Siberian Khan Kuchum: biography, ebudeni bolawulo

Ngowe-1563, emva kokuba imfazwe elide kwaye liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa kule kwintsimi enkulu lulele phakathi enkulu yaseSiberia umlambo Irtysh amadama lunalo Tobol, Walizinzisa igunya lakhe Khan Kuchum - indlalifa ngqo uhlobo Genghis Khan kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wakhe nochuku ezihlangwini. umkhosi Khan kaThixo, olu sapho lwaluquka Kazakhs, Uzbeks kunye Nogai, bethuka abemi beli lizwe, yena wahlawula amehlo akhe uyabawa.

Qala capturing amazwe zaseSiberia

Kuchum Khan, ogama engobomi iqulethe ikuyo, ukongeza amanqaku ngembali, iziqephu yabangela amavo, kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo isongwe ngale, ubuntu bayo ezimibalabala yaye abalasele iya kuhlala ngonaphakade kwimbali eSiberia. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala encinane uyaziwa. Kuthetha irekhodi yemihla ingxelo kuphela ukuba wazalwa ngo-1510-1520 elunxwemeni loLwandle Aral, kwisithili, wamzalela igama Alti-usungulo. Zemihla "Xa uthatha YaseSiberia Land", esakhiwa Savvoy Esipovym ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI, wathi yena ku Karakalpakiya ubuzwe.

Ukuze ube inkosi kummandla obanzi aseSiberia, Khan Kuchum wakhokela amaqela yakhiwa izizwe wengingqi phantsi kuye, yaqala ngo 1555, iye kulwa Khan Edigera engalawulekiyo usokhaya ezweni kufuphi Irtysh. Kule yena bencediswa umza wakhe, umlawuli eBukhara, Abdullah Khan II. Le owasemzini asibona eSiberia zifake iimfuno zabo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko, kwakunye Khan Kuchum. Amafoto thaca kweli nqaku, ukunika uluvo yokukhetheka kummandla eSiberia, apho isenzo lisaqhuba idrama oluzayo zembali.

Ukubabhukuqa Khan Edigera

Le imfazwe, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngowe-1563 uloyiso Kuchum Khan, owazeka ulawulo kwintsimi enkulu waza waba ngumlawuli izizwe barabintsev, izingxoxo kunye Ostyaks abahlala kweenxweme Irtysh. Ukususela ngoko, waqalisa ubutyebi wakhe ukukhula ngesantya eningenakukholwa yiyo, njengoko abantu oyisa sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu rhoqo - walihlahlisa ngokohlobo uboya ezixabisekileyo izilwanyana ezinoboya-langa.

Njengoko Khan Kuchum owazalwa engowembewu Genghis Khan, ngoko bafuna wayemgcinile isithethe ekhuselekileyo, kunye, ukuthatha isixeko Kashlyk - elikomkhulu Khan Edigera, waqala ngokuthi ukuba umbulele yokugqibela kunye umntwana wakowenu Bedbulatom, ungazisindisi ngaloo ndlela kuba ukufa uyisemkhulu, wafa kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili ezandleni zabo. Ubomi waligcina umtshana Edigera kuphela - Seydyaku, kodwa kuphela ukuze, wambopha ngamakhamandela obhedu, ukuba kuthumela eBukhara njengesipho Abdullah Khan ngenkxaso wakhe wamajoni.

Ukuzama Islamization Siberia abantu

On kwiinkalo zezifundo yakhe Kuchum Khan Muslim elizinikeleyo, okokuqala zonke ukuthatha unonophelo lemiphefumlo akhonze yakhe entsha, kodwa wakwenza oko enjalo kakuhle eyaziwa okwangoku ngamasiko silwe Islam - ngomlilo nangekrele. Kodwa abahlali hlathi ngokwembali ibangelwa iinkolelo zabo, yaye shaman ngenxa kwabo kufutshane ngaphezu mullah.

