Incwadi yesiTopiya. Abugid Ethiopian. Kutheni i-alphabet yaseTopiya efana neArmenian?

Incwadi yesiTopiya yindlela yokubhala yokurekhoda ulwimi lokubhala nolwimi lweeGeez, kunye ne-Amharic, i-tigris kunye ne-tigrinya, esetyenziswe eTopiya (Abyssinia) nase-Eritrea. Kubonakala ukuba, kwavela kwiSouth Semitic writing Sabaean ekuqaleni kwe-IV. Nangona kunjalo, iimbono zabaphandi malunga nokuba i-alphabet yaseAtiopiya yenziwa njani iyahluka. Kwakungaziwa nokuba ngaba lo mbhalo luyimiphumo yokuguquka ngokuthe ngqo okanye yenziwe ngumntu omnye. Namhlanje kucatshangelwa ukuba iileta zaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye izibhenqo zavela ngenxa yomsebenzi wombhali omnye. Imibhalo ye-IV c. Ngolwimi lweGeez, olubhalwa yiSabhabhi kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhala zaseTopiya.

Ubundlobongela buqulethe iileta ezingama-26, zonke ezo ziyi-consonants. Kule meko, isimboli esisezantsi singaguqulwa kwisilabhasi ngokufaka amagama afanelekileyo. Iileta ezingamashumi amabini anesine kwi-28 zeebefabhethi zesiSabha zaboleka kunye nokudibanisa kwegraphemes ukubonisa "n" isandi esasingenalo. Ulwalathiso lweleta, ngokungafani neelwimi zeSabee kunye nezinye iziSemitic, zisuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Oku mhlawumbi kubangelwa yimpembelelo yamaGrike.

Umbono ohlukile

Imbali yokubhala i-geez ayilula ukulandelelana, njengokuba, umzekelo, isiLatini. Izazi-mlando zenqaba ukubona kubemi baseAfrika abadali beenkcubeko zenkcubeko, eyaphumelela kwaye yasinda iminyaka ekhethekileyo. Akwazanga ukuyiqonda oku ngaphandle kokushiya ubandlululo kunye nokungaboni kwakhona ngendlela yabo. Isihloko esisasazekayo sophando lwenkqubo ye-geezes yinto ebizwa kanjalo. Iparadigm yangaphandle. Le ngcamango yokuba isilabhayari kufuneka ivela kwindawo ethile, ikakhulukazi kwi-Peninsula yakudala yase-Arabia. Oku bekuya kwenza ukuba umthombo ungabikho "omnyama" weAfrika, kodwa i-Asia yeMiddle East, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa iinkolelo zobuhlanga ukuba abantu abamnyama babengenakukwazi ukufumana uncwadi kunye nenkcubeko ngexesha lokuphumelela kweempumelelo zaseFenike. Nanamhlanje, le ngxowankulu ye-Eurocentric izikhundla ze-geez kwi-categori yamaSemiti, kungekhona i- Afrika, iilwimi. Ubuhlanga, obuqhubela phambili ukufundisisa imvelaphi yokubhala kwabaseTopiya, bubonakalisa nakwiimbali zenzululwazi yamuva. Umzekelo, uSilvia Pankhurst e-Ethiopia: I-History of Culture ithi abafuduki baseMzantsi Arab bazisa ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezitye, ukulima komhlaba, izimvu, amahashe, iinkamela, izityalo ezifanelekileyo, izixhobo ezibhetele, umzekelo, inkunzi ephezulu enekhondla, kunye , Mhlawumbi ikhusi lesikhumba ejikeleziweyo abaxhoba basekuhlaleni bembethe kude kube kutshanje. Banike negalelo ekwakheni izindlu zamatye, beza kunye neendlela zokuzakhela kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha, ubugcisa bokubhala kunye neentlethi zeTopiya. Ngenxa yenkqubela yokuphucula i-Ethiopiya, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezobugcisa abafudukayo baseArabhu ababenayo babhala.

Kungenzeka ukuba inkqubo yeGeez ivela kwi-hieroglyphs yaseYiputa kuphela, kunye neLatin yesiXhosa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yayikude kangakanani. Iingcamango zokuthi ukubhala kwendawo enokuhlala kwiYiputa YaseYiputa kwakuqala ukuhamba uhambo olude ukuya empuma kwi-Arabia yaseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye emva koko buyela e-Ethiopia ukuphuhlisa ibe yindlela yalo yokugqibela, ngokwembono yabamelene neengcamango ezikhoyo, kubonakala kunzima kakhulu. Ngoko ke, njengoko bekholelwa, akukho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba abathengisi baseYiputa, ababhali, ngoko ke, inkqubo ye-hieroglyphs ayizange isasaze kuyo yonke indawo.

