Indawo yeGosa loLwandle oluMnyama. Imephu, idibanisa, ifoto

Isikhundla seendawo zoLwandle oluMnyama, mhlawumbi, siyaziwa kubo bonke abemi belizwe lethu. Kutheni? Le nto kukuba phantse sonke kuthi ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini bethu, kodwa sele sisekunxweme lwayo, kakuhle, okanye siceba ukuya khona ngekhefu elizayo.

Imephu yoLwandle oluMnyama waseRashiya ibonisa ukuba lethu ilizwe likwabelana nge-Ukraine, eGeorgia, eTurkey, eBulgaria naseRomania.

Indawo, imbali, imozulu kunye neempawu zeli candelo lezilwandle zehlabathi kwaye ziya kuxutyushwa kule nqaku.

Icandelo 1. Ulwazi jikelele

Ukuba ukhangele uLwandle oluMnyama kwibalazwe yehlabathi, unokuqiniseka ukuba yinto yebhasin e-Atlantic Ocean kwaye ibhekisela kuhlobo lwangaphakathi lwangaselwandle. Ummandla wayo ungama-422.0 weemitha ezili-square. Km (ngokweminye ingcaciso - ii-436.4 zeekhilomitha ezili-square).

Ukubukeka ulwandle lufana nomlo we-oval kunye ne-axis enkulu ye-1150 km. Ubude obude ukusuka enyakatho ukuya kumzantsi ngu-580 km. Ubunzulu bomyinge ubude buyi-1240 m, kwaye ubukhulu bungama-2210 m.

Amanxweme oLwandle oluMnyama anemivuzo emininzi, njengoko amanzi alo candelo lihlabathi elunxwemeni adibana noMarmara ngaphesheya kweBosporus Strait, emva kweDardanelles (Hellespont) - kunye neMedithera neAegean, kunye neKerch Strait - kunye ne-Azov Sea.

Umgca womda phakathi kweYurophu neAsia Minor udlulela kummandla wamanzi . I peninsula yaseCrimea inzulu kwinxalenye yolwandle.

Amanzi ayo ahlanjwa yimimandla yamanyathelo amaninzi: iRashiya, iUkraine, i-Georgia, iRomania, iTurkey kunye neBulgaria. Kwintshona-mpuma-mpuma kolunxwemeni yindawo eyaziwayo ye-Abkhazia.

Umlambo wolwandle unomhlaba onqabileyo. Iziqendu zayo ezantsi zizaliswe i-hydrogen sulphide, oko kuthetha ukuba kwindawo engaphezulu kwe-150 m, ubomi abukho ngokupheleleyo (ngaphandle kweentlobo ezithile zebhaktheriya).

Isikhundla seendawo zoLwandle oluMnyama siphumelele kakhulu. Kutheni? Into leyo kukuba ibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, ezothutho, ukubaluleka kobuchule kunye nemikhosi, kwaye ikwazo zonke iindawo zokuzonwabisa ezona zininzi zase-Eurasia. Iziseko ezisemgangathweni zempi zoLwandle oluLwandle oluMnyama lwaseRashiya zijoliswe kwiichweba zeSevastopol neNovorossiysk.

Icandelo 2. Imbali yoLwandle oluMnyama

Iifoto zoLwandle oluMnyama, njengomthetho, zitsalane, zikhangela ubuhle kunye nokungenamkhawulo. Kodwa, siyintoni na ngokwenene ngaye?

Okokuqala, asinakukwazi ukuthetha ukuba lolwandle oluthile olunomgangatho ongenalwazi oluqhubekayo nophuhliso lwalo: izinga lamanzi litshintsha, abamele abatsha beeflora kunye nezidalwa zezilwanyana ziyavela, kwaye ezinye ziyafa.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye eli malunga ne-8 000 leminyaka edlulileyo, eli lwandle lwalulilungelo. I-biosystem yayo ifumaneka kakhulu kwimpembelelo yangaphandle-imozulu okanye impembelelo yabantu. Nangona iyancinci kuneyona elwandle kwaye ubomi bayo buncinci, ugu lolwandle lwaMnyama kunye nolwazi lwezinto eziphilayo lunomdla kunzululwazi.

Icandelo 3. Yintoni imimoya yezinto?

