Ziziphi iimveliso zamachiza? Iindidi zamachiza amachiza

Ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali yinkqubo ekhokelela ekuguqulweni kwee-reagents. Ibonakala ngokutshintshwa okubangelwa kwimveliso eyodwa okanye ngaphezulu eyahlukileyo. Iimpendulo zeMichiza zintlobo eyahlukileyo. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwee-reagents, into efunyenweyo, iimeko kunye nexesha lokuhlanganisa, ukuchithwa, ukufuduka, i-isomerization, i-acid-base, ukunciphisa i-oxidation, iinkqubo ze-organic, njl njl.

Amashishini amachiza aneemveliso ezilungiselelwe ukwenza iimpendulo ukuze kuveliswe imveliso yokugqibela. Ukuqulunqwa kwazo kuxhomekeke kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka inikeze isivuno esiphezulu kwiindlela ezichanekileyo.

Iintlobo

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko eziphambili zeekhemikhali:

• Nyathelo.
• Ukuqhubeka kunye nomgqugquzeli (HPM).
• I-Reactor ne-piston flow (PFR).

Ezi modeli ezisisiseko zinokuguqulwa ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yenkqubo yemichiza.

I-reactor

Izigulane zeMichiza zolu hlobo zisetyenziselwa kwiinkqubo ze-batch kunye nemigangatho emincinci yokuvelisa, ixesha elide lokuphendula okanye apho ukhetho olungcono lufezekiswa khona, njengakwizinye iinkqubo zokwenza i-polymerization.

Ngenxa yoko, umzekelo, iisetyenzisi zensimbi ezingenasici ezingasetyenziswayo, eziqulethwe ngazo zixutywe kunye namacandelo okusebenza angaphakathi, iiblue bubbles okanye iipompu. Ulawulo lokushisa lwenziwa ngokutshintshisa ukushisa, ukucima amafriji okanye ukupompa ngokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu.

Amashishini asetyenziswayo njengamanje asetyenziswa kwi-chemical and industrial processing industry. Ukuzenzekela kwazo kunye nokwenza ulungelelwano kubangela ubunzima, kuba kubalulekile ukudibanisa iinkqubo eziqhubekayo kunye ezicacileyo.

Amashishini amachiza amachiza ahlanganiselwe rhoqo ahlangene nokusebenza kwiimodeli eziqhubekayo kunye nexesha. Umzekelo, i-bioreactor, umzekelo, ilayishwe ngezikhathi kwaye ikhupha rhoqo i-carbon dioxide, ekufuneka isuswe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokufanayo, kwi-chlorination response, xa elinye lala ma-reactants liyi-gesi ye-chlorine, ukuba ayifakwanga ngokuqhubekayo, ininzi yalo iyaphuma.

Ukuqinisekisa umthamo omkhulu wokuveliswa kwemveliso, ama-reactors zamachiza ezenzo eziqhubekayo okanye iitanki zensimbi kunye nomgqugquzeli okanye ngokuqhubekayo ukuqhuma zisetyenziswa kakhulu.

I-reactor esebenzayo

Iitanki zensimbi ezingenasici zibonelelwa ngeempembelelo zamanzi. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okufanelekileyo, bahlanganiswe ngamacandelo okusebenza. Ngaloo ndlela, kuma-reactor of this type, ama-reactants agcinwa ngokusondeza kwi-tank yokuqala (ebonakalayo, insimbi), ngoko awela elandelayo, ngelixa edibanisa ngokupheleleyo kwiitanki ngalinye. Nangona ukwakhiwa komxube kufaneka kwiitanki nganye, ukuxinwa kwenkqubo kupheleleyo kuyahlukahluka ukusuka kumandla ukuya kumandla.

Isixa esiphezulu sexesha ukuba inani elichanekileyo lokusebenzisa i-reagent lihlala kwindawo yokuhlala (ixesha lokuhlala) lingabalwa ngokuhlula nje umthamo weTanki ngokwezinga eliphakathi lokuhamba kwe-volumetric. Ipesenti ekulindelekileyo yokugqiba impendulo ibalwa ngokusebenzisa iikhemikhali kinetics.

Iingxowa zenziwe ngensimbi engenasici okanye i-alloys, kunye neengubo ze-enamel.

Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ze-HPM

Zonke izibalo zenziwa ngokuqwalasela ukuxuba okufanelekileyo. Impendulo ithatha ngezinga elihambelana nokugxininiswa kokugqibela. Kwimeko yokulingana, ukujikeleza kwexesha kufuneka kulingane nomlinganiselo wokuhamba, mhlawumbi itanki iya kuphuma okanye ingabi nalutho.

