Iintsholongwane Chemosynthetic: imizekelo. Indima iintsholongwane chemosynthetic

Indlela okwakha nokwenza iinkqubo ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane, izinto chemosynthetic ezahlukeneyo? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, kuyimfuneko ukujongana ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo.

iimpawu uphawu iintsholongwane

Okokuqala, fumanisa ukuba ngoobani iintsholongwane. Oku wonke ubukumkani wendalo. Bona elilodwa olunye-zezi ubukhulu kakhulu, nto leyo lube nuclei. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba iintsholongwane abanayo izakheko abanoxanduva ukudluliselwa kolwazi zamafa. Yena uye nje umbutho emidala ngakumbi. Le iimolekyuli DNA setyhula ukuba ziqwalaselwa xa inxalenye ethile yalo kukho icytoplasm ebizwa nucleoid.

Undoqo lwesondlo autotrophic

iintsholongwane, imizekelo Chemosynthetic leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku, ku imveliso ngokwabo umcimbi wabo organic. Bona autotrophs, ezifana izityalo. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela isetyenziselwa oku amandla kwelanga. Ukubakho plastids eluhlaza chloroplasts ukwenza ukuba baphumeze inkqubo yefotosinthsis. kubume bayo siyifumana ukuyilwa glucose ukususela izinto ezinekhabhohayidrethi ezingaphiliyo - icarbon dioxide namanzi. Enye imveliso bayavuma kwemichiza i-oksijini. Bacterium nazo autotrophic. Kodwa wamandla awudingi ilanga. Abawenza enye inkqubo - chemosynthesis.

Yintoni chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis ebizwa ukuyilwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngenxa ngayo redox. ubuyena ikhutshwa phandle prokaryotes kuphela. iintsholongwane Chemosynthetic ingasetyenziswa ukuba Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi of iikhompawundi sulphur, nitrogen kunye nesinyithi. Oku ukhupha amandla leyo okongezeleke ndisezintanjeni yokuqala ATP, emva koko ingasetyenziswa iiseli bacteria.

iintsholongwane Chemosynthetic: indawo yokuhlala

Ekubeni ubomi chemotroph akaxhomekekanga phambi kwelanga, uluhlu lwabo unikezelo ubanzi ngokwaneleyo. Umzekelo, iintsholongwane sulphur unako ukuphila kubunzulu omkhulu, ngamanye amaxesha kukho abameli kuphela eziphilayo. prokaryotes data yokuhlala isikakhulu umhlaba, amanzi amdaka kunye substrates abazizityebi iikhompawundi ezithile chemical.

insimbi igciwane

Amagciwane chemosynthetic ziquka prokaryotes, ukutshintsha ukwakhiwa imichiza zesinyithi. Bona yafunyanwa ngama abanegama ezinto eziphilayo Russian Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii ngo-1950. Olu hlobo iintsholongwane kwi indlela igcwala lutshintsha ngesidanga igcwala besinyithi, iyenza trivalent. Ziphila emanzini kunye netyiwa. Xa nendalo baphathe yentsimbi kwegazi kwindalo, kushishino kunye zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ubhedu ecocekileyo. Le bacterium kwakhona kunxulumene litoavtotrofam ziyakwazi ulekisloty nokulungelelanisa izinto ezithile zaso.

bacteria sulphur

Iintsholongwane into chemosynthetic of iikhompawundi sulphur, kusenokubakho eyahlukileyo emazantsi amanzi okanye ifomu ngokuncedisana isilwanyana ezingenamqolo zaselwandle. Njengoko yokuba ngumthombo igcwala usebenzisa hydrogen sulphide, sulphide, thione molekyuli acid okanye nesalfure. Olu hlobo iintsholongwane kuye sasingumba engundoqo ukuvulwa befunda inkqubo chemosynthesis. Eli qela ziquka prokaryotes kunye ezithile prokaryotes phototrophic. Ngokomzekelo, ezifana magenta okanye neentsholongwane sulphur eluhlaza.

