England

umphakathi wobukhosi leli lizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo abathile evela kwinkqubo French. ENgilani, i-mandla lonke ulawulo waba ucaca ngakumbi. Oku ngenxa ukoyisa feudal eli lizwe ngo1066. ubalo jikelele lwenziwa. Oko kwabonisa ukuba isakhiwo feudal oluntu kunye nempahla ngelo xesha lakhiwa. Nakuba kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo isiFrentshi, abanini IsiNgesi baba akhonze kaKumkani ngqo. Eyona ngakumbi, nto leyo anazo umphakathi wobukhosi IsiNgesi, uza isiseko uzobe olwenziwe Manor. I indawo evumayo unxweme negalelo kuphuhliso esebenzayo weegusha kufuywe nokuveliswa noboya ekrwada. Le yokugqibela yi ngumxholo kwemfuno enkulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu ephakathi. Ukuthengiswa uboya, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle kuphela izinduna, kodwa abalimi, ngamakhoboka negalelo yabasebenzi replacement - umsebenzi wage, kunye nerhafu zendalo - iirenti ngokwemimiselo yezemali (utshintshayo).

Le wumbe point

Ngo-1381 i mvukelo ethandwayo ikhokelwa ngu Wat friends. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho utshintshe nje phantse ngokupheleleyo, yaye emva kwetu nerhafu feudal ngu abalimi ezizezabo. Phantse bonke abantu abaxhomekeke baye ngokobuqu simahla ngenkulungwane ye-15. Zahlula-hlulwe iindidi ezimbini: waqubuda kunye freeholders. I yerenti kuqala kwesabelo, kwaye yokugqibela ingqalelo abanini ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle komhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, uMenzi iindwalutho - osesikhundleni entsha - eyakhokela umsebenzi yezoqoqosho kuphela labour kwemivuzo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo e Germany

yabunjwa kamva kunokuba eFransi eNgilani kweli lizwe, isakhiwo umphakathi wobukhosi. Inyaniso ukuba imimandla ethile yaseJamani zozibini zinqumkile, omnye komnye, kule nkalo, bengatshatanga sele zange ziphuhliswe. Enye into ebalulekileyo le imihlathi zamazwe Slavic neenkosi German wobukhosi. Oku negalelo ukwenyuselwa ebalulekileyo indawo yokunciphisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko waqala ukuphuhlisa iindawo zangaphakathi ndawo amazwe nabalimi ngasempuma iElbe. Bona banikwa impatho engcono, kunye nokuthembela oluncinane izinduna. Noko ke, kule abanini ngenkulungwane ye-15 nempahla ka empuma Jamani, wangenelwa ukuthunyelwa ingqolowa eNgilani neHolland ngokusebenzisa namazibuko lweBaltic kwaye yaphunyezwa kubukhoboka ingundoqo abalimi nelungelo. Abanikazi isidalwa elima olubanzi waza wasifudusela ukuba serfdom. Igama elithi "umhlaba ngaphaya iElbe" ufikile zingumqondiso uphuhliso feudalism emva kwexesha.

Iimpawu benkqubo yophuhliso e Japan

Noqoqosho lizwe ezininzi umahluko ukusuka eYurophu. Okokuqala, eJapan kwakukho elima, akukho yenkosi. Ngenxa yoko, kwakungekho serfdom, akukho serfdom. Okwesibini, uqoqosho lwe Japan wenza ezivele ngenxa kangangeenkulungwane wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Kwilizwe eyayigquba iifama umlimi ezincinane, ngokusekelwe ilifa ilizwe. Yena, ke, ongenasakhiwo izinduna. Njengoko iirenti kwavela nerhafu zendalo ngohlobo yerayisi. Ngenxa wobukhosi ukuqhekeka kwasekwa a lot of izilawuli. Xa baya amajoni servicemen, olu sapho lwaluquka kartel samurai. Njengoko yembuyekezo amajoni kweenkonzo olulungiswe Neendwalutho yerayisi pheko. imihlaba babo samurai. Ke zona izixeko Japanese, apho kuye kubekho iyunithi feudal, kwakunye eYurophu. Zobuciko bemanyene evenkileni, abarhwebi - kule labakhandi. waye kunokuba kuphuhliswa urhwebo buthathaka. Ukungabikho imarike enye ngenxa wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Japan yavalwa basemzini. Manufactory kweli lizwe usaqala.

