Imihla eziphambili kwimbali Russian. imihla ebalulekileyo kwimbali Russia

Russian Federation - ilizwe eyona kuqala kummandla kummandla kunye lesithoba - ngobukhulu labemi. Eli lizwe nto leyo iye yaluphumelela indlela ukusuka oozilawuli saa ukuba umlingwa ukubangisana. baqhuba njani le ukuyilwa sondo kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye yomkhosi?

Kweli nqaku siza kujonga imihla ephambili yembali Russian. Siza kubona uphuhliso ilizwe ukusuka ukukhankanywa wokuqala kwayo ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

IX - X leminyaka

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "Russia" okhankanywe 860 ngokunxulumene nasekuxinweni of eConstantinople (waseConstantinople) kunye kwempahla kwindawo yayo. Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ahlasele embalini olwalubandakanya abantu abangaphezu kwama asibhozo amawaka. AmaByzantine akazange alindele ukuhlasela kuLwandle Black, ngoko abazange bakwazi ukunika ayikuthandi efanelekileyo. "Rus akohlwaywa," - utsho umkhumbuzi.

Umhla ebalulekileyo elandelayo kunyaka 862. Xa kwimbali Russia yenye iziganeko eziphawuleka kakhulu. Ngokutsho "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", kwakunjalo ngaloo abameli xesha abamenyiweyo zezizwe Slavic ebukumkanini Rurik.

Ingxelo ithi ukuba ukhathele ukuxabana rhoqo neenkani, owabakhoyo kuphela umlawuli kunokubeka isiphelo.

Kanye 862, kwimbali Russian yaba yinto ebalulekileyo elandelayo - 863rd. Kulo nyaka, njengoko chroniclers, wadala oonobumba Slavic - oonobumba Cyrillic. Ivela kweli xesha iqala imbali ebhalwe esemthethweni Russia.

Ngowe-882, Prince Oleg, ezihlangwini Rurik kaThixo, waphumelela Kiev iyenze ibe "isixeko capital". Le Umlawuli wenze okuninzi kurhulumente. Waqalisa ukuhlanganisa izizwe baya Khazars, kwawona amazwe amaninzi. Ngoku northerners drevlyans, radzimichy imali yetempile hayi Kaganate kunye Kiev umthetheli.

Thina kuqwalaselwa kuphela imihla ephambili yembali Russian. Ngoko ke sihlala kuphela ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo.

Ngoko ke, lo ngenkulungwane X yabalasela yokwanda oluluqilima Russ kumazwe angabamelwane kunye nezizwe. Ngoko ke, Igor waya Pechenegs (920) kunye eConstantinople (kunyaka 944). Sviatoslav watshabalalisa Khazar Khanate ngo-965, ngaloo ndlela kakhulu yalomeleza kwisikhundla Kievan Rus emzantsi mpuma.

Ngowe-970 Kievan Prince Vladimir Enkulu uba. Yena, kunye umalume wakhe Dobrynya, umfanekiso wakhe kamva ibonakala uTshawe uyindumasi, uza ibe Bulgarians. Wakwazi ukuyoyisa izizwe namaSerb kunye Bulgarians phezu iDanube, kangangokuba umanyano kwaphethwa.

Okulandelayo Prince of Kiev inxaxheba kwiphulo le-Bulgarians nxamnye amaByzantine. Oku kwakhokelela ngokoyiswa yokugqibela kunye sekomelezeni Bulgarians kule ndawo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha zikhankanywe amaphulo prince yanikelwa ubuKristu. Ngaphambili, umakhulu wakhe, Princess Olga, owokuqala ukuba le nkolelo yaye esingaqondwayo kokusingqongileyo. Ngoku Vladimir Veliky wagqiba kubhaptiza isimo yonke.

Ngenxa yoko, inani kwinjoli eyenzelwe ukuba kubhaptizwe izizwe ezininzi yaqhutywa 988. Abo wala ukutshintsha ukholo ngokuzithandela, kuyanyanzeleka ukuba la mandla.