Ngokuqhelekileyo uqoqosho lusebenza kunye ne-HPM eziningana okanye ezifanayo. Iitanki ezingenasici, ezihlanganiswe kwi-cascade yeeyunithi ezintlanu okanye ezithandathu, zingaziphatha njenge-reactor ne-piston flow. Oku kuvumela ukuba inyunithi yokuqala isebenze kunye ne-concentrated concentration of reagents kwaye, ngoko ke, izinga eliphezulu lokuphendula. Kwakhona, amanqanaba amaninzi e-HPM angafakwa kwiitanki zendalo, kunokuba kwenziwe iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Kwimiqulu engqamlekileyo, inyunithi yamanqanaba amaninzi ikwahlula ngokwahlukileyo kweesahluko zeendawo eziphakamileyo, apho umxube ungena khona.

Xa ama-reagents axutywanga kakubi okanye ahluke kakhulu kwizinga eliphezulu, umenzi-mpahla we-multistage (i-enamelled okanye insimbi engenasici) isetyenziswe kwimodi yokuhamba. Oku kusebenzayo ukwenza iimpendulo ezibuyiswe.

Umncinci omncinci-lwamanzi udibaniswe ngokupheleleyo. I-reactor enkulu yezobhedi ezithengiswayo zinobukhulu obushushu obufanayo, kodwa ludibanisa ukuxuba kunye nokufuduka kweendawo kunye neendawo zokutshintsha phakathi kwazo.

I-reactor yeekhemikhali yokuhamba ngokufanelekileyo

I-PFR yi-reactor (engenasinalathisi) eyenziwa yinto enye okanye ngaphezulu i-reagents yamanzi ifakwe kumbhobho okanye kwimibhobho. Babizwa nangokuthi ukuhamba kwe-tubular. Ingaba nemibhobho emininzi okanye iipayipi. Ama-Reagents ahlala aziswa ngokuphela kwesinye, kwaye iimveliso ziphuma kwenye. Iinkqubo zeMichiza ziyaqhubeka njengoko umxube udlula.

Kwi-RPP, izinga lokusabela li- gradient: kwi-inlet liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokuncipha kwiinkcenkceshelo zeziphumo kunye nokunyuka kwimixholo yemveliso yexabiso, izinga lalo liyehla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-state equity balance is achieved.

Ubume bokuqala kunye nokujonga ngokubonakalayo kwe-reactor ziqhelekileyo.

Xa ukutshintshwa kobushushu kuyadingeka, iipayipi zomntu ngamnye zifakwe kwi-jacket okanye i-shell exitanger kunye ne-tube-heat-exchanger. Kwimeko yokugqibela, iikhemikhali zitholakala kokubili kwi-casing nangombhobho.

Izitangi zetsimbi ezinkulu kunye namacangci okanye ibhafu zifana ne-PFR kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ukuqhuma kwe-axial kunye ne-radial isetyenziselwa, iigobolondo ezininzi ezinezitshixo ezifudumeleyo ezitshintshileyo, isikhundla esicacileyo okanye esicacileyo se-reactor, njalonjalo.

Isitsha se-reagent sinokuzaliswa nge-catalytic okanye inert particles soctile ukuphucula ukudibanisa ukuxhamla kwindlela yokuphendula.

Isici esibalulekileyo kwi-RFP kukuba ukuxuba okuxinyiweyo okanye okungaqhelekanga akuqwalaselwe kwiibalo, oko kuthetha ukuthini igama elithi "ukuhamba kwepiston". Ama-Reagents angeniswa kwi-reactor hhayi kuphela kwi-inlet. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-PFR okanye ukunciphisa ubukhulu bayo kunye neendleko. Ukusebenza kwe-PFR ngokuqhelekileyo kuphezulu kuneleyo ye-HPM yomqulu ofanayo. Ngexabiso elinganayo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo kwiimenyu zamagcini ezithathayo, impendulo iya kuba neepesenti ezigqityiweyo ngaphezulu kunamacandelo okuxuba.

Ibhalansi yeDynamic

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeekhemikhali, ukugqitywa kwe-100% akunakwenzeka. Isantya sawo sinciphisa ukukhula kwesi sixalathisi kude kube ngumzuzwana xa inkqubo ifinyelela kwisilinganiselo esinobuchule (xa ukuphendula ngokupheleleyo okanye ukuguqulwa kobunzima kungenziwanga). Ingongoma yokulinganisa iinkqubo ezininzi zifumaneka ngaphantsi kwe-100% yokugqitywa kwenkqubo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inkqubo yokuhlukana, njenge-distillation, kuyimfuneko ukuhlukanisa ama-reagents asele okanye i---productions ekujoliswe kuyo. Ezi zihlandlo ngamanye amaxesha zingasetyenziselwa kwakhona ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, umzekelo, njengenkqubo yokuHlaba.

Ukusetyenziswa kwePPP

Ukuqhuma kweepiston kusebenziselwa ukuqhuba utshintsho lwamakhemikhali ngexesha lokuhamba kwawo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo efana neempayipi ngenjongo yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngokukhawuleza, okuhambelanayo okanye okuphambeneyo, ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo kunye neenkqubo ngokukhutshwa kwexabiso elikhulu lokushisa.