Imozulu yoLwandle oluMnyama lubangelwa kwindawo ephakathi-ne-continental kwaye ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lwelizwekazi. Lo mmandla ubonakaliswe yimifuno efudumeleyo, ebumnandi kunye nobushushu obumileyo. Inxweme eselunxwemeni yeCrimea kunye noNxweme lwaseCaucasus ikhuselwe kwimimoya yeentaba, ngenxa yemozulu yezulu yaseMedithera ilapha.

Indawo yeendawo zoLwandle oluMnyama unjalo ukuba imeko yemozulu iyathonyelwa kakhulu ngamaqhwithi e-Atlantic, ezisa isivunguvungu nokupholisa. Iimoya zendlela esezantsi-ntshona-ntshona zidla ngokuba zibangelwa yimimandla yomoya yaseMedithera.

NgoJanuwari, ukushisa okuqhelekileyo ngasenyakatho ngu-2 ° C, kodwa kunokupholisa ukuya kwi -5 ° C, ikhephu liphuma ngokukhawuleza. Kushushu kakhulu kwiindawo ezisemzantsi eCrimea naseCaucasus. Apha, ngokuqhelekileyo ungaphantsi kwama-5 ° C.

Ukushisa kukaJulayi emoyeni kumntla we-sea + + - + 27 ° C. Ndiyabulela ulwandle, ukushisa komoya akuqheleki ukuphakama ngaphezu kwe-37 ° C.

Inxalenye efudumele kakhulu yoLwandle oluMnyama ngummandla weCaucasus, apho umyinge we-17 ° C ngonyaka. Inxweme yaseCaucasus yenza ixabiso elikhulu (1500 mm ngonyaka), ubuncinci bonke abasenyakatho-ntshona (ukuya kuma-300 mm ngonyaka).

ULwandle oluMnyama aluphantsi kokuqhwala, amanzi akapholisa ngaphantsi +8 ° C.

Icandelo 4. Iintlanzi zendawo kunye nezilwanyana zasemaphandleni

Ngaba wakha wacinga ngezinto eziphilileyo ezihlala eLwandle oluMnyama? Isiqalo sibonisa ukuba iintlanzi zoLwandle oluMnyama zinamaqela angaphezu kwama-260 obuluhlaza, obomvu kunye ne-brown algae: i-cladofora, ulva, i-cystoseira, i-zoster, njl.

I-Phytoplankton yolwandle iquka iintlobo ezingama-600, phakathi kwazo kukho i-diatoms kunye nabameli be-dinoflagellates (dinophysis, alexandrium, protoperidinium).

Imfuyo ihluke kakhulu kunokuba, umzekelo, iMeditera. Emanzini alwandle, iifama ezingama-2500 zihlala, kuquka iindidi eziyi-160 zezilwanyana kunye neentlanzi, ukuya kuma-protozoa angama-500, ama-crustaceans ama-500, ii-mollusks ezingama-200 kunye nezinye izilwanyana. KwiMeditera, kuze kube yimhla, kukho iintlobo ezingama-9,000.

Ngaphantsi kolwandle kwakukho indawo yama-oyster kunye ne-mussels, i-mollusks-abadli be-rapana. Phakathi kwamadonga enxweme kunye namatye unako ukudibanisa i-crabs, kukho i-jellyfish, i-shrimp, i-anemones kunye neeponji.

Ubunqongophala behlabathi bezilwanyana buchaphazeleka ngotyuwa kunye nobushushu bamanzi, kunye nokubunjwa kwe-hydrogen sulphide. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi olwandle afanelekile ukuba kubekho iintlobo ezingenakuthobeka, apho kungekho bunzulu obufunekayo.

Isiqendu 5. Ziziphi iintlobo zokuhlala eziLwandle oluMnyama?

Iindawo zokurhweba zaseRashiya zoLwandle oluLwandle oluMnyama ziseKrasnodar Territory. Okuthandwa kakhulu ngabo nguSochi, iAnapa, iGelendzhik neTuapse. Apha iinqununu kunye nezindlu zokubhoda zakhiwa.