Umhla wokugqibela ebalulekileyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi ithathwa ulwakhiwo isishumi ecaweni. Kungenxa sakhiwo e Kiev ekugqibeleni wanamathela ubuKristu kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo.

ngekhulu XI

Wenkulungwane elinanye yabalasela inani elikhulu ungquzulwano phakathi umthetheli. Ngoko nangoko emva kokufa Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha ukuqala ukuvela.

Le intshabalalo kwaqhubeka de 1019, xa itrone Prince Yaroslav uhleli e Kiev, apho kamva uWele Wise. Walawula iminyaka emashumi mabini anantlanu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ebudeni beminyaka wobukumkani bakhe, Kievan Rus phantse efika kwinqanaba yamazwe aseYurophu.

Ekubeni sithetha ngokufutshane ngembali Russia, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, umhla ezinxulumene ngolawulo Yaroslav (kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane) kunye nexesha ezidubedube (kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane).

Ngoko ke, ukususela 1019 de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1054 Prince Yaroslav Mudry ngomnye Iingqameko abadumileyo - "Inyaniso Yaroslav". Yeyona ndawo zindala i "Inyaniso Russian".

Kwiminyaka emihlanu ukususela 1030, yena owakha Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral.

Kwikomkhulu, ngendlela efanayo 1037 iqala ukwakha ibandla odumileyo - St. uSophia. Kuye kwagqitywa ngo-1041.

Emva kokuba iphulo lokulwa Byzantium, ngo-1043, owakha Jaroslav efanayo Cathedral Novgorod.

Ukufa yenkulu Kiev laba sisiqalo kumzabalazo kwikomkhulu oonyana bakhe. Ukususela 1054 ukuya 1068 imithetho Izyaslav. Emva koko, usebenzisa le mvukelo indawo Polotsk Vseslav. Kule epics, yena ubizwa ngokuba iVolga.

Ngenxa yokuba irhuluneli iye yabamba iimbono zobuhedeni ezindabeni zokholo, yena iintsomi ezibalelwa iimpawu werewolf. Kule epics, uba ingcuka, ukhetshe. Ibali esemthethweni emva kokuba ngelika Wizard.

Dwelisa imihla eziphambili kwimbali laseRashiya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye nokudalwa "Inyaniso Yaroslav" ngo-1072 yaye "Izbornik Svyatoslav" ngo-1073. Le yokugqibela iqulethe inkcazo ubomi abangcwele, kwakunye iimfundiso zabo ebalulekileyo.

uxwebhu kakhulu umdla kukuba i "Russian Inyaniso". It iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini. Eyokuqala ebhaliweyo ebudeni bolawulo Yaroslava Mudrogo, kwaye eyesibini - ngo-1072. Le ngqokelela iqulethe imigaqo yomthetho mthetho, procedural, ezorhwebo kunye nelifa.

Isiganeko sokugqibela, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye kwisikhokelo kwenkulungwane elinanye, waye iBhunga Liubech iinkosana. Waqalisa ukuqhekezwa karhulumente Old Russian. Apho kwavunyelanwa ukuba wonke umntu kufanele uphathe fiefdom zabo kuphela.

ngekhulu XII

Isimanga, kodwa indima ebalulekileyo begazi wabathetheli zamandulo wadlala Polovtsy. Ethetha nemihla eziphambili kwimbali kwinkulungwane yeshumi eRashiya, singasathethi iihambo kwezi mbuya, 1103, 1107 no 1111, ngokulandelelana kwazo. La maphulo ezintathu yasemkhosini ibize ndaweninye okokugqibela Eastern nokuxubana wadala zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze voknyazheniya Vladimir Monomakh ngo-1113. Yena elandelwa unyana wakhe Mstislav.

Ngexesha lokulawula kwezi abathetheli ekugqibeleni sihlelwa "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", kwaye kukho ukunganeliseki ekhulayo phakathi kwabantu, nto leyo ikhokelele zaseSoweto ngo-1113 kunye 1127 kaThixo.

Emva kokufa Yaroslava Mudrogo ngokuthe ebuya umva imbali kwezopolitiko iYurophu kunye nembali Russia. Imihla iziganeko zenkulungwane yeshumi, kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Nangona kwakukho kumzabalazo amandla, zibangelwa ngokuwa Kievan karhulumente, eNtshona Yurophu, Spain kunye nembumba eyayibanjelwe yobu eziliqela.

