I-Kremlin: iminyuziyamu kunye neentendo. Imbonakalo kunye nendlela yokusebenza kwembali yaseMoscow eKremlin

I-Moscow Kremlin Museum-Reserve yasungulwa ngo-1991 ngokusekelwe kwiimyuziyam zombuso zaseKremlin ezikhoyo. Imfuno yokudibanisa imibutho yeenkcubeko ezingafaniyo yavela kudlulileyo, kodwa isilinganisi seprojekthi entsha asizange sivumele ukuba sisebenzise isicwangciso esiqhelekileyo sokudibanisa - ukulungiselela ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundo zobugcisa kwathatha iminyaka emininzi. Ngenxa yoko, i-museum entsha eyahlukileyo yenziwe kwi- Kremlin. UMoscow, i-metropolis ye-capital capital, ufumene omnye umboniso omkhulu.

Kuhlala

Emva kophando oluninzi lwezenzululwazi kunye nolwakhiwo olukhulu lwaseRashiya lwamkele indawo ye-museum. Ngo-2001 u-Elena Yuryevna Gagarina, intombi ye-cosmonaut eyaziwayo u-Yuri Gagarin waba ngumqondisi jikelele wemyuziyam. I-Museum-Reserve "yaseMoscow Kremlin" ihlala ihlala kwiindawo zeRashiya, kwaye kamva - ngabaongameli. Okwangoku, ihlala kwisibonda kunye nomzi weRashiya uMongameli uVladimir Putin.

Imbali yeKremlin

Iinqaba kunye neendonga zeMoscow Kremlin zakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka, ngexesha lolawulo lukaTsar Ivan the Terrible. Ngelo xesha, inani lezakhiwo zakhiwo zakhiwe ngaphakathi kwinqanaba le-Kremlin. Namhlanje, i-museum eyahlukileyo-igcina "iKremlin" ibandakanya abathathu abathintekayo: Uspensky, Blagoveschensky kunye neNtloko. Zonke zinenani elixabisekileyo lembali. Idibano iquka ezinye iimyuziyam ze-Kremlin: I-Chamber of Armory, iCawe ye-Deposition, intsimbi yentsimbi ye-Ivan Omkhulu, iBandla labaPostile abalishumi elinesibini. Kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kweCathedral ye-Annunciation kukho inkcazo ecacisa umxholo we-archeology ye-Kremlin. Kwiimyuziyam, phantse zonke iintlobo zobugcisa zimeleleke, zibonakalisa ngokubanzi okanye ngaphantsi kwamasiko enkundla yasebukhosini kunye nabafundisi abakhulu. Isakhiwo ngasinye sisakhiwo esicacileyo sokwakha, esibonisa ixesha elidlulileyo. I-interior of the masterpieces of architectural architecture imangalisayo kunye nobuqaqawuli bayo, idlulisela kwiindwendwe i-charm ye-style ye-16 neye-17, kunye nephakathi kwekhulu le-19.

Ukudumisa

I-Moscow Kremlin, iimyuziyam ezinokuthi zimelelwe kuphela indawo yokuzibonakalisa, kodwa ziyizikhumbuzo zenkcubeko, phantsi kolawulo lweziko le-UNESCO elikhuselekileyo. Ukuya kwiinkomfa ezinkulu zeMyuziyam ukubetha zonke iirekhodi, ngexesha lonyaka kwiBorovitsky Gate kunye ne-Spassky Tower kwi-Red Square kunezivakhenkethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezivela kwihlabathi lonke. Inzala yabantu kwintlalo yasendulo yaseRussia ayinakuthathaka, iindwendwe zizikhokelo eziqeqeshwe kakuhle ngokuzithetha ngembali yeMoscow Kremlin, kunye nokuphila kwintsapho yasebukhosini kunye neenxa zonke.

Iimoto zengingqi

Ubuncwane obuncinci bokuboniswa kweKremlin I-Chamber of Armory, apho zonke iindawo zokuhamba ziqala emnyango weKremlin ukusuka kwicala laseBorovitskaya Tower. I-Moscow Kremlin, iimyuziyam eziye zahlukelwa yimiboniso eyahlukeneyo, ineqoqo ekhethekileyo yeenqwelo, eziye zahanjelwa ngamalungu oonyana basebukhosini, abameleli bezona zihloniphekileyo ezikufutshane nomlawuli, abacebisi kunye nezikhulu. Ukuboniswa kuboniswe ngoluhlu olubanzi, ukusuka kwinqwelo elula ukuya kumqeqeshi ozinzileyo. I-cabriolet yomntu we-Impress Catherine idibanisa ipeteton ende, kwaye umgcini-sikhokhelo uhamba eduze kweso sigqeba somntu obini.