Ukubunjwa kwe-abugid

I-Alphabet Geez iqulethwe ngabalinganiswa be-182. Ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa, kufuneka kuthiwa i-graphemes eyi-26 kuphela, ezo zonke iinguqononongo, kwaye ezinye zenziwa yimivimbo eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuguqulwa okufakwe kwiifom eziphambili ukukhetha isandi sevoluni okanye ukulungisa isandi sekhononti. Kwii-geezes, i-lowercase kunye neenhlamvu ezinkulu azifani, njengoko kwenzeka kwi-Latin alphabet kwi-7 leminyaka. Ayikho i-ligatures okanye ezinye iinguqu (njengeG na g), kwaye amanqaku amancinci kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuthelekisa okuchanekileyo, i-appercase (a), i-lowercase (A), kunye neileta ezinamagama adiacritical (a) kwi-alfabhethi yesiLatini kufuneka ziqwalaselwe njenge-graphemes ezihlukeneyo, njengale naliphi na iileta ezinokudibanisa imigaqo ethile yokupasa. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, i-sillabari geez inkulu kakhulu.

Ukuchaneka kweGeeza

Incwadi yesiTopiya ayisebenzisi nje njengendlela yokuboniswa kwamagama kunye nezandi. Unayo iipropati ezi-5 ezisisiseko: iiphotographic, ideographic, astrographic, numerological and syllabographic. Ulwaphulo-mthetho luncedo kwakhona ngokuphinda uphinde ucinge le ncwadi ngokubanzi. Iipropati zayo zibonisa ukuba ingcamango yanamhlanje yokubhala ibuncitshitshi kwaye iyanciphisa iinkalo zefilosofi, ezenzululwazi, iilwimi kunye neembali.

Pictograms

Icandelo le-pictographic of geeza libonisa ukuba i-syllabary itholakala kwimifanekiso ekhishwe okanye ikopiwe kwimvelo kunye nokusebenzisana kwabantu. Umzekelo oyisiseko wesistim nekiso we-Latin and Ethiopian alphabet yi- hieroglyphs yaseYiputa. I-Geez iyilwimi ebonakalayo yepotographic. Umzekelo we-pictogram yileta ye sibini በ (bä), njengaseBet (indlu), engumnyango owenziwe ngomfanekiso. Isici se-pictographic sibonakala kwileta ሀ (hä), yokuqala kwigama elithi "ingonyama", kwiilfabhethi kunye nomhlaba wonke.

Iingcamango

I-Ideography, ipropati yesibini ye-geez, ithetha ukuba iileta ze-alfabhethi zifuzisela iingcamango ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zexabiso, i-philosophical and social order. Umlingisi ngamnye ophezulu unemihluko engama-7, echaza isandi sevolumu esilandelayo. Icandelo ngalinye lidibene neenkalo ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango. Ngokomzekelo, iteksi yesithandathu (i-rä) inomxholo we-Re'es (inkokeli, inkokeli okanye umphathi). Amazwi adibene neklasi yesithandathu, njengomthetho, ayenobunkokeli bezenkolo, njengokuba kwenzeka kuRefesa Mange'st (intloko kaRhulumente).

Ikhalenda

I-astrography, okanye ukubonakaliswa kweenkwenkwezi, ngoko ke, kwikhalenda, yinto yesithathu ye-geeza. Inkqubo equkethe iiklasi ezingama-26 kunye nezi-7 ezihlukeneyo zazo, ngokubanzi, zifikelela kwizibonakaliso ze-syllabhu ezingu-182. Esi siqingatha inombolo 364, emele isiqingatha sonyaka okanye inani leentsuku phakathi kwee-equinoxes. Kwikhalenda yeTiyopiya, zonke iinyanga ziquka iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphandle kweenyanga ezongezelelweyo zihlala iintsuku ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu kuphela. Isiqingatha-nyaka siqala ngo-Ephreli 1 no-Oktobha 1. Inye nganye yeenhlamvu ezingama-182 zimela olunye usuku. Umhla owongezelelweyo kwikhalenda yangasentshona unokuba neengcamango phakathi kokubala kwelanga kunye ne-equinoctial calculus. Ukuhlukahluka kweeklasi nganye kubonisa iintsuku ezi-7 zeveki, ngokuqala nge-ezayo (ngeCawa) nokuphela ngeSabatha (ngoMgqibelo).

Numerology

Incwadi nganye ye-alfabhethi ihambelana nenani lamanani ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-5600. Ziyikhowudi ye-systemic ye-Isoteric yesazi. Iimpawu zemibala yegraphemes kunye namagama aseTestamente endala anceda ekutolizeni kwayo kwaye anikeze iimpawu zeemonic ukuze ziphendule ngomlomo. Ngokomzekelo, igama lika-Abraham lihambelana nenani lamanani elingu-60 (40 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 4), elalikwahlula inani labalinganiswa (5) liphumo kwinombolo 12 ehambelana nenani lezindlu kwaSirayeli.

Kutheni i-alphabet yaseTopiya efana neArmenian?