ERashiya, kwenzeke oku kulandelayo. Ngowe-1136 ngenxa yemvukelo kunye ukugxothwa Vsevolod Mstislavovich esekwe Republic of Novgorod.

Ngowe-1147 kuphawuliwe kuqala igama eMoscow. Ivela kweli xesha iqala ekunyukeni chu umzi, nto leyo umiselwe kamva abe ikomkhulu eUnited States.

Isiphelo kwinkulungwane yeshumi yabalasela i ukuqhekezwa nangakumbi kwamagunya kunye nazo izilawuli ze buthathaka. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni eRashiya ovinjwa inkululeko, ukuba ungene idyokhwe Mongol-nangezinto.

Ekubeni ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngenkulungwane weshumi, siza sithethe nabo.

XIII kwekhulu

Kule nkulungwane, oluphazanyiswa okwethutyana yimbali elizimeleyo eRashiya. Umhla, itheyibhile Batu ngokuxhoma, apho zidweliswe apha ngezantsi, kunye neemephu amadabi kunye Mongols alatha ukusilela iinkosana ezininzi kwimibandela emfazwe.

Movie Batu Khan

Council of the Mongol khans bagqiba ukuqalisa iphulo nxamnye neRashiya, nomkhosi ekhokelwa Batu Khan, umzukulwana ka Genghis Khan	1235
Ekubulaleni Mongols of iVolga Bulgaria	1236
Ukungeniswa Polovtsy kunye nasekuqaleni yephulo Russia	1237
Nasekuxinweni, bamba Ryazan	Disemba 1237
Ukuwa Kolomna and eMoscow	January 1238
Ukuthatha Mongols Vladimir	3-7 February 1238
Ekubulaleni imikhosi Russian kwi River iSixeko kunye nokufa Prince Vladimir	Matshi 4, 1238
Fall of the City of Torzhok, ukuvela Mongols kwi emathafeni	March 1238
Ukuqala nasekuxinweni ka Kozelsk	Matshi 25, 1238
Ukuphumla yomkhosi Mongolian emaqeleni Don	ihlobo 1238
Fall Murom, Nizhny Novgorod kunye Gorokhovets	ekwindla 1238
Ayehlasela Batu kwi oozilawuli kumazantsi Russian kuwa Putivel, Pereyaslavl ne Chernigov	ihlobo 1239
Nasekuxinweni, bamba Kiev yi the Mongols	5-6 Septemba 1240

Kukho amabali eziliqela, xa abantu abahlala isixeko nako ukunika ukumelana yobugorha ukuba abahlaseli (umzekelo, Kozelsk). Kodwa ayithethi nasiphi na isiganeko, xa abathetheli woyisa umkhosi Mongol.

Kakhulu Kozelsk - yinto nje ibali ekhethekileyo. Becela umkhosi gidi ka Batu Khan, ngubani ukususela 1237 ngomhla 1240 elidlavula North-Eastern Russia, wamiswa kufuphi iindonga inqaba encinane.

Le dolophu yaba yayilikomkhulu ubulawuli emhlabeni wesizwe yangaphambili Vyatichi. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba inani abavikeli yayo akakho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amane abantu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthatha Mongols bekungaba kuphela emva kweeveki ezisixhenxe, nasekuxinweni, ilahleko amajoni bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amane.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukuziphendulela abagcina uluntu jikelele, ngaphandle umthetheli kunye irhuluneli. Ngeli xesha e Kozelsk "imithetho" umzukulwana Mstislav, baba lishumi elinababini Basil. Noko ke, abemi bagqiba ukukhusela kwaye ndiwukhusele lo mzi.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe ezinqabeni yi-Mongols oko yadilizwa emhlabeni, nabemi bonke babulawa. Yasindisa akukho iintsana okanye abadala okanye abakhokhobayo.

