Iikhompawundi Iron. Isibulali: emzimbeni nemichiza iimpawu

Iimveliso zokuqala zesinyithi aluminium zayo ziye zafunyanwa ngexesha zembiwa nomhla ukusuka malunga nenkulungwane BC-4. Oko kukuthi, ngamaYiputa amandulo kunye Sumerians wasebenzisa iidipozithi meteoric ukwimo ukuvelisa izacholo kunye nendlu izinto, kwakunye nezixhobo.

Namhlanje, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi olusulungekileyo - oku umbandela eziqheleke kakhulu kusetyenziswa. Akukho nto XX yentsimbi leminyaka laba ingqalelo. Eneneni, de kufike kunye zeplastiki yandile kunye nezinto ezinxulumene, le ezimbaxa ubaluleke ebantwini. Yintoni na le nto esebenzayo kwaye yenza iziyobisi, esiza kuxubusha ngayo kweli phepha.

Chemical element intsimbi

Xa siqwalasela isakhiwo-atom, kufuneka kuqala ucacise indawo yayo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

1. inani lothotho - 26.
2. Ixesha - yesine ukuba likhulu.
3. Group of ezisibhozo, le sideline laseMelika.
4. ubunzima Atomic - 55,847.
5. Ubume oonokrwece lwangaphandle ngekhompyutha zibonakaliswe ngefomula 3d ⁶ 4 ^2.
6. uphawu element Chemical - Fe.
7. Igama - intsimbi, ukufunda ifomula - "Ferrum".
8. Kwindalo, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezine uzinzile le element ngamanani mass 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical element intsimbi kananjalo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezahlukeneyo malunga 20 ezingekho izinzile. igcwala kunokwenzeka leyo ukubonisa atom esebenzayo:

• 0;
• -phinde ngo 2;
• 3;
• 6.

Ebalulekileyo kuphela element ngokwayo, kodwa iikhompawundi zayo ezahlukeneyo kunye aluminium.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Njengoko into elula, intsimbi iimpawu ezibonakalayo uye metallism ngokukhawuleza. Oko kukuthi, isilivere-emhlophe nengwevu ithinti metal ukuba malleability aphezulu ductility nawawokunyibilika aphezulu amaqondo okubila. Xa siqwalasela iimpawu ngokweenkcukacha, ngoko:

• Lokunyibilika - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Ukupheka - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Umsebenzi - avareji;
• refractoriness - phezulu;
• imiboniso libizwa iipropati ngemagnethi.

Kuxhomekeka iimeko kunye ubushushu, kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi eyenza yentsimbi. Iipropati Physical yabo yahluke yokuba emkhusaneni crystalline ezahlukeneyo.

1. Ifom alpha, okanye ferrite ikhona ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu 769 ⁰ C.
2. Ukususela 769 ukuya 917 ⁰ C - beta fomu.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-form, okanye austenite.
4. Ngaphezu 1394 ⁰ C - zentsimbi kelly.

Zonke iinguqulelo kancinane babe iintlobo Isakhiwo crystal emkhusaneni ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye iipropati ezahlukeneyo ngemagnethi.

iipropati chemical

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i yentsimbi compound elula ebonisa reactivity eliphezulu. Noko ke, ngendlela ezicukucezwe zancinane iyakwazi ngokuzenzekelayo phemba umoya ioksijini olunyulu utshisa intsimbi ngokwayo.

ikhono nokumelana kakhulu, ngoko aluminium ehlanganiswa yile nto iikhompawundi alloying. Iron uyakwazi ukusebenzisana:

• asidi;
• oksijini (kubandakanywa emoyeni);
• sulphur;
• halogens;
• xa utshiwe - nitrogen, phosphorus, yekhabhoni lesilicon;
• neetyuwa kunye nesinyithi ngaphantsi lovukelo, nokubuyisela ukuba izinto ezilula;
• umphunga olunamandla;
• idibene neetyuwa yesinyithi igcwala zikarhulumente +3.

Kucacile ukuba, ukubonisa umsebenzi onjalo, iyakwazi ukwenza iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo intsimbi kunye polar ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola. Kwaye kube njalo. Iron kunye nemixube zayo zahlukene kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ngeenkalo zemfundo ngenzululwazi, zeteknoloji, umsebenzi mveliso yabantu.