Kwi-peninsula yaseCrimea kukho indawo yokuhlala: i-Evpatoria, i-Alushta, i-Yalta, i-Sudak, i- Sevastopol, iSimferopol, iFoodsia, i-Chernomorskoye ne-Sokolinoye. IParadesi yokuzilibazisa iindawo zokuhlaziya ze-Abkhazia. I-Odessa yenye yezona zikhulu ezikhenketho zase-Ukraine, eziye zaba yiparele yangempela ulwandle kwiminyaka yamuva.

Sochi

Ngaba uzimisele ukuya kuLwandle oluMnyama? Abavakalisi bavakalisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abakwazi ukutyelela apha, kwaye kukho imfuneko emiselweyo kule nto.

Okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuba iSochi yiyona ndawo esezantsi kunye nefudumele kakhulu eRussia. Kwaye apha, kummandla wonxweme, ezininzi izindlu zebhodi kunye nee-sanatoriums zikhoyo.

Ixesha elwandle lolwandle eSochi lihlala ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya ku-Oktobha. Imozulu yomsindo ihlala iintsuku ezingama-300 ngonyaka. Isimo sezulu esivumelekileyo se- subropropical, imithombo yamaminerari kunye nodaka lunokuphulukisa kunye nompembelelo wokwelapha kumntu. IiSanatori ziyamkeleka kulo nyaka.

Ubume balo mmandla buyingqayizivele kwaye buyingqayizivele: iigorji zeentaba ezinemilambo enemizila, imifudlana nemingxuma, amachibi abandayo, amahlathi angenakunqandwa kunye neentaba ze-ski slopes. Ezi ndawo ziheha abalandeli bemisebenzi yangaphandle kunye nokugqithiseleyo.

I-Sochi idumileyo kuphela ekuphumleni kwebala elwandle, kodwa nakwiindawo zenkcubeko. Kukho ezininzi iimyuziyam, iindiyetha, amaziko oononophelo, iivenkile nee-nightclub.

Yalta

Enye yeedolophu ezidumileyo zeCrimea yiYalta. Ukongeza, enye yezona zixeko ezintle kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Yindawo ekhethiweyo yanamhlanje kwindawo emangalisayo ebizwa ngokuba yiLwandle oluMnyama. Imephu ibonisa ukuba iilwandle apha zikhulu kakhulu, zide ubude beekhilomitha ezingama-72.

Isixeko sithathwa njengongxowankulu kuzo zonke iindawo zokungcebeleka kweCrimea kunye nokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezolawulo, iinkcubeko kunye nezokhenketho kummandla oselunxwemeni waseCrimea.

Ubuninzi belanga kunye nemifuno, ulwandle olufudumele kunye nesihlabathi, umoya ococekileyo, iintaba kunye nezinto ezininzi ezikhangayo zidala imeko efanelekileyo yokuphumla nokuzonwabisa.

Abkhazia

Enyanisweni, kubonakala ukuba uThixo ngokwakhe wadala le ndawo kuyo yonke indoda. Ixesha elwandle elwandle lihlala ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuOktobha kunye neentsuku ezingama-220 ngonyaka unokonwabela ilanga.

Amanzi olwandle anomxholo otyukisiwe ophantsi, obala kunye nokulungele ukubhukuda. I-Abkhazia yezokhenketho ngabantu abanokwamukela izihambi, ubunjani obuhle kunye nezikhumbuzo ezininzi zembali.

Iindwendwe ziyakonwabela ukuhanjelwa kwamanzi, izixhobo zamaminerali kunye neLake Ritsa, amaphasela karst kunye namatongo endolophu yasendulo. Iindawo zokurhweba ezidumileyo zommandla ziyiPitsunda, iGagra, Sukhum kunye neGuutauta.

Icandelo lezokhenketho lwe-Abkhazia likhula ngokukhawuleza: izindlu zebhodi zokudala ziye zahlengahlengiswa kwaye ihotele ezintsha zakhiwe, kwaye kukho iindawo zokutyela kunye nezokuzonwabisa ezitratweni. Enye yeendawo ezikhethiweyo zokutyelela iidolophu zasePitsunda, ezijikelezwe yimithi yamapayipi, eyenza i-microclimate ekhethekileyo kunye nefuthe le-coniferous aroma.

Nanku, kwimeko yezulu ekhohlakeleyo, iphelile kwaye ipholile. Zonke izindlu zebhodi zihlala kwindawo ephawulekayo kufuphi nolwandle.