Emva le mpi yonke imihla ebalulekileyo kwimbali Russia, edibene ne-Mongol ukuhlaselwa, zinxulumene kuphela oozilawuli esemazantsi.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1238, kancinane phambi woKhuselo of Kozelsk, imfazwe kwenzeka kufuphi Kolomna River. Ngowe-1239, oko baphangwe Chernigov Pereyaslavl. Kwaye ngo 1240 yaye bawa Kiev.

Ngo-1243 i-Mongol karhulumente usenziwa - zolotaya Orda. Abathetheli Russian kunyanzelekileyo ukuba athathe i "indlela emfutshane, ukuba ngukumkani 'evela khans.

Kumazwe esemantla ngelo xesha yinto eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso. Rus yayisongela imikhosi Swedish kunye nesiJamani. Bona umelana prince Novgorod Alexander Nevsky.

Ngowe-1240, yena laloyisa i balwa kwi Neva River, kwaye ngo-1242 phantsi waphula leTeutonic Knights (ekuthiwa-Battle of the Ice).

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane weshumi, kwenzeka amaphulo aliqela yokohlwaya le Mongols eRashiya. Baye sibhekiswe iinkosana okungeyomfuneko abangazange bafumane ileyibhile ebhodini. Ngoko ke, ngo-1252 ukuba Nevryueva umkhosi, kwaye 1293-m khan Duden watshabalalisa zokuhlala ezinkulu elinesine the North-Eastern Russia.

Ngenxa iziganeko ezimbaxa kunye utshintsho ngokuthe ngcembe yolawulo ukuya kumazwe ezisemantla, ngo-1299 uMphathi basuka eKiev uVladimir.

XIV kwekhulu

Okunye umhla obalulekileyo kwimbali Russia zezethu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Ngowe-1325, weza amandla Ivan Kalita. Eqalisa ukuba ukuqokelela yonke ubulawuli zibe bengatshatanga. Ngoko 1340 eqhotyoshelwe eMoscow, kukho mhlaba, yaye ngo-1328 waba Grand Duke of Kalita.

Ngowe-1326 Vladimir Metropolitan uPetros ihamba yokuhlala eMoscow njengesixeko ngakumbi zokujonga phambili.

Eyaqala ngo-1347 eNtshona Yurophu, isibetho ( "Black Death") ingena 1352-m kunye ukuya ku Russia. Wonakaliswe abantu abaninzi.

Ethetha nemihla ebalulekileyo kwimbali eRashiya, ingakumbi exabisa wayeka kwi kwiziganeko ezinxulumene ne eMoscow. Ngowe-1359 enyukela kwitrone Dmitriy Ivanovich Donskoy. Kwiminyaka emibini ukususela th-1367, kukho isakhiwo ilitye le yesicelo eMoscow. Kungenxa yoku kamva ngokuba "ilitye elimhlophe".

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesine, Russia ekugqibeleni ufumana ephuma khans zomthetho Golden. Ngoko ke, ngale ndlela, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zezona idabi kufuphi Vozhi River (1378) kunye Idabi Kulikovo (1380). Ezi uloyiso ababonise Mongol-AmaTatar emantla uqalisa ukwakha imeko abanamandla, kuba phantsi kwegunya nabani eza.

Noko ke, zolotaya Orda wayengafuni kuphulukana nemingenela kulula. Ngowe-1382 Khan Tokhtamysh siwabuthele enempi enkulu umonakalo eMoscow.

Yaba le ntlekele lokugqibela enxulumene Mongols. Nangona Russia ekugqibeleni yakhulula ngokwayo kwidyokhwe kuphela kwenkulungwane kamva. Kodwa ngeli xesha akukho mntu wumbi yayimkhathaza imida yakhe.

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1395 Tamerlan ekugqibeleni siyitshabalalise Golden mkhosi. Kodwa idyokhwe eRashiya waqhubeka khona.

ngekhulu XV

The main Imihla kwimbali weRashiya ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu ochaphazelekayo ikakhulu umhlaba ukudityaniswa zibe kwimeko eMoscow enye.

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane eyayibanjelwe feuds. Kule minyaka ngamandla kwakukho Vasily I and Vasily II Dark, Yuriy Zvenigorodsky kunye nguDmitry Shemyaka.