Distribution endalweni

iikhompawundi Natural yentsimbi eziqhelekileyo, kuba yeyona nto yesibini kakhulu luninzi emhlabeni emva aluminiyam. Emsulwa uhlobo intsimbi inqabile kakhulu awe esibhakabhakeni, ebonisa izihloko zawo enkulu na esithubeni. Ubuninzi ubume uqulathwe sisimbiwa, amatye kunye neeminerali.

Ukuba sithethe ipesenti sakhi kwindalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba zinikeze manani ilandelayo.

1. Eziba iiplanethi ezisentlabathini - 90%.
2. kuqweqwe lomhlaba - 5%.
3. Ngengubo komhlaba - 12%.
4. core komhlaba - 86%.
5. Amanzi omlambo - 2 mg / L.
6. Xa ulwandle yolwandle - 0,02 mg / l.

Lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo yentsimbi kakhulu kwaye izimbiwa zilandelayo:

• magnetite;
• limonite kunye limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit kunye nabanye.

Kuyinto kude akukho ngokupheleleyo kuluhlu, kuba ngokwenene kakhulu kunene. Ukongeza, aluminium ezahlukeneyo ngokubanzi ukuba badalwa ngumntu. Oku, futhi, iikhompawundi zentsimbi enjalo, ngaphandle apho Kunzima ukucinga abantu ubomi mihla. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo ezimbini ezinkulu:

• cast iron;
• steel.

Kwakhona, ukuba abe luncedo yesinyithi ubume aluminiyamu ezininzi nickel.

iikhompawundi iron (II)

Ezi ziquka ezo apho urhulumente igcwala yi-phinde ngo 2 yakheka element. Ezininzi ngokwaneleyo, kuba zibandakanya:

• oxide;
• hayidroksayidi;
• elibona binary;
• iityuwa ezintsonkothileyo;
• iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo.

Le fomyula of iikhompawundi imichiza leyo umboniso uthe yentsimbi igcwala likarhulumente udidi ngalunye ngamnye. Cinga izezona zibalulekileyo kunye eqhelekileyo.

1. Iron oxide (II). Black powder, ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Uhlobo udibaniso - basic. Ayikwazi ngokukhawuleza oxidize, Noko ke, wayicola into elula nayo lula. It esixutywe acid ukwenza ityuwa ahambelanayo. Formula - feo.
2. Iron hayidroksayidi (II). It is a kwenze emhlophe amorphous. Iityuwa benziwa ukusabela kunye neziseko (kwealkali). Ebonisa izinto ezisisiseko buthathaka, ekwaziyo oxidized ngokukhawuleza umoya ukuba iikhompawundi insimbi +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Iityuwa element in igcwala utshilo. Zisoloko isisombululo sakuba-eluhlaza oxidized kakuhle nokuba umoya, ukufumana umbala dark brown watyhutyha ukuya 3. yentsimbi ityiwa unyityilikiswa emanzini. Imizekelo iikhompawundi: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

Ukubaluleka practical phakathi izinto ezibhalwe ukuba iikhompawundi ngaphezulu. Okokuqala, intsimbi chloride (II). Yeyona nomthengisi ephambili ion emzimbeni womntu, ianemia yesigulane. Xa esi sifo olufunyanwa umguli, azimiselweyo amalungiselelo oluxandileyo, zisekelwe compound kuthethwa. Ngoko kukho wemvula of ukunqongophala yentsimbi emzimbeni.

Okwesibini, sulfate intsimbi, ngamanye sulfate ayoni (II), ngobhedu isetyenziswa ukubulala izitshabalalisi kwizityalo. Indlela abonisa ukuba ngempumelelo hayi kwiminyaka elinesibini yokuqala, ngoko ke kakhulu kunene yi balimi.

ityuwa Mohr kaThixo

Le ezimbaxa, nto leyo sulfate yentsimbi hydrated kunye Ammonium. Formula akhe njengoko FeSO ₄ * (H. _{4) 2} SO ₄ * 6H ₂ O. Enye khompawundi yentsimbi (II), nto leyo eye yasetyenziswa kakhulu practice. Ukweyona lokusetyenziswa kufuneka ibe umntu.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. izifundo Scientific and beyaleza titrimetric (ukumisela isiqulatho chromium, potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - njengokuba isongezo ukutya phantsi ukunqongophala yesinyithi kumzimba isigulane.
4. Kuba ukumitha iimveliso yamaplanga, njengoko ityuwa Mohr kaThixo likhusela ngokuchaseneyo iinkqubo ukubola.

