Olunye lweelwimi zaseAfrika ezininzi neziphambili. ulwimi Famous African

labemi Afrika isebenzisa kwincoko yemihla ngemihla ngeelwimi ezingamakhulu asibhozo ahlukeneyo kakhulu enye kwenye yaye kwangaxeshanye abe ezininzi abafana phezu. Kanti yelizwekazi ishushu ehlabathini zidweliswe iintsapho 4: Afro-zaseAsiya, eNiger-Congo (ngaphambili - Western Sudan), Nilo-Sahara kunye Bushman. Enye lwimi Afrika kuthiwa Kiswahili. E East Afrika le iziyelelane 150 million.

usapho Afro-zaseAsiya

Izandi zamazwi luphawulwa ngokungabikho ngezandi anokufumaneka kwezinye iziyelelane eqhelekileyo. Kufuneka kwakhona chaza amaqela ulwazi lwezandi kunye lwamaqabane adityanisiweyo nazo rhoqo laryngeal kunye pharyngeal akuvamanga ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iilwimi.

Njengoko kuba iimpawu zegrama, kuba amagama nezivakalisi zeli qela luphawulwa udidi ngokwesini izimelabizo, ngamazinga ezineempawu ngokwesondo; Zininzi iindlela zokubumba amagama izininzi (reduplication, izimamva alternation zezikhamiso emagameni) kunye iimo zezenzi engaqondakaliyo (zezenzi, causative, zochazo, kunye nabanye). ulwimi ngalunye Afrika, nto leyo eyinxalenye lwaya entsapho Afro-zaseAsiya, ebonakala ngu phambi trehsoglasnyh iingcambu.

Ezizalana ngayo eli qela zisasazwa ngokubanzi phakathi kweentlanga yoMntla Afrika. Kwakhona kulawula esempuma yelizwekazi, oko kukuthi, Ethiopia, Tanzania mpumalanga, ummandla Somalia kunye noMbindi Mpuma. usapho Afro-Asia ibandakanya amasebe ezintlanu: wamandulo umYiputa, Cushitic, Semitic, neyabemi kunye isebantwini. Le yokugqibela ibandakanya olunye lweelwimi eziphambili zaseAfrika - Hausa.

usapho Nilo-Sahara

Ezizalana ngayo eli qela iiklasi ukhwele Ongaziwayo, nangona abanye babo baye iintlobo ezimbini yegrama. iilwimi zesiNtu usapho Nilo-Sahara iquka izenzi ukuba abe iseti iimilo esicalanye. Maxa wambi igama ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yayo kunjalo.

Iiyunithi ze akukho qela ngokubaluleka elincinane anikiweyo linguShari kunye subfamily umNayile-Sahara. Le yokugqibela kuquka iziyelelane ezifana Kanuri (asetyenziswe kwi ebukumkanini noyinzalelwane Bornu), kwakunye oxidase kunye Ted, ngenxa yabemi kwimimandla esempuma weSahara.

Niger-Congo usapho

A isici esasenza yokuma kwezivakalsi iziyelelane eli qela iiklasi ababhalisiweyo kukhokelela ezahlukeneyo affixes isininzi kunye isinye. iilwimi zesiNtu ubandakanyeka eNiger-Congo, iye isimelabizo kunye nezichazi bayavumelana nezibizo odidi apho ubhedu. Njengoko nezendawo eli qela, ngokuchaseneyo eYurophu, endaweni kwisizukulwana ezintathu (obhinqileyo, isiduna neuter) kufuneka umlinganiselo omkhulu kwiiklasi ezibhalisiweyo. Ngoko ke, izilwanyana ilungu kwiklasi enye lwabantu - komnye, yaye, umzekelo, imithi - ukuya kweyesithathu. Ngelo xesha, kukho ezinye amaqela ezingenawo isiseko kudidi kwisemantiki.

