Iimfazwe French of Religion: izinto, izigaba, iziphumo

izimpi zenkolo French zaba ziphazamiso ezimbalwa ukusuka 1562 ukuya kwiminyaka 1589. Amaqela engundoqo eya ungquzulwano baba amaKatolika Huguenot (amaProtestanti). Isiphumo kwiimfazwe ezininzi, waye kutshintshwe lobukhosi olawulayo, kwakunye ukudityaniswa ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo.

ngumba

Iimfazwe Bloody French of Religion phakathi amaKatolika namaProtestanti yaqala ngo-1562. Yena waba izizathu ezimbalwa phezulu kunye nezizathu ezikwiingcambu. Kwinkulungwane XVI uluntu French wohlukana kwiinkampu ezimbini izinto ezingadibaniyo - zamaKatolika namaProtestanti. Le mfundiso intsha eyangena elizweni esuka eJamani. abalandeli bakhe baphikisana ukuba ukungahoywa kwezinye izithethe yamaKatolika Church (intengiso kwezono, izikhundla kunye njalo njalo. D.).

Iintshukumo amaProtestanti kakhulu ethandwa eFransi waba nezenkolo. abalandeli bakhe babebizwa Huguenot. Kucebisa le mfundiso saa elizweni, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba imfazwe yonqulo eFransi waye loo isikali ebalulekileyo kuzo.

Korol Frantsisk I yaba Yibone ngowokuqala ukuzama ukunqanda ukusasazeka qhekeko entsha. Wayalela kokuthathwa kwemibhalo Huguenot apho waya amaKatolika ukuphazamiseka. Kuba ookumkani ukuphazamisa ukholo wesintu yaba kuhlaselwa ngamandla abo. Oko kwaba ucinge Valois, ngenxa apho waqalisa imfazwe yonqulo eFransi.

Ukophulwa kwamalungelo Huguenot

Ilandelwa ngu Francis Henry II ngenzondelelo wayichola ekutshabalaliseni kobuProtestanti kweli lizwe. Ngo-1559 kwathiwa yasayinwa Kato Kambreziysky ihlabathi, awawabeka aphelise kweMfazwe elide-Italian. Emva koko ke ukumkani kunye nomkhosi izandla zakhe likhululwe. Ngoku amandla ekugqibeleni bafika izibonelelo ezamahala ukuba ayeke ukulwa qhekeko. Xa myalelo entsha Henry II ezisengozini ukutshisa abangathobeliyo esibondeni. Kodwa ezi izijekulo state nafuthe ukusasazeka nezenkolo. Ngo-1559 e-France kwakukho uluntu 5000 apho amarhamente le mfundiso waphila.

Xa ukulawula kwitrone umntwana ukumkani Francis II zonke ephalamende zephondo ebekwe egumbini ngomlilo. Iinkundla enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-, nto leyo dismantle amaProtestanti. La maziko zisuphavayizwa Giza - usapho enamandla wokumkani-boy. Ingqalo izimpi zenkolo eFransi yaye uninzi kwegazi yabo ixhomekeke kwi izazela zabo.

isakhiwo sebali Amuazsky

Giza (Abazalwana Francois kunye Charles) ziye kuthiywa iingangamsha ezininzi - omnye ngenxa despotism yakhe, enye ngenxa yemeko zonqulo. Ezithathwe, izihlobo ababengaxolanga yokumkani, ngokukhawuleza emva kokusekwa zamagumbi endawo umlilo umbutho iyelenqe. La manene bangathanda ukufaka i Francis minor ucele kuye ilungelo ukukhetha (oko kukuthi, inkululeko yesazela).

Le iyelenqe qhuma olwandulela ngokubulawa. Francis kwemihla okuyona Amboise. Noko ke, abo babemenzele iyelenqe asimshiyanga izicwangciso zabo baza bazama ukumbamba amandla yokumkani ekunene esixekweni. Esi sicwangciso akuphumelelanga. iingangamsha abaninzi bafela edabini, ngoxa abanye babulawa emva. Ezo ziganeko kaMatshi 1560 yaba isizathu, ngenxa apho awaphule imfazwe yonqulo eFransi.