Iziganeko ze kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane elinesihlanu, intwana sifunda 1917 kwimbali Russian. Kulandelwe indlela revolution, imfazwe yamakhaya kwaye ichonge likhetha ezininzi ezithile, iinkokeli yemigulukudu, kamva owabulala yi eMoscow.

Isizathu imbambano walala ukukhetha iindlela zokuqinisa urhulumente. Ngokwangaphandle, imisebenzi yezopolitiko labalawuli zethutyana ezinxulumene kunye AmaTatar, kwaye Lithuanians, ngubani maxa wambi ahlasela. Ezinye iinkosana lathembela inkxaso basempumalanga, elinye ixesha elide uthemba West.

Imfundiso eminyaka wembambano ukuba iphumelele abo bangazange nethemba inkxaso angaphandle, uzizimase lizwe ngaphakathi. Ngoko ke, lo umphumo waba nokumanywa kumazwe amaninzi isithsaba encinane phantsi kwegunya Grand iNkosana eMoscow.

Inyathelo elibalulekileyo yaba nokusekwa autocephaly yeCawa Orthodox Russian. Ngoku apha wavakalisa Metropolitan of Kiev kunye All Russia. Oko kukuthi, ukuba yatshatyalaliswa uxhomekeke Byzantium kunye eConstantinople uMphathi.

Ngexesha iimfazwe feudal nokungaqondani zonqulo kwenzeka 1458 isebe eMoscow le Kiev Metropolia.

Ukubambana phakathi abathetheli iphela Ukuvuma kaYohane III. Waphumelela ngo 1471 e Novgorod Shelonskoy emfazweni, yaye 1478th ekugqibeleni uyanamathela Novgorod eMoscow ukubusa.

Ngo-1480 kwakukho omnye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zenkulungwane weshumi elinesihlanu. Kwakusazeka encwadini yeembali ekuthiwa esiSigxina kwi Ugra. Eli libali umdla kakhulu ukuba bexesha njenge "bambongozayo eyimfihlakalo le Virgin." Han Ahmat wahlanganisa enempi enkulu umelana Ivan III, ngubani waba umfela ndawonye we iCrimea khan.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba impi abazange bafike. Emva kokuba imikhosi emi elide nxamnye omnye komnye, zombini Army kubuyela ebutsheni. Abaphengululi namhlanje bafumanisa ukuba oku ngenxa yobuthathaka le nyambalala yomkhosi, kunye nezenzo namaqela abavukeli kwi ngasemva Ahmat.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1480 i-Moscow seLizwe waba njengombuso ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Efanayo ukubaluleka yaqala ngo 1552 kwimbali Russian. Ngaye siza kuthetha kamva.

Ngowe-1497, yena yamkelwa ngokusesikweni and approved "Code of Law", uluhlu lwemithetho kubo bonke abahlali kwamagunya.

ngekhulu XVI

Wenkulungwane yeshumi iphawulwa yinkqubo obuluqilima lonke eli lizwe. Wajoyina ebudeni bolawulo Basil III ukuya Pskov eMoscow (1510), ESmolensk (1514) kunye Ryazan (1521). Kwakhona ukuba okokuqala ngqa ngo-1517 okhankanywe Boyar Duma njengoko ilungu likarhulumente.

Ekubeni ukufa Vasily III iqala ukwehla encinane impangele. Imithetho ngelo xesha uHelen Glinskaya, apho indawo igunya Boyar. Kodwa ekupheleni nalwazelelelo wabeka omdala unyana kwenene ungasekhoyo, Ivan Vasilyevich.

Enyukele etroneni ngo-1547. Ivan Grozny waqala nkqubo angaphandle. Kule imeko, enyanisweni de 1565 ababesaya kuba liTshawe neTshawekazi wathembela kwi Zemsky Sobor kunye izinduna. Ukutyhubela iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo wakwazi ukudibanisa eninzi mmandla.

Woku 1552 kwimbali Russian. Ke Ivan Grozny ithumba Kazan Khanate kwaye incamathela kuRhulumente eMoscow. Ngaphandle kwakhe, yoyiswa kwiindawo ezifana Astrakhan Khanate (1556), isixeko Polotsk (1562).