Lwaba usapho eNiger-Congo yahlulahlulwe subfamilies 8. Le Atlantic, amaMandingo, ma, Ijaw, voltayskaya, East, Adamawa kunye Benue-Congo. Inxalenye yokugqibela yi isebe nazo kusetyenziswa ulwimi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Afrika - Swahili.

ngokucofa iilwimi

Igama le iilwimi (ngaphambili - Bushman) wazuza enkosi amanqaku ezikhethekileyo kume, ezithi zisetyenziswe consonants kwaye zisetyenziswa kuphela e-Afrika. Sokuthetha ukutyhilwa ezi zandi luyathandabuzeka; ngoku babizwa ngokuba non-nokuphefumla ukususela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle okanye imiphunga ngokumungunya iintshukumo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba uthelekiswa implosive kunye uqhushululu lwamaqabane.

Eyokuqala amaqela amathathu apho intsapho Bushman, ngokuba Khoisan. ngokubanzi uthethe eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yoko, i-subfamily lwesiKhoisan yahlulwe emantla, southern kunye central qela. Kwi ngokucofa iilwimi ezithethwa Hottentots kunye ngabaThwa. Le subfamilies sesibini nesesithathu ezibizwa Hatsu kunye Sandawe, isitsotsi athethwa njengenxalenye yabemi Tanzania.

Swahili - le lwimi African

Kiswahili - Self, ophuma sawāhil igama Arabic ( «Coast"). Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwazi beza kunokuba emva kwexesha - kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX. Ngeli xesha, kwabonakala nenkcazelo yokuqala iimpawu zegrama. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwabakho kakade izichazi-Swahili kunye neencwadi zokufundisa.

Namhlanje le nto ifundiswa kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi ezinkulu e-UK, USA, Japan, eJamani, France kunye namanye amazwe. E Tanzania, kwiziko lemfundo ye Dar-es-Salam, iziko ojongene ukufunda isiSwahili. imisebenzi yayo kwakhona kubandakanya upapasho lwe phephancwadi, nto leyo iqulathe inkcubeko, uncwadi kunye neminye imicimbi ephathelele ulwimi. IsiSwahili ulwimi status karhulumente eTanzania, Uganda eKenya.

yokubhala Contemporary usebenzisa oonobumba Latin, leyo iveziwe bevangeli zaseYurophu kwi 50 kwinkulungwane ye-19. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi, endaweni oonobumba Latin ke incwadi starosuahiliyskoe (arabitsa), apho lo amaqhawe likhulu kwinkulungwane ye-18 yabhalwa - ". The Book of uHeraclius" Alphabet iqulethe iileta-24, apho kungekho X kunye Q, kunye C isetyenziswa ch.

House

achaza Iilwimi chonga nowuthsi ezintathu ngolwimi: phezulu, phantsi zawa. Lwesigodi uye uthotho ezimbini consonants kunye eyektivny implosive. Phakathi iimpawu ezithile yentsapho Afro-Asia lweelwimi, Hausa uthi conjugation phambili kunye flexion lwangaphakathi.

Ngemihla kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngentetho kusetyenziswa oonobumba Arabic - Ajam. Ukususela 30 zenkulungwane ophelileyo yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa-alfabhethi, saliphi na ulwimi Latin. ENigeria, imigangatho ulwimi zoncwadi zisekelwe lwesigodi of Kano. Ngokunxulumene Republic of Niger, kusekho akukho nolwimi olubhaliweyo.

Hausa - ulwimi Afrika unxibelelwano interethnic, ingakumbi phakathi Muslims. Inani lilonke abathwali lwesigodi sabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-24, ngoko ke iye yaba likhulu sebe isebantwini. ulwimi Hausa Afrika esoyisayo kumantla Nigeria kunye kwiRiphabliki eNiger. lwesigodi sebenzisa umahluko kula mazwe mabini yileta nje omnye. ƴ - Ngokunjalo kubhaliwe kwathiwa eNiger, kunye so'y esetyenziswa Northern Nigeria.