I-RPP efanelekileyo inexesha lokuhlala elingagqibekanga, oko kukuthi, nayiphi na i-liquid (i-piston) efika ngexesha ihamba nayo ngexesha elithile, apho iindawo zokuhlala kwiziko.

Amashishini aseMichiza alolo hlobo anemisebenzi ephezulu ixesha elide, kunye nokutshintshwa kobushushu obuphezulu. Ukungalunganga kwe-PPP kukubunzima bokubeka iliso kwindlela yokushisa, oku kungakhokelela ekutshintshisweni kokushisa okungathandekiyo, kunye neendleko eziphezulu.

AmaCactytic Reactors

Nangona i-aggregates yale hlobo ihlala iqhutyelwa ngendlela ye-PPP, idinga ukugcinwa okunzima. Isantya sempendulo ye-catalytic isingqinelana nomlinganiselo we-catalyst ekudibanisaneni neekhemikhali. Kwimeko ye-catalyst eqinile kunye ne-reagents yamanzi, izinga lale nkqubo lilingana nommandla okhoyo, ukufumana iikhemikhali kunye nokukhethwa kwemveliso, kwaye kuxhomekeke ekubeni kukho ukuxuba okuxakekayo.

I-reaction reaction (catalytic response reaction) eqinisweni isoloko isabela ngayo. Akunjalo nje kuphela ama-reagents okuqala asebenzisana ne-catalyst. Ezinye iimveliso eziphambili zisabela ngayo.

Ukuziphatha kwama-catalyst kubalulekile nakwiikinetics zale nkqubo, ngokukodwa ekusebenziseni i-petrochemical ephezulu yokushisa, njengoko ikhutshwe ngokucoca, ukucoca kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha

I-PFR zisetyenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwe-biomass. Kwiimvavanyo, amashishini aphezulu axinzelelo. Uxinzelelo kubo lufikelela kuma-MPa angama-35. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani amaninzi kwenza kube lula ukutshintsha ixesha lokuhlala ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kuma-600. Ukufikelela kumaqondo okushisa angaphezu kwama-300 ° C, iiriteli zokufudumala zombane zisetyenziswa. Ukunikezelwa kwe-biomass kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iipompu ze-HPLC.

RPP ye-aerosol nanoparticles

Kukho umdla omkhulu kwi-synthesis kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengqungquthela ezinobuninzi ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ama-alloys aphezulu kunye nabaqhubi befilimu e- industry. Ezinye izicelo ziquka ukulinganisa kwamandla ombane, ukuhanjiswa kwe-infrared away, kunye ne-nuclear magontic resonance. Kule nkqubo, kuyimfuneko ukuvelisa iinqununu zolawulo olukhulu. Ubuninzi bawo, njengommiselo, lukwinqanaba le-10 ukuya kwi-500 nm.

Ngenxa yobungakanani babo, imilo kunye nommandla ophezulu wendawo, ezi ntlukwano zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iingubo, iimbumba, i-catalysts, i-ceramics, i-catalytic ne-photocatalytic reactors. Izibonelo zeenkqubo ze-nanoparticle ziquka i-SnO ₂ yee-carbon monoxide sensors, i-TiO ₂ yezikhokelo zokukhanya, i-SiO ₂ ye-colloidal i-dioxide ne-optical fibers, iC for carbon fillers kumatshini, i-Fe yezinto zokurekhoda, i-Ni ngamabhethri kwaye, kwimigangatho encinci, i-palladium, i-magnesium No bismuth. Zonke ezi zinto zihlanganiswa kwiirhasi ze-aerosol. Kwimichiza, i-nanoparticles isetyenziselwa ukunqanda nokunyangwa kwezilonda zesilonda, kwiimpembelelo zethambo, kunye nokuboniswa kwengqondo.

Umzekelo wokuvelisa

Ukufumana i-particle aluminium, ukuqhuma kwe-argon egcwele i- vapor yensimbi ikhuhliwe kwi-PFD ye-18 mm ububanzi kunye ne-0.5 m ubude ukusuka kwi-1600 ° C kwizinga le-1000 ° C / s. Njengoko igesi igqitha kwi-reactor, ukubunjwa kunye nokukhula kweengxube ze-aluminium zenzeka. Umlinganiselo wokuhamba u-2 dm ³ / min, kwaye uxinzelelo lu-1 kwi-atm (1013 Pa). Njengoko igesi ihamba, i-gas igcoba kwaye i-supersaturated, ekhokelela kwi-nucleation yeengqungquthela ngenxa yokuqhawuka kunye nokukhuphuka kwee-molecule, ngokuphindaphindiweyo de i-particle ifinyelele ubukhulu obukhulu. Njengoko behamba ngegesi ephezulu, ama-molecule e-aluminium ayancipha kwiincinci, ukwandisa ubukhulu bawo.