Iimpawu benkqubo unit i eRashiya

Iiklasi ze umphakathi wobukhosi benziwa emva kwexesha kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe. Ngenkulungwane ye-15 kwakukho servicemen yomkhosi. Yakhe abanini (izidwangube). Baba abanikazi nemihlaba kunye ngeendleko zabo zonke ihlobo waya inkonzo kaxakeka. Ngu ekwindla bagoduke. Ukutshintshelwa ngamafa lihanjiswa ukusuka wazala unyana lilifa. Ngokuhambelana kunye neBhunga Code of 1649, abalimi zinamathele unomphelo nabemfuyo ummandla apho ayehlala, babe ngamakhoboka. EYurophu, kwabaninzi amalungu ale klasi xesha free. Njengoko imisebenzi eyenziwa irente yabasebenzi. Ngenkulungwane ye-17 Barshchina akwazi ukufikelela ukuya kwiintsuku-4 ngeveki. Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-16 ukuyilwa kwiimarike ezinkulu yengingqi, nangenxa iminyaka 17 kobudlelwane zorhwebo Ndizuze ngokomlinganiselo wesizwe. Kumntla karhulumente yaba liziko Novgorod. Waye yalilizwe yeengcungcu, leyo yayisonganyelwa yi kwiiklasi afumileyo oluntu wobukhosi. Aba bameli, ingakumbi, iquka abarhwebi kunye nabanini (izidwangube). Ubuninzi yabantu Novgorod liqulethe "intsomi black" - seengcibi. Phakathi iimarike imfuyo ibalulekileyo ngelo xesha kukunika Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan. Iziko urhwebo yonke lizwe eMoscow. It bathengisa uboya, isilika, iimveliso uboya, iimveliso zesinyithi, isonka, Bacon kunye nezinye umphako nempahla zasekhaya.

mboleko uphuhliso

ukulimela yaba uhlobo eziphambili zamashishini. Oku hlukile uluntu ekuqaleni wobukhosi. Imveliso yobungxowankulu baqala ukuvela ngokwesiseko elula intsebenziswano, kwaye ke mveliso. Ulondolozo yi turnover elula yaba imali inxaxheba. Ezi mali inxaxheba ukuhanjiswa nzala kunye capital merchant. iibhanki baqala ukuvela. Ekuqaleni aba ezingoovimba imali. Ukuphuhlisa ishishini imali-ukutshintsha. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18, waqalisa ukusasaza iintlawulo okunye merchant. Ngenxa iimfuno ezandayo-mali karhulumente baqalisa ukuba kuyilwa.

ubudlelwane market

Ekuphuhliseni urhwebo lwangaphandle kunye zasekhaya nempembelelo kakhulu ukukhula kwedolophu kwi kwintsimi West yaseYurophu. Zenza ikakhulu emakethe yendawo. lwaqhutywa Kukho phandle lukukwenzelana iimveliso amagcisa ezidolophini nasemaphandleni. Xa 14-15 Kwiinkulungwane th, baqala ukwenza imarike enye. Baye abe ngonenceba kwamaziko zoqoqosho ithi wobukhosi. Phakathi inkulu qaphela London ne Paris. Urhwebo lwangaphakathi kakhulu ngokwaneleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkangeleko yendalo kwezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, uphuhliso lorhwebo yasekhaya kancane yiyantlukwano, ngenxa apho imisebenzi eqokelelwe kwi Senor nganye. Abarhwebi luhlobo oluthile yabarhwebi mveliso amanyene abakhandi. Ezi umbutho evaliweyo ukulawula imigaqo kunye nolwakhiwo ingeniso emarikeni.