Ngaphandle ukuzibandakanya nabo kwiingxoxo ngezakwaLizwi, Kuchum nje wonqanyulwa, ungabikho iintloko zabo, abo babe nenamandla ethile. Onke amalungiselelo eziseleyo umthetho wolwaluko Mahomet kwenziwa mhlawumbi ngokuzithandela okanye ngenkani. Yaba umgaqo kuya kuqhubeka ukuba balandele ngqo le Siberian Khan Kuchum. Iifoto kwiitempile zobuhedeni aseSiberia kunokubonwa kweli nqaku.

Ngedlela phakathi kwezizwe bendawo

Ezo nokubekwa ngokucinezela Islam kuye kwabangela imvukelo ezininzi phakathi woyisa, kwaye kwabonakala ukuba ukuqonda imeko yakhe yabemi. Ubukhulu yenkcaso wathabatha isikali ebanzi yokuba Kuchum Khan kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafune uncedo uyise - Murtaza. Noko ke, ukuba uthumele ukusekelwa wayengekho ngokwaneleyo, kwaye kuphela ngoncedo mabutho efanayo isalamane eBukhara, Abdullah Khan II wakwazi ukumelana, abangaswele kuthobela mntu.

Emva kokufika umkhosi eBukhara eSiberia kunye nabashumayeli ezininzi yamaSilamsi, ibhekisela ukholo elitsha kwabo bayisindisile yataghans zentsimbi. Izenzo ezinjalo nomdlandla baye iziphumo, kodwa kunjalo, ukufa kubahlali Khan of eSiberia ngo uninzi lwabo enkulu emva baba maqaba.

Mufumi wa Siberian Khanate

Kwiminyaka yokuqala wokulawula Khan Kuchum wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ukwandisa iifama zawo kunye nokomeleza kwasekwa isimo sabo. Kule wakwazi ukuzuza impumelelo engathethekiyo. Kungekudala, ukongeza AmaTatar kunye Kipchaks, thina phantsi kolawulo zezizwe Bashkir kunye Khanty-Mansi. lokuqala iintlanga Free ifikelele enamandla aseSiberia Khanate, oluya emantla kweenxweme OB River ukuya ngasentshona - ukuya Urals, nakwelasezantsi ukuya Baraba emathafeni. Kwaye bonke kungaba kuhle, ukuba kungabi ngenxa unikelo ukuba bekunyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule Russian Tsar.

Han Kuchum owazalwa engowembewu ngqo Genghis Khan, oyisa isiqingatha ihlabathi kumaxesha angaphambili, yaye caphukisayo intliziyo yakhe, xa athe waba unyaka ukuthumela igqiza eMoscow kunye amawaka iimfele zexabiso Sable. Ke ukuba ubuncwane Khan ikwazile ukugcina walihlahlisa enjalo, umphefumlo - akukho. Ekugqibeleni zicinezelwa iipokotho yokunganyangeki emasimini phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, Kuchum nje wala ukuhlawula irhafu kwisikhundla eRashiya, kodwa efuna ukubandakanya e Khanate yakhe imimandla yelo kuyo.

Kuchum Khan and Ermak Timofeevich

Injongo yokuqala bundlobongela bakhe, wakhetha Perm. Oku kwavusa uvukelo Nogai AmaTatar, owayezama ukuba basebenzise le meko secede evela kurhulumente Russian. Emva koko Khan uthabathe inani seenzame ukufaka izixeko Russian ngakumbi, kodwa kuphela ezo navlok ingqumbo Ivana Groznogo, ngubani ngoko nangoko wathumela ingcinezelo lunalo Cossacks ikhokelwa edume Ermak Timofeevich.

omnye kuphela ingozi phantsi Chuvash intaba, leyo yenzekile-Oktobha 12, 1581, abantu bakwazi ukunika ukuxhathisa Khan Kuchum Cossacks dudula yokuhlasela kwawo. inyanga kamva ezaphukileyo Kodwa ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ke umkhosi, igcinwe wathobeleni labantu eSiberia, basaba. Emnyango ikomkhulu Khanate - City Isker - Ermak akayenzanga na ukuxhathisa. Ze ningalwi naye, ukukhusela abaqalayo kunye wonke umntu wamthiya Khan nje kungekho mntu.