bacteria nayitrayithi

Ngomhla iingcambu zezityalo imidumba ukuzinza iintsholongwane nitrifitsiruschie. prokaryotes Chemosynthetic eli qela oxidize ammonia ukuya nitric acid. Le yokusabela oluqhutywa amanyathelo aliqela ukwenza intermediates. Izizathu nabo iintsholongwane initrogen-ukulungiswa. Bona ezilalisa kwiingcambu zezityalo imidumba. Zingene izihlunu umzimba angaphantsi komhlaba, kwakha ukuqina isici. Phakathi kwezi zakhiwo kudala indawo evumayo nokungena chemosynthesis. isityalo ngokuncedisana neebhakteriya kuyingenelo macala. I prokaryotes yokuqala ukunika izinto eziphilayo ezivelisiweyo ngexesha lefotosinthesis. Bacterium bayakwazi ukulungisa nitrogen kwaye ukuyijika ibe luhlobo ekhoyo izityalo.

Kutheni le nkqubo ibaluleke kangaka? Emva kokuba nitrogen yoxinaniso emoyeni mkhulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye yi-78%. Kodwa kule fom ibeetroot awunako ukufunxa iziyobisi. A zityalo nitrogen kufuneka ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ingcambu. Kule meko, kwaye kuza kubanceda iintsholongwane eziguqula, ukuguqulela ibe nitrate kunye nefomu Ammonium.

thiobacteria

iintsholongwane Chemosynthetic ezi prokaryotes kunye thione. umthombo wabo zamandla iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo nesalfure. Olu hlobo iintsholongwane ambuyekeze ukuba sulphuric acid. Le basabela sikhatshwa ukuhla kakhulu ixabiso le-pH medium. Thiobacteria acidophiles ifakiwe qela. Ezi ziquka eziphilayo ukuba angaphila asidi. Iimeko ezinjalo uphawu nemigxobhozo. Kunye nale qela thiane uquka lactic neentsholongwane acid acetic, flagellates kunye rotifers.

bacteria hydrogen

Ezi iintlobo prokaryotes ezi abemi bomhlaba. Bathi hydrogen molekyuli na oxidized amanzi kunye kuphuma amandla. iintsholongwane Ezo kwakhona ngaphakathi thermophiles qela. Oku kuthetha ukuba bayakwazi ukugcina nokusebenza kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, izinga apho mozhetdo zabubamba degrees 50 Celsius. Oku uyakwazi na iintsholongwane hydrogen ngenxa yokuba iienzymes ezizodwa zisebenzayo naphantsi kweemeko ezinjalo.

Indima iintsholongwane chemosynthetic

Chemotroph kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu kwiinkqubo entsonkothileyo lenguqu ejikeleza kwemichiza wenkxalabo uhlobo. Ekubeni emanzini kunye ammonia kukho into kakhulu ezingenabungozi, kukho imfuneko yokungenelela kuzo. Oku wayisa iintsholongwane chemotrophic. Iikhosi ekudibaneni kwemichiza luvelise into efunekayo zezinye izinto olwenza ukuba ukukhula yesiqhelo kunye nophuhliso. imali enkulu ekrwada zentsimbi kunye manganese emazantsi kweelwandle nemigxobhozo kuvela ngenxa umsebenzi chemotroph. Oko kukuthi - intsholongwane zentsimbi.

Umntu uye wafunda ukusebenzisa iimpawu ezizodwa chemotroph kunye nemisebenzi yayo. Umzekelo, usebenzisa iintsholongwane sulphur nyulu amanzi inkunkuma evela emanzini hydrogen, ukukhusela intsimbi kunye nemibhobho eziphathekayo ukusuka ngokudleka ukusuka Ukuba muncu komhlaba.

Ngenxa yoko, iintsholongwane chemosynthetic ezi prokaryotes ezikhethekileyo, ekwaziyo kokusebenzisa imichiza indlela efanelekileyo phantsi kweemeko anaerobic. Ezi eziphilayo oxidize nto. I-eneji yoko ekhululwe, bona kuqala zigcinwa ndisezintanjeni ngenxa ATP, uze emva koko isicelo kwiinkqubo ebalulekileyo. Ezona intsimbi, isalfure neentsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa. Baphila kokubili emanzini kwindawo lomhlaba le. Chemotroph zinendima sele ukuhamba kwezinto, zinika esiphilayo kunye zizinto eziyimfuneko esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngumntu kwimisebenzi yakhe kwezoqoqosho nezamashishini.