Kukho ezinye iindawo iyeza lisetyenziswa kuyo. igama layo njengokubizwe emva yasekhemesti waseJamani, kuqala wafumanisa iipropati ukubonwa.

Izinto kunye neqondo igcwala yentsimbi (III)

Iimpawu khompawundi intsimbi apho ivelisa iqondo igcwala ka +3, zahluke kancinane kulawo ngazo apha ngentla. Ngenxa yoko, nohlobo oxide elingqinelanayo hayidroksayidi asingabo ezisisiseko kunye amphoteric va. Makhe ukuchaza izinto ezisisiseko.

1. Iron oxide (III). Ngumgubo ocolekileyo-olungisiweyo yingqombela brown umbala. Amanzi ezingenakunyibilika, wavuma asidi ibonisa iipropati amphoteric ngakumbi. Ifomula: Fe _{2 O-3.}
2. Iron hayidroksayidi (III). A into leyo kwenze ngexesha isenzo alkalis ukuya iityuwa zentsimbi ehambelanayo. Uhlobo amphoteric wakhe zomlomo wakhe, umbala omdaka-omdaka. Ifomula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Iityuwa ezibandakanya zesiqinisekiso Fe ^3+. Ukuba kwisininzi enjalo eyabelwe, ngaphandle carbonate, njengoko haydrolisis kwenzeka kwaye uvelisa carbon dioxide. Imizekelo ezithile neetyuwa ze olungumgubo: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (SO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, kunye nabanye.

Phakathi imizekelo ngokwemigqaliselo lweprakhthikhali crystalline ezibalulekileyo FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ Owu, okanye ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). Oku kusetyenziswa amayeza ukunqanda ukopha kunye wemvula of ion zentsimbi emzimbeni kwimeko kwegazi.

sulfate intsimbi Nonahydrate (III) isetyenziselwa nokusulungekiswa amanzi okusela, njengoko uziphatha coagulant.

iikhompawundi iron (VI)

Formula chemical iikhompawundi yentsimbi, apho liba ethile igcwala karhulumente +6, zinokubhalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• K ₂ feo _4;
• Na ₂ feo _4;
• MgFeO ₄ nabanye.

Bonke babe igama eliqhelekileyo - ferrates - kwaye iimpawu ezifanayo (agents ekunciphiseni namandla). ukuba nabo bakwazi iintsholongwane yaye kunempembelelo bactericidal. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwawo ukuba unyango amanzi okusela ngendlela engazange mveliso.

iikhompawundi complex

kubaluleke kakhulu umthombo othenjiweyo, yaye hayi kuphela izinto ezikhethekileyo. Loo ukuba uhlobo izisombululo yetyuwa zolwelo. Le ezimbaxa nezintsonkothileyo yentsimbi. Ithandwa kakhulu kwaye kakuhle bafunda kwezi zinto zilandelayo.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Elinye igama le uqhagamshelwano - yellow ityuwa igazi. Oku olusetyenziswe ukuchonga esemgangathweni zesinyithi ion kwi isisombululo Fe ^3+. Ngenxa yoko yesisombululo uba entle umbala oqaqambileyo oluhlaza kuye kwasekwa ngomnye complex - Prussia blue KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo esetyenziswa njenge idayi ngelaphu.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Elinye igama - ebomvu ityuwa igazi. Isetyenziswa njenge ion yentsimbi nokuzimisela reagent Fe ²⁺ qualitative. Ngenxa yoko kwenze blue ukuba igama turnbuleva oluhlaza. Kwakhona lasetyenziswa njenge idayi kwilaphu.

Iron yinxalenye kwezinto eziphilayo

Iron kunye nemixube alo, njengoko sele sibonile, zibaluleke ebonakalayo enkulu ubomi bezoqoqosho umntu. Noko ke, ukongezelela, indima yalo zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi umzimba mkhulu ngaphantsi, ncam koko.

Kukho ebaluleke kakhulu ulungelelwaniso, iproteni, equka into esebenzayo. Le mpilo. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuya kwicala lothutho mpilo efanayo kunye exchange kwangethuba iigesi ngaye. Ngoko ke, indima yesinyithi kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo - ukuphefumla - omkhulu.

Nje ngaphakathi emzimbeni womntu iqulethe malunga 4 iigram yentsimbi, ekufuneka rhoqo kwakhona ngokusebenzisa ukutya osetyenzisiweyo.