Nangona ezi zeempendulo zithetha ulwimi, zibonakalisa ukufana kwangaphandle kunye neencwadi ezifanayo. Amazwe kunye neelwimi zabo zenziwa ngokuzimeleyo, zihlukaniswe ngumgama malunga neekhilomitha ezili-3.5 zamazwe nolwandle. Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukubhalwa kwe-geeza, ebizwa ngokuba yi-fidel, yabonakala kwangaphambili kunoko iArmenian yangoku, kwaye kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nokuxhamla phakathi kwabo. Enye yeengcamango ezidumileyo zisekelwe kwingxelo yamaKristu emide yale mazwe: iArmenia yaba ngokusemthethweni ilizwe lokuqala lamaKristu ngo-301 AD. E., kunye ne-Abyssinia - yesibini ngo-316.

Ema-406, phambi kweMesti Mashtots engcwele, umsebenzi wawusetyenziselwa ukudala i-alfabhethi entsha ye- Great Armenia. Abahlali beli lizwe bazama ukuzidela kwiindawo ezizungezile kunye neenkolo, ezazama ukuzenzayisa. Kukholelwa ukuba uMesrop wayenokuhlangabezana namaKristu aseTtiyopiya ngexesha lokuhambela eYerusalem waza wafumana kubo enye yeemfundiso zonqulo. Ukuba wayenayo iBhayibhile ngolwimi lweGeez, ngoko mhlawumbi ubolekisile abathile ukuba bazalise iilfabhethi ezingapheliyo. IArmenia ne-Abyssinia yayithetha ukuba ijongene nengxaki efanayo - kwiminyaka emininzi yayingabantu abangamaKristu kuphela kwimimandla yabo kwaye yayifuna iincwadi zonqulo ezifanayo.

Ilayibrari yeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia ibamba iqoqo yemibhalo yesandla yaseArmenian yekhulu le-14, kuquka iGladzor Gospel. Ziqulethe amaphepha amancinci apheleleyo, amakhalenda ahlotshiswe ngokucebileyo, imihlobiso ecacileyo kunye neefowuni zeengcwele ezibandakanyiweyo kwimixholo eyintloko. Imibhalo emininzi yeMicopiya ibhaliwe kwaye ihlotshiswe ngamanqanaba angqongqo kwaye ibonisa isandla somculi kunye nombhali owamdala. Isicatshulwa ngokuqhelekileyo sihlukaniswe kwiindawo ezibhaliweyo kwiinki ezimnyama nezibomnyama, imihlobiso isoloko isenziwa kwiitoni zendalo. Uthakazo lwabo luhlala kwinqanaba elithile lobuqhetseba kunye nokungacwangciswanga.

Abafowunelwa beenkcubeko ezimbini

Abantu baseArmenian nabaseTopiya bahlangene nomlando omude wobudlelwane, nangona waqala emva kwexesha elide kuneemibhalo zabo. Kukho imizekelo emibini. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVI. Umthengisi waseArmenian wangena enkonzweni kwindlovukazi yaseTopiya. Waba ngowokuqala u-Ambassador wase-Abyssinia ePortugal. Le meko yayiyinkimbinkimbi yinto yokuba amaPutukezi ayengakholelwa ukuba yena, umArmenia, ngokwenene ngubani na ukuba uyabonakala, kwaye ngakumbi kunzima xa ebuya. Enye ityala lwenzeka ngoku kutshanje, ekuqaleni kwee-1920. Emva koKhuselo lweArmenia, iNkosana yaseKopiya, iRas Tafari, yadibana eYerusalem izintandane ezingama-40 zaseArmenia. Wathandwa gqitha kukuba wawamkela bonke waza wababuyisela ezweni lakubo. Wabanika imfundo engcono kakhulu yomculo, kunye nabantwana abangama-Armenian abangama-40 babumba i-orchestra yaseburhulumenteni yokuqala kweli lizwe. Bonke babumba i-anthem yesizwe yaseTopiya, esasiguqukanga ngo-1974.

Uphawu lweAfrika

I-Ethiopian abugid iyachasene nenkqubo ye-alphabetic ekusebenzisaneni kwayo nolwimi oluthethiweyo. Nangona kubalulekile ukufunda abantu abaninzi, ngandlela-thile benza kube lula ukupela. Abo basebenzisa iileta zesi-syllabic banyamezela iziphambeko ezimbalwa, ekubeni ukubetha kwegama, njengencwadi yefowuni, ifuna ukupela isipelingi esithile kunye nokunye. Enyanisweni, abugid ikuvumela ukuba ubhale nayiphi na igama laluphi na ulwimi. I-geez yaseAfrika yenye yeelwimi ezidlulileyo kwilizwe. Ihlala ingatshintshi iminyaka engama-2000, ebonisa ukulungelelaniswa kwayo kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuhlela izandi. Ukubhala akuyona nje into yegrama, kodwa kwakhona indlela yokungena kwilizwe la mandulo laseAfrika, ifilosofi yayo, inkqubo yeenkolelo kunye noluntu oluphucukileyo.