Siberian Khan ngo-1555 Uwathethile wayenguphum of Ivan. Noko ke, ngo-1563 ezihlangwini zakhe etroneni Khan Kuchum waphula zonke neentlobano zokwazana eMoscow.

Emva ishumi elinesihlanu leminyaka loloyiso Grand Duke wazoba ujongo kwi imeko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. Ngowe-1565 ukuba buzinzile oprichnina kwaye uqale nentshutshiso kunye ikukudandatheka. Zonke kartel intsapho, abaqala ukufumana umsebenzi ngamandla, wabatshabalalisa, nempahla yabo zathinjwa. Babulawelwa kwaqhubeka de 1572.

Ngowe-1582 Ermak uqalisa umngcelele yakhe edumileyo eSiberia, eyathatha unyaka.

Ngowe-1583 sisayinwe isivumelwano soxolo eSweden, ngelakamva ubuyisela zonke emazweni ngexesha lemfazwe.

Ngowe-1584 uyafa Ivan aze okunene ufika ngamandla, Boris Godunov. Ukumkani real yena ngo 1598, emva kokufa Fyodor, nyana Ivana Groznogo.

Ngowe-1598, yena baphazamise komgca Rurik, yaye emva kokufa Boris (1605) uqala the Time Iingxaki kunye Semiboyarshina.

ngekhulu XVII

Umcimbi ibalulekileyo ngo-1613 kwimbali Russian. Uye waba nefuthe nje kule nkulungwane, kodwa iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ezayo. Lo nyaka ophele kwafika Troubles kumandla, uMikhail, umseki i Romanov ubukhosi.

Le ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe luphawulwa iinkqubo lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa zobukumkani eMoscow. Xa nkqubo angaphandle, kukho ukungavisisani kunye Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). Ukususela 1648 ukuya 1654 kwakukho mvukelo e Ukraine, phantsi kwesikhokelo Khmelnitsky.

Ngedlela kwi impangele baba ngo-1648 (Salt), 1662 (Ibronzi), 1698 (Streletsky). Kwiminyaka 1668-1676 kwakukho mvukelo kwi Solovetsky Islands. Kwaye ukususela 1670 nge-1671 bagwilika Cossacks ukhokelwa Stenka Razin.

Ukongeza lwezopolitiko noqoqosho nezidubedube ukuphisa iziphithiphithi zonqulo liqhekeke phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Ubhishophu Nikon wazama ukuguqula ubomi bokomoya oluntu, kodwa akasayi kwamkelwa liSebe Amakholwa Old. Ngowe-1667 yena bethunyelwa ekuthinjweni.

Ngaloo ndlela, iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe yaba yinkqubo ye ukuyilwa bengatshatanga, apho amaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo "usile 'omnye komnye. Siphela ukulawula uPetros I.

Kubonakala ukuba 1613 ngo eRashiya kwimbali yaba ekuqaleni kukuyeka wobukhosi. A Poroshenko wabuguqulela ubukumkani ibe bukhosi yaye yakhokelela Russia ukuya kwinqanaba ngamazwe.

ngekhulu XVIII

Century of recovery eyomeleleyo, owayengamazi kuphela imbali Russia - ngenkulungwane ye-18. Umhla yokusekwa izixeko ezintsha, iiyunivesithi, zezifundiswa kunye nezinye iindawo bathethe ngokwabo.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1703 ekwakhiweni St. Petersburg. Ngowe-1711 oko yasekwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kwaye ngo-1721 - Sinodi. Ngo-1724 waseka Academy of Sciences. Ngowe-1734-m - iziko engundoqo yamajoni lizwe, izindlu iindwalutho komhlaba. Ngowe-1755 wadala University of eMoscow. Le yinxalenye nje iziganeko, nto leyo ebonisa ukukhula yenkcubeko siqinile.

Ngowe-1712-m capital igqithiselwe ukusuka eMoscow "abaselula" Petersburg "omdala". Ukongeza, ngo-1721, iRashiya wavakalisa ubukhosi, noPetros A. owokuqala ukufumana isihloko esifanelekileyo.