Izizathu noludumileyo wamajoni Cossacks

Olu loyiso lula, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba Khan Kuchum wakhokela umkhosi abameli beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo, amaqhina nokuba zezenkolo okanye zenkcubeko ezinganxulumananga, yaye ngokufuthi nobutshaba omnye komnye.

Udlale indima kunye ukungcatshwa likhetha zasekuhlaleni, ngubani ingqalelo kuluncedo eMoscow ukuba ahlawule irhafu kukumkani ngaphezu khan amazwe lixhomekeke kwakhona kwinkxaso-mkhosi Bukharian. Ukongeza, eqonda ukuba ithemba amaxhoba sohlwayo isixeko Russian yajika alinakuzuzwa, kwangoko waya phesheya Cossacks.

Ekugqibeleni, asimele silibale ukuba nyambalala isiqingatha-ezingaphucukanga kwafuneka khan ukuba banyamezele kakuhle, izalwe ukulwa uqeqesho iiyunithi rhoqo Cossack kwafuneka zokulenza umpu, oko ngokupheleleyo akwaziwa ngoko entlango yaseSiberia. Ezi iimeko bavumela kwecala Ermak, kwakukho abangaphantsi kwe kwenkulungwane abantu ngexesha elifutshane ukucinezela uxhathiso lutshaba, bubalaselayo kakhulu ngamandla lwamanani.

Inqanaba omtsha eloyisile Siberian Khanate

Kodwa ukuthinjwa emfazwe, njengokuba sisazi, uloyiso ziyatshintsheka kwaye kulula kakhulu ukuba ludondolo ikratshi engeyomfuneko. Ndaxakwa, owaswelekelwa yonke impi yakhe, wasinda ngokulambisa basaba Kuchum Khan wazimela kumathafa Ishim yade ukuya emazantsi kwi West Siberian Plain. Apho unako ukuqokelela saa kulo lonke amajoni emathafeni kunye neentlanga, ebathembisa otyebileyo maziphangwe, pick up on combat Cossacks phezu iintshukumo ingxelo yi bendawo kulo. Kungekudala, esebenzisa mzuzu efanelekileyo, Kuchum babawela kwaye akwazi nangoku kuphumelela.

Iindaba ukungaphumeleli emkhosini kufika eMoscow wenza Ivana Groznogo wathumela Urals ukusekelwa akhokelwa iirhuluneli ezimbini abanamava - Vasily kunye Ivan bitch inyama. Emva konyaka, kunye looding bamaxhoba ndathelela Daniyeli Chulkov nabo. Kakade ke, ugqiba kwisiphumo ityala, ndayihluthwa Khan inethemba ukuziphindezela. Ukususela ngelo xesha, umsebenzi walo umkhosi liye lancipha ukuya luphango nje kuphela, akusoloko kunjalo, ngubani waba ukuphumelela kuye.

Hlula kunye flight Khan Kuchum

Ngoko ke, ngoJulayi 1591, emva omnye kokuhlaselwa, kwinkampu khan Ishim River angqongwe, yaye kungekudala wayithimba abatoli phantsi umyalelo Prince Vladimir Koltsov-Mosalsk. Kuchum ngokwakhe kwakhona basaba, eshiya abaphumeleleyo nje mbuka nabafazi bakhe ababini kunye nonyana wakhe Abdul-Khair. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, nemeko efanayo kwisiqithi Black, ibekwe efikelela kuyo i Irtysh. Apho, ngethemba yokusindisa amajoni bokumkani, Tartars idolophu yasekwa. Emva uhlaselo, ukuzama looding Eletski Prince noAndreya, wafukulwa, kwaye kwakhona Khan Kuchum unyamalele, beshiya musketeers okuthinjiweyo.