Icandelo 6. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuLwandle oluMnyama

Kukholelwa ukuba amachweba amaNxweme aMnyama anemivuzo eninzi. Masichaze isizathu. Ngokuqhelekileyo le nxalenye yolwandle yehlabathi iyathula kwaye ithule. Amagquma avela kwimozulu yomoya, ngokuqhelekileyo ebusika. Ukuphakama kwabo kungafikelela kwi-15 m, eyingozi kuphela kwiinqanawa ezincinci. Amanxweme ayedluli kwi-10 cm kwaye aphantse angabonakali.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, elwandle kukho iintlobo ezimbini zamaritha - ubuso kunye nokuphindwe kabini. Ixesha langaphambili libangelwa ngumoya womoya womoya, ngelixa iimbumba zenziwa kwi-Bosporus ne Kerch ezinzima kwaye zibangelwa ulwahlulo lwamanzi kwizitya ezimbini.

Iifom zee-Surface zifomathi ezimbini ezivaliweyo. Umngxuma osentshona unqamle ukuya ngasemzantsi kwaye wenza ububanzi obubhekiselele kwidolophu yaseDanube malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100. Isantya sale yangoku si malunga no-0.5 km / h. Umda wesempuma ufikelela kuma-50-100 km kwaye unesivinini se-1 km / h.

Ukujikeleza kabini kwi-Bosporus kungenxa yokutshintshiselwa kwamanzi phakathi koLwandle oluMnyama kunye nolwandle lwaseMarmara. Amanzi amancinci kunye namanzi amaninzi oLwandle oluMnyama angena kwiLwandle leMarble ngesivinini esingama-2 km, kwaye emva koko afumana amanzi atyuwa ngakumbi oLwandle lwaseMarmara kwindawo ephantsi.

Ezinye iifom zangoku zimbini eziphakathi kwamaLwandle aMnyama kunye neeAzov. Ngelo xesha, amanzi aphelelwe amanzi aseLwandle lwe-Azov awela kummandla ophezulu weLwandle oluMnyama, efumana ngokubuyisela amanzi amaninzi.

Ukongeza kwimizila engapheliyo, kukho amanzi ajikeleziweyo aphethwe ngamacandelo angaphezulu (ukuya kuma-80 m).

Icandelo 7. Iisongelo elwandle: Umoya kunye nenkungu

Indawo yeendawo zoLwandle oluMnyama ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kuvela ingqungquthela phezu konxweme okanye kwimimandla yonxweme, ikakhulukazi kwixesha elibandayo. Xa ukungena komhlaba owomileyo womoya wobushushu obushushu, iqhubu lenziwa phezu kolwandle kufuphi nxweme.

Kulo lonxweme, ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala entwasahlobo. I-nebula enkulu ibonakala ebusika, ngakumbi kwi-Bosporus Strait (ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-80 ngonyaka). Nangona kunjalo, zikhona iingcingo ezide. Ngokomzekelo, ebusika e-Odessa bahlala kwiintsuku ezili-10. Iifoto zoLwandle oluMnyama, ezenziwe ngolu hlobo lwemozulu, zithandana kakhulu kwaye ziyimfihlelo.

Amandla kunye nesivinini somoya elwandle kunkulu kunxweme. Xa amaqhwithi avela phezu kolwandle, umoya omanzi uyaba nokungaqiniseki, ukuvelisa imimoya neengqungquthela, kuyingozi kwiinqanawa ezincinci. Isivinini somoya ebusika sifinyelela kwi-3 ukuya kwi-40 m / sec. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho isivunguvungu. Imimoya yasebusuku izisa ukupholisa kunxweme.

Isiqendu 8. Kukho iingozi zamanzi ezimnyama

Nangona kunjalo, uLwandle oluMnyama lunokuba lukhohlakele kwaye lungenabubele, uphawu lwale nxalenye yolwandle lwehlabathi lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba khona kwexesha langoku, okujoliswe kuyo yonke imitha ye-perimeter kwisalathisi se-counter-clockwise.

Iifom zangoku zimbini, ezibizwa ngokuthi "iiglasi ze-Knipovich" (ngokuhlonipha i-hydrologist echaza le nto). Isantya sokunyuswa sixhomekeke ekujikelezeni komhlaba. Amandla nezikhokelo zomoya nazo zichaphazela utshintsho ekuqhubeni . Ngamanye amaxesha kwimimandla yonxweme kukho i-vortices ejoliswe kwizinto ezikhoyo ngoku (i-anticyclonic gyres).