Le kweyeshumi elinesibhozo ngakumbi umdla kwabo abathabatha imbali yomkhosi Russia. Imihla kunye neziganeko kule nkulungwane ndiwabonakalalise amandla nanto yomkhosi kazwelonke waselwandle, kwakunye ngemimangaliso zobunjineli.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eli lizwe Ungenise ubukhosi enamandla ukuba boyisiwe Turkey, eSweden, Rzeczpospolita.

XIX kwekhulu

Ukuba leminyaka yokugqibela yaba inkalo ukukhula kwenkcubeko neyeemfazwe kurhulumente, ngoko ke kwixesha elilandelayo kukho yokuqhelanisa omncinane iimfuno. uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye ukwahlulwa urhulumente ebantwini - yonke imbali Russia, ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Imihla kwemisitho engundoqo ixesha isixelela ntoni ukukhula zokunyoba phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente, kwakunye nemizamo ngabasemagunyeni ukudala zomaleko langaphantsi belifa oluntu ezingenangqondo.

ungquzulwano ezinkulu zomkhosi kule nkulungwane waqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi II (1812), kunye longquzulwano phakathi Russia kunye Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877.).

Xa kwezopolitiko yasekhaya njengoko kukho iseti iinguqu ezijoliswe kubukhoboka ngakumbi abantu abaqhelekileyo. Le guqula Speransky (1809), le yotshintsho enkulu (1862), uhlaziyo inkundla (1864), ukuhluza (1865), inkonzo yesinyanzelo yasemkhosini (1874).

Nokuba sesikuthathela ingqalelo ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1861, xesha kucacile ukuba kukhal lifuna ukuba nkulu ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo.
Impendulo-nkqubo onjalo uthotho yokuvukela. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 no-1863 neminyaka - wombhodamo ePoland. Ngowe-1881, le Abantu wambulala Alexander II.

Emva yokunganeliseki uluntu kunye norhulumente kaZwelonke ze-Social Democrats abe indawo ngokomelela. Le nkongolo yokuqala yaqhutywa ngo-1898.

XX kwekhulu

Nangona kuchaziwe ngentla imfazwe, intlekele kunye nezinye zoyikekayo, ingakumbi ukuboyika ezinye imihla zenkulungwane yama-20. Imbali Russian ngelo xesha wayengazi neshologu onjalo, nto leyo kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane, kwiBolsheviks sadlala.

I-revolution ka-1905 kwaye bathatha inxaxheba iMfazwe Yehlabathi I (1914-1917.) Ngaba le umququ lokugqibela kubasebenzi eziqhelekileyo kunye nabalimi.

1917 kwimbali eRashiya yakhunjulwa ixesha elide. Emva kokuba October Revolution kunye shela ka uNicholas II etroneni nentsapho yakhe yathinjwa waqhama ngoJulayi 1918. Iqala i imfazwe yamakhaya eyathatha de 1922, xa Union of Soviet Socialist kwasekwa. Ngokufanayo, dislocation kunye nobunzi- kuphawulwa kwenye 1991 kwimbali eRashiya.

Iminyaka yokuqala karhulumente emitsha yamakishwa yintlekele zentlalo etyhutyha ezinkulu. Le indlala 1932-1933 kunye 1936-1939 zocindezelo.

Ngowe-1941, i-eSoviet Union uya kungena kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Thina nale ningavisisani isithethe zembali ibizwa Patriotic iMfazwe Enkulu. Emva kokuphumelela ngo-1945, iqala nokubuyiselwa uthabathe-off mfutshane lizwe.

1991 kwimbali weRashiya waba ekujikeni. ESoviet Union iwa, esishiya kwi inkunkuma onke amaphupha i "ikamva eliqaqambileyo". Eneneni, abantu ukuba bafunde ubomi ukusuka ekuqaleni kuqoqosho kwimarike sikarhulumente entsha.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi kunye nawe, zintanda, ngokufutshane ahamba iziganeko kakhulu kwimbali Russian.

nesivuno esihle, kwaye khumbula ukuba iimpendulo zemibuzo ikamva zigcinwa kokuqhubekileyo kule elidlulileyo.