Igumbi elihlukileyo lalibekelwe bucala kwiingubo ezazifashisa ngelo xesha, izikhwebu zokumkani, ezixutywe ngamatye anqabileyo, zihlanjwe ngoboya obuhle, zihlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo. Umboniso oyintloko yinqanawa yaseMonomakh enezityebi ezicebileyo, ezinqunywe nge-emeralds kunye nerbies. Kwigumbi elilandelayo kukuqokelela "amaqanda e-Easter amaFergege." Inkundla yensimbi yegolide, uCarl Faberge, kunye nabancedisi bakhe, badala uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezobugcisa zobungcweti, obunokuboniswa okukhulu. Umboniso obalaseleyo ekuqoqweni kweFiterge yi-Easter Egg "eMoscow Kremlin". Lo mfanekiso wesimboli wemibhobho eyaziwayo kakhulu ye-Kremlin - iSpassky neVodovzvodnaya.

Iinqaba ziphoswe kwi-alloy alloy, igolide kunye nesiliva. Phakathi kwabo kukhonjelwe ngqo "iqanda lePasika", ngaphakathi apho i-jeweler ibekwe ngaphakathi kwe-Assumption Cathedral. Uyabona iimpawu ezincinane kwi-iconostasis ye-iconostasis ngokujonga ngeefestile ze-lancet. Ubu bugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa buye buyaziwayo ngenxa yokuba engazange ihambe kwimida yaseRashiya, nangona iinkampani zemibukiso yamazwe angaphandle ziza kuhlonelwa ukuba zifakwe kwi-exposure yazo ngexesha elide. Imveliso eyingqayizivele ye-jeweler eyaziwayo ihlala kwisiseko esisisiseko se-onyx.

Bombarda

Ngaphantsi kwesibhakabhaka esivulekile sisinye semiboniso edumileyo yeMoscow Kremlin, iTsar Cannon, i-artillery ye-artillery ekhethiweyo eyenziwa ngethusi nge-Andrei Chokhov ngo-1586. Isibhamu sinohlobo lwe "bombard", kwaye ngokwemigangatho emitsha ngumdaka. Umongo ngamnye ulinganisa malunga neetoni ezi-2, ububanzi bombhobho we-cannon ngu-890 mm, i-Tsar Cannon ilinganisa iitoni ezingama-42. Ukudubula umdaka kunokwakho kuphela, kuba ukuyihlawulisa, kufuneka wenze imizamo emangalisayo.

Ubunono obunobumba obunzima

Omnye umboniso omkhulu nguTsar Bell. Ngo-1730, ngomyalelo we-Empress uAnna Ioannovna, umsebenzi waqala ukubeka intsimbi enkulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yesiseko. Uyise kunye nendodana kaMatorina bavunyelwene ukuba benze umsebenzi. Ngexesha lomsebenzi wokulungiselela, uMatorin ophezulu wafa, kwaye unyana wakhe wayefanele enze yonke imisebenzi. Ngomnyaka ka-1735, yonke into yayilungele inkqubo yokuthululwa, kwiimveliso ezintlanu zokuqhaqhazela, ubhedu bebilisa, umgodi wawulungele ukufumana itsimbi etyhidiweyo. Insimbi egqityiweyo yayilinganisa amathani angama-200, ubude bayo buyi-6.3 yamitha. Nangona kunjalo, intsimbi ihluphekile ngexesha lomlilo, ngenxa yokuwa kweqondo lokushisa, isithintelo esinyithiweyo, kunye ne-chunk enkulu yahlukana nobukhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-design grandiose yaphela ukuba ibe yintsimbi yecawa ye-belfry kwaye yaba yindawo yemyuziyam. UMoscow Kremlin, oomyuziyam ohlala uzaliswe ngeemfuno ezintsha, uye waba yindawo yeTar Bell ekhethekileyo.

I-Assumption Cathedral

Enye yamabandla amhlophe amhlophe eMoscow, i-Assumption Cathedral, yakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 ngu- Aristotle Fioravanti. Emva kweminyaka eyisixhenxe emva kokwakhiwa komdwebi wodumo owaziwayo uDionysius wabeka isiseko sokudweba iindonga zetempile. Umsebenzi waqhubeka de 1515. Phakathi nekhulu le-17 leminyaka, i-Assumption Cathedral yayigwetshwe ngokutsha, kodwa iifrescoes ezindala ziye zagcinwa ngokukodwa kwaye zide zize zize zize zibonise imifanekiso yokupenda kwi-Kremlin.

Kwi-Assumption Cathedral kukho i-necropolis enkulu, apho umlotha weemitha-dolophu zaseKiev, eMoscow, kunye nabathathu abasithoba baseMoscow abafa ekhulwini le-17 bancwatywa.