Azi ngamampunge yomzabalazo ngakumbi, ngo-1597 Kuchum wacela ukwenza uxolo. Wathabatha isibophelelo ukuyeka kuphangwa, kodwa kuba babefuna ukubuyela amabanjwa kunye wayithimba impahla yakhe. Impendulo ezifumeneyo evela eMoscow, wathi ihlabathi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa aye inkonzo tsar Russian. Ke yona inzala ka Genghis Khan oko ayamkelekanga Kuchum wala waza waqalisa ukuqokelela amandla ngesibetho elitsha.

Le minyaka yokugqibela ubomi Khan Kuchum

Ukususela ngelo xesha, abasemagunyeni eMoscow, uyohlwaywa ngabo nakwenzeka ukuba afikelele kwisivumelwano Khan, ukuthatha amanyathelo kakhulu esebenzayo, ukuba amtshabalalise. Ngo-Agasti 1598, inkosana Koltsov Mosalsk ukulawula ukuba ahlasele nenkampu kwi Irmen Khan River. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba idabi wabulala unyana, mzalwana kunye nabazukulwana ezimbini Khan, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wakwazi ukubaleka kwakhona. Abatoli uthimbe abathinjwa akamaninzi amanene abo babethunyiwe kuqala e Tobolsk, uze emva koko eMoscow, apho, kumsitho inkonzo yoloyiso umbulelo yaqhutywa.

Kamva kwenziwe omnye iinzame ukucenga Khan kwinkonzo Russian, kodwa ayizange iphumelele. Ngenxa yoku, ngo-Oktobha 1598 irhuluneli Prince Voeikov-odolo wanyukela etroneni ngexesha Borisa Godunova wathumela Kuchum umntu omthembayo, kodwa kwakhona saliwe. Akuzange kube yimpumelelo, balandela emva kotyando, injongo leyo ukufaka Khan, kusetyenziswa ingcaciso evela balapho.

Ukufa ifihlakeleyo kuthi kwimbali

ukufa kwakhe ngo-1601, singqongwe ukungaqiniseki efanayo ukuzalwa. Kukho impixano kakhulu malunga iimeko apho Khan yaphela ubomi bakhe Kuchum. ngobomi bakhe iwisiwe kwenye emaqeleni enkulu omiweyo ngokwezizwe eziphantse-ephila. Ukusuka eminye imithombo sinokugqiba ukuba basondele kuye igazi Karakalpak, kodwa okwenza ukuba ukubulala lo kanye onamandla onke, yaye ngexesha lonke Khan lilolo kwaye ishiywe - akaziwa.

Siberian Khan Kuchum, ebudeni bolawulo (1563-1568) ogama kungqamane ngexesha ekoyiswa eSiberia kunye nophuhliso bamazwe zayo Russian, yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yethu. Wangena kuye, kunye noonyana bakhe kunye Ablaykerimom Kira emva kokufa kukayise wakhe wazama iminyaka embalwa ngakumbi ukugcina amandla ezandleni zabo ekupheleni hlathi kunye, njengaye, kwanyanzeleka ukuba lavuma ukuba ekunene ukuya Russian Tsar.

umlawuli yentsapho Siberian Khanate

Xa ndiqukumbela, amagama ambalwa malunga losapho lwakho elihlala kwindawo apho Khan Kuchum. Biography, ubuzwe, imiba yezopolitiko kunye amanqanaba ngendlela wamajoni - nkcazelo, leyo kakhulu utsalela ingqalelo yethu xa kuqwalaselwa oku okanye wayekhe waphila. Noko ke, baya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba ngaba uthathe ingqalelo malunga esimthandayo.

Family Khan Kuchum iyangqinelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nobume bayo. Ukutyhubela ebomini, Yayinabafazi elinanye (namashweshwe, amakhoboka musa ukubala), uninzi ebeyinalo abazizidwangube. Benza wazala iintombi asithoba kunye noonyana elinesixhenxe, naye wadlala indima kwimbali aba bantu bakudala. Amavo malunga enye Kuchumov Khan, owathimba eSiberia, basinda ngenxa yobudala asinda kwabayili zabo.