Isifo yemfazwe

Nje ezimbalwa iinyanga emva kokuba yelenqe ayiphumelelanga Francis II wafa ngenxa yempilo yakhe enkenenkene. Itrone wadlulela ukuba umzalwana wakhe uCharles IX, nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba ekuqaleni zazo kwiimfazwe yonqulo eFransi. Unyaka 1562 yabalasela impindezelo lokuqala nxamnye Huguenot e-Champagne. I iNkosana ngesebe nempi yakhe ehlasela abaqhankqalazi engaxhobanga ngoxolo benze unqulo. Esi siganeko uphawu kuqhambuka imfazwe enkulu.

Xa Huguenot, njengoko amaKatolika, baba iinkokheli zabo. Eyokuqala kubo Prince Lyudovik De Conde of Bourbon. Emva kweso siganeko, e-Champagne, wabathimba iidolophu eziliqela, eyenza Orleans igwiba yokunganyangeki zamaProtestanti kwabasemagunyeni. Huguenot wayakha umfelandawonye kunye oozilawuli isiJamani kunye England - kumazwe apho nje kunzima impembelelo yamaKatolika. Kwaziswa kwi ungquzulwano yoluntu imikhosi ngaphandle ngakumbi kubaxa izimpi zenkolo eFransi. Kwadlula iminyaka eli lizwe uzigqibile yonke imithombo yayo ize ekugqibeleni kwegazi bafikelele kwisivumelwano uxolo phakathi kwamaqela.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo ungquzulwano kukuba iimfazwe ezimbalwa. Impalalo gazi owaqalwa, ngoko wayeka, ngoko kuqaliswe kwakhona. Ngoko ke, kukho uphazamiseko embalwa, kwabakho imfazwe ukususela 1562 ukuya kwiminyaka 1598. Inqanaba lokuqala ngo-1563, xa Huguenot namaKatolika asayina Edict of Amboise. Phantsi kwesi sivumelwano, amaProtestanti anikwa ilungelo ukuqhuba inkolo yabo kumaphondo ezithile lizwe. Beza amaqela kwisivumelwano kunye mbambano esebenzayo Ekateriny Medichi - unina French ookumkani abathathu (uFrançois II, uCharles IX kunye Henry III). Ekuhambeni kwexesha liye laba ophambili kwembambano. I-Queen Umama waziwa kakhulu ukuba umntu lwangoku endaweni yokubutha ngenxa kwinoveli zakudala nembali Dyumy.

Imfazwe sesibini nesesithathu

Giza babengonwabanga kunye concessions ukuya Huguenot. Baqala ke ukuba ukujonga namahlakani zamaKatolika amazwe. Ngelo xesha ngo-1567 amaProtestanti, kwakunye kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, wazama ukumbamba ukumkani uthinjiwe. Isiganeko, eyaziwa njenge bengalindelwanga Mo, weza nto. Abasemagunyeni wabiza izikhulu Huguenot - i-Prince of Conde kwaye Bala Gaspard Coligny. Abavuma ukuza eParis, apho uphawu kut- igazi.

Izizathu yeemfazwe unqulo eFransi walala phantsi kwemeko yokuba izivumelwano uxolo yethutyana ebandakanya concessions ezincinane amaProtestanti, akazange ukwanelisa nayiphi na amaqela. Ngenxa yale ungquzulwano kuyaphikisana ezingenakunyibilika yahlaziyelwa kwakhona kwaye kwakhona. Imfazwe yesibini yaphela ngoNovemba 1567 ngenxa yokuba ukufa omnye iinkokheli amaKatolika - iNkosana Montmorency.

Kodwa kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa kamva, ngoMatshi, i-th 1568, kumathafa eFransi ifikayo enomsindo ukubhomboloza amajoni ukufa. War Okwesithathu wathabatha becala indawo kwiphondo Languedoc. AmaProtestanti phantse wathatha Poitiers. Bakwazi ukuya uRon ukunyanzela abasemagunyeni ukuba bakuthembe kwakhona. amalungelo Huguenot yandiswa ngokungqinelana iSivumelwano Saint-Germain-en-Laye, eyasayinwa ngomhla we-15 Agasti 1570. Inkululeko inkolo lasekwa kummandla wonke yaseFransi ngaphandle Paris.