Ukunyuka kwamanxweme aphezulu angaselunxwemeni kuyahluka kwaye kugqitywa ngumoya. Enye yale mizila ibizwa ngokuba yidrafti leyo ifom ngexesha lesiphango. Amaza agijimela elunxwemeni aphelelwa ngamagunya anamandla kunye neziteshi ezisezantsi. Ukuhamba okunjalo kuyingozi kakhulu kubantu kwaye banokuthabathela elunxwemeni. Ukuze uphume kubo, kufuneka uhambe ngomkhumbi ungena elunxwemeni, kodwa udiagonally.

Icandelo 9. Kutheni ulwandle lukhathazeka? Umlandela wamandulo

ULwandle oluMnyama kwimephu yehlabathi, kwada kwimeko yamandulo, ibonakala kakuhle. Yingakho, ngokucacileyo, bayazi malunga naye ixesha elide, ukuthabatha iinganekwane nokubuyisa amabali amnandi. Kwaye nantsi enye yazo.

Ngamaxesha amandulo kwakukho iqhawe elinesibindi, ubukroti bakhe benziwa ngamabali. Emva kokuba umlumbi omdala wanquma ukumnika umcibisholo womlingo, amandla akhe omlingo ancike kwiinjongo zomntu. Xa sele ewele ezandleni zomntu ongeyimihlaba, unokuzisa iintlungu ezininzi emhlabeni. I-Bogatyr ayizange isisebenzise ngaphandle kwemfuno kunye neenjongo zemali. Xa wayesemdala, waqala ukukhangela indoda eyayingathembeka ngololo. Kodwa kuphela umnikazi ofanelekileyo unokubonakalisa imfihlo yakhe.

Emva koko iqhawe lagqiba ukufihla izixhobo kwiLwandle oluMnyama waza wabuza oonyana bakhe ukuba bamthabathe emkhatsini. Wayeyazi ukuba abayi kuwenza umyalelo wakhe okokuqala, kwaye wabathumela kwakhona. Oonyana bazalisekisa ukuthanda kukayise kwaye behlisa umnqwanqwa ukuya ngasezantsi kolwandle. Yavutha ulwandle, yaqala ukwenza ingxolo kwaye nanamhlanje izama ukuphosa umcibisholo ogwini.

Icandelo 10. Ngaba uLwandle oluMnyama lufudumele?

Ngaba unokutsho ngqo apho iLwandle oluMnyama? Imephu ibonisa ukuba kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kumda waselunxwemeni welizwe lethu. Kwaye, kunjalo, kuyindawo efudumele kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho uluvo lokuba izinga lokushisa liyakhula kancane. Ngaba oku kunjalo ngokwenene?

ULwandle oluMnyama (ummandla waseKrasnodar uthathwa njengesiseko sohlolisiso) lugcwele i-hydrogen sulfide, oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela iindawo eziselunxwemeni kunye neendawo eziphezulu zamanzi ezifanelekileyo. Ngendlela, ngenxa yoko, ibhekisela kwelinye lezilwandle ezingapheliyo zehlabathi.

Kwakhona, ukufudumala kwehlabathi kusichaphazela kakhulu i-ecosystem system, ekhokelela ekunyuseni kweqondo lokushisa lomoya ebusika kunye nokuphelisa okungapheliyo kweendawo eziphezulu zolwandle. Kwaye, oku, kwenza kube nzima ukujikeleza ngokucacileyo iindawo eziphezulu zamanzi ukuya kunzulu ukugcina imida ye-hydrogen sulphide.

Ukufudumala kwakhokelela ekubeni i-hydrogen sulphide zone yaphakama emanzini angama-12 emitha kwaye la manzi aphila. Umthamo wamanzi ophuculweyo ne-oksijini uyaqhubeka nokunciphisa, okubangela ukuba iingxaki zendalo yendalo. Ngoko ke, uLwandle oluMnyama, iinqunaniso zalo zi-43 ° 17'49 "p. W. 34 ° 01'46 "ngaphakathi. I-Etc, eninzi, iya kuqhubeka ifudumala.