I-Annunciation Cathedral

Itempile itholakala kwisikwere senkampu yeMoscow Kremlin. Yakhelwe ngo-1489 kwi-subglacerate yamandulo yamhlophe, ishiywe kwi-cathedral yangaphambili. Ngomnyaka we-1547, itempile yayonakaliswa kakhulu ngumlilo kwaye yavuselelwa kuphela ngo-1564, ngelixa abacwangcisi bezakhela izahluko ezimbini kwicala lezithunywa ze-altare. Ngo-1572, i-porcelaire okuthiwa i-Groznensky yayiqhotyoshelwe kwikedareli. I-iconostasis inamacandelo amabini eemifanekiso, "iDesis" kunye "nemikhosi" ye-Andrei Rublev kunye neTheophanes yesiGrike. Kwivolanda kukho imifanekiso yamafilosofi aseGrike: uAristotle, uHomer, uAnaxagoras, uPlutarch, uPtolemy. Isango lasenyakatho lihlotshiswe kunye neentsika zokuhlaziya abaprofetikazi baseRoma baseSibyl. Umgangatho wekontrali wenziwe ngamacwecwe ejasper.

Kuze kubekho inkulungwane ye-18 ibandla lisetyenziswe njengecawa yendlu yeentonga zaseMoscow. Kwaye kwithuba leSt. Petersburg ukulawulwa kweChurch Annunciation kwakuyi-representation of Protopresbyterism.

I-Cathedral yeNtloko

Kwakhiwa itempile ezintlanu zezindlu ezisibhozo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Ingaphakathi le-kedareli yagqitywa kuphela iminyaka engama-150 emva koko, ngenxa yemizamo yabalingisi beefoto uFedor Zubov, uStean Ryazanets, uIosif Vladimirov. Kamva kwingaphakathi kwakukho umzobo we-tybal iconostasis, owenziwe ngegolide. Ukuphakama kwayo bekuyi-13 mitha.

I-Cathedral yeNtloko iyaziwa ngokuba yi-necropolis yayo, equka ukungcwaba kwama-54, kuquka i-crayfish ye-Prince Dmitry Ivanovich noMikhail Chernigov. I-Necropolis iqulethe amatye angama-46 aneemfusa kunye neengcwaba zomngcwabo. Ngomnyaka we-1928, isisele sabasetyhini baseRomanov kunye neentsapho zaseRurikovich zahanjelwa kwingqungquthela yecawa, eyayihlala ecaweni ye-Ascension Monastery.

IiKremlin Museums, iiyure zokusebenza

Omnye wemiboniso ebalulekileyo yeRashiya isebenza kulo nyaka wekhalenda. Ngezantsi kwishedyuli yemihla ngemihla yeemboniso eziyingxenye yeMyuziyam yoLondolozo lweKremlin. Iiyure zokuvula zeemyuziyam zilandelayo zilandelayo:

Zonke iindibano zeemyuziyam zivulekile kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-17 ngemihla. Ngexesha lehlobo-ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-18 iiyure.

NgoLwesine ngumhla.

Iidesi zeeedesi zivuliwe imihla ngemihla (ngaphandle kweLwesine) ukusuka ngo-9.30 ukuya ku-16.30, ehlobo-ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-17. Amathikithi angathengwa kwi-Alexander Garden, kwisikhululo se-metro "uLatin Library".

Iimyuziyam "I-Chamber of Armory" ivulekile ngokwemiqathango yeseshoni: 10.00, 12.00, 14.30, 16.30. Amatikiti athengiswa kwibhokisi ofisi 40 imizuzu phambi kweseshoni.

Umboniso othi "I-Antiquities ye-Kremlin", e-Annunciation Cathedral, ivuliwe imihla ngemihla (ngaphandle kweLwesine): ukuhamba nge-10.15, 11.15, 12.15, 13.15, 14.15, 15.15, 16.15.

Intengo yetikiti yokungena kwiCathedral Square yi-ruble engama-350 kubantu abadala, ii-ruble eziyi-150 zabantwana besikolo.

Ngeeholide kunye neeveki, iintsatshana zentsapho zinikezelwa ngabantu abadala ababini nabantwana ababini. Ixabiso lekitikithi elinye li-ruble 100.

Intengo yetikiti kwi-Armory Chamber yi-ruble ye-700 kubantu abadala kunye nama-ruble angama-200 kubapenshini, abafundi nabafundi besikolo.

Iimvumi kunye neposi

IiMyuziyamu ze-Kremlin, imiboniso, ii-vernissages, imibukiso yemibandela kunye nezinye iziganeko zixhomekeke kwinkqubo eye yaphuhliswa kwiminyaka. Bonke abavakatye kwiMoscow Kremlin bayabuliswa njengendwendwe ebiza, bemnika yonke into efunekayo emnyango. Iibhukwana, izakhiwo, izikhumbuzo, iipostcards zonke ziyafumaneka naluphi na ubungakanani. UMoscow Kremlin, oomyuziyam abanomdla kubantu abalijikelezayo, bayaqhubeka befumana iindwendwe.