Umtshato uHenry uMargot

Ngowe-1572, incopho yayo iye yafika iimfazwe yonqulo eFransi. ngenkulungwane ye-16 wazibonela iziganeko bamagazi iintlekele ezininzi. Kodwa mhlawumbi namnye kubo into thelekisa ebusuku eSt Bartholomew wakhe. Ekubeni kwabulawa le Huguenot, balungiselela amaKatolika ogama historiography. Le ntlekele yenzeke ngo-Agasti 24, 1572 ngomhla olwandulela umhla uMpostile Bartholomew. Izazinzulu banike Uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela ixesha ubulewe amaProtestanti. Uqikelelo zinika inani labantu abangama-30 amawaka - engazange ibonwe ixesha layo.

Ubundlobongela kwakhokelwa iziganeko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ukususela ngo 1570 ngokufutshane wayeka iimfazwe yonqulo eFransi. Umhla nokusayinwa Saint-Germain uxolo sivumelwano yaba siganeko lizwe ediniwe. Kodwa amaKatolika kakhulu ezinkulu, kubandakanywa enamandla Giza, akazange afune ukwamkela olu xwebhu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ke abachasene inkangeleko kwinkundla yakomkhulu Gaspard Coligny - omnye iinkokheli Huguenot. Admiral aneziphiwo wacela inkxaso uCharles IX. YoMlawuli wayefuna ukunceda umphathi eqhotyoshelwe ukuya kwelakowazo eNetherlands. Ngenxa yoko, izisusa yezopolitiko namandla phezu zenkolo.

N Medichi kwakhona ixesha ukumanzisa ikhwele labo. Ubuncwane yokunganeli kwemali ukugcina ngeziqu evulekileyo kunye amaProtestanti. Ngoko ke, ukumkanikazi-Umama wagqiba ukusebenzisa iindlela noonozakuzaku dynastic. Courtyard Paris wavuma umtshato phakathi Margaritoy Valua (intombi ka-Catherine), kunye Henry yaseNavarre - enye inkokeli Huguenot.

Kubulawa of St. Bartholomew

Umtshato ke yabhiyozelwa Paris. Ngenxa yoko, kwisixeko ubukhulu becala yamaKatolika lifikile inani elikhulu ye Huguenot - abaxhasi Genriha Navarrskogo. Le isimo kweengqukuva yaba yeyona Uyadubula. Evulekileyo bamthiya amaProtestanti, zithi zonke iinzima zawo. Phezulu kwamandla kwakungekho umanyano ngokunxulumene emsithweni ezizayo.

Umtshato kwenzeka ngo-Agasti 18, 1572. Emva kweentsuku 4 ka-Admiral Coligny eqhuba evela Louvre yamgxotha endlwini, yeharim Gizam. Yaba ukubulawa ezicwangcisiweyo. Inkokeli Huguenot wenzakala, kodwa wasinda. Noko ke, eso siganeko yaba umququ lokugqibela. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, ngobusuku-Agasti 24, n Medichi wayalela ukuba ukuqalisa kwabulawa le Huguenot, lowo ibingasishiyelanga Paris. Ukuqala yeemfazwe unqulo eFransi yahlaselwa bexesha lakhe ngenkohlakalo yakhe. Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni ngo 1572, ayizange ukuya nayiphi uthelekiso kunye zoyikekayo ezindala amadabi kunye amadabi.

Kwafa abantu. Gaspar Kolini, ngosuku olwandulela wasinda ngokulambisa, wathi ndlela-ntle ukuya ubomi omnye kuqala. Genrihu Navarrskomu (nguKumkani elizayo uHenry IV) ikwazile ukusinda imibulelo kuphela kuMoses, lo inkundla intsapho yakhe entsha. St. Bartholomew yaba ngumcimbi, ukutshintsha ekuhambeni ungquzulwano, owaziwa kwimbali njengoko French yeeMfazwe Religion. Umhla kwabulawa le Huguenot yabalasela ilahleko ezininzi iinkokeli zabo. Emva kokuba ummangaliso chaos ikomkhulu eli lizwe asabile, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, malunga nama-200 amawaka Huguenot. Bafudukela oozilawuli German, eNgilani kunye Poland, ukuba babe kude yabasemagunyeni igazi yamaKatolika. izenzo Valois wayelugweba abaninzi abalawuli ixesha, kuquka Ivanom Groznym.

ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo

Lusizi UHlaziyo kunye izimpi zenkolo eFransi, kwakhokelela ekubeni eli lizwe wayengazi ihlabathi iminyaka emininzi. Emva St. Bartholomew ingongoma akukho ukubuya sele upasisiwe. Amaqela abasekho ukukhangela kwizibhambathiso, kwaye urhulumente waphinda waba lixhoba igazi efanayo. Imfazwe wesine yaphela ngo-1573-m, kodwa i-m-1574 abafileyo Korol uKarl IX. Waba amdle, ngoko eParis weza kulawula umninawa wakhe uHenry III, ngaphambili ixesha elifutshane ukuhlala nguzwilakhe Poland.

I-kwenkosi entsha kwakhona wayengqongwe noko amnye ebantwini ebe. Ngoku ke izimpi zenkolo eFransi, ngamafutshane, kwakhona liqale, ngenxa yokuba uHenry akazange ukulawula ezinye iingingqi zeli lizwe. Umzekelo, kwi-Champagne yahlasela Count waseJamani iPalatine, oweza awayihlangula obuProtestante zasekuhlaleni. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ngokulinganisela iqela yamaKatolika, kwi historiography eyaziwa ngokuba "yimiphumela". Abameli kulo mzabalazo wakhuthaza ukusekwa ukunyamezelana zonqulo kweli lizwe. Ke bona bazi ezininzi ubuzwe Bazidinise imfazwe obungenasiphelo. Xa imfazwe yesihlanu 'abasebenzi' yaye Huguenot bemanyene nxamnye Valois. Giza kwakhona wahlula nabo kunye nabanye. Emva koku, abaninzi 'awanelisekanga "babulawa njengoko ngabangcatshi karhulumente.

The Catholic League

Ngowe-1576, Henri de ngesebe waseka yamaKatolika League, leyo, ngaphandle eFransi, angene bamaKatolika, Spain kunye upopu. Injongo yale manyano yaba ukoyiswa yokugqibela Huguenot. Ukongeza, kwicala league baba basebukhosini ababefuna ukunciphisa amandla kakumkani. izimpi zenkolo kunye ukumkani epheleleyo eFransi ebudeni kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVI kwakukho eyona miba ephambili eziphembelela indlela kwimbali yeli lizwe. Ixesha lubonise ukuba emva uloyiso ookumkani Bourbon ukuba amandla akuncedanga nto, nangona iinzame yezikhulu ukunciphisa kuyo, phantsi benze kumzabalazo ochasene amaProtestanti.

Catholic League yasungula imfazwe yesithandathu (1576-1577), apho amalungelo Huguenot iziphumo zaye kuphela kakhulu. yindawo impembelelo yasiwa ngasemzantsi. Inkokeli ibonakaliswa phaya yamaProtestanti Genrih Navarrsky yaba, emva kokuba betshatile, esenzeka ngaxesha lithile kwi massacre koSuku eSt Bartholomew wakhe.

Ukumkani yobukumkani encinane zasePyrenees, ebeyinalo Bourbon ubukhosi, waba yindlalifa kwitrone French nje ngenxa yonyana nabantwana Ekateriny Medichi. In Henry III akazange abe nabantwana, ukubeka inkosi kwindawo noxhamla ubuncwane. Ngokutsho imithetho dynastic, ukuphumelela kwakhe isalamane sakhe osondele kakhulu emgceni eyindoda. Okuphoxayo kukuba, yaba Genrih Navarrsky. Okokuqala, weza naye evela St. Louis, yaye okwesibini, umenzi-sicelo wayetshate udade Marguerite umlawuli (uMargot).

War of the Henry ezintathu

ntlekele Dynastic kwakhokelela imfazwe ezintathu Henry. Walwa phakathi kwabo nobizo - ukumkani eFransi, uKumkani Navarre kunye iNkosana ebe. Le impixano, obehamba ukususela 1584 ukuya kunyaka 1589 yaba yokugqibela kuthotho izimpi zenkolo. Henry III walahlekelwa phulo. NgoMeyi 1588 abahlali yokuqala ka Paris wagwilika kuye, emva koko kwafuneka ukuba abalekele Blois. Kwikomkhulu French beza iNkosana ebe. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, yena de umbusi kweli lizwe.

Ubunokwazi ukusombulula imbambano, ebe kunye Valois wavuma ukubamba intlanganiso yaseUnited-Jikelele in Blois. Duke efika va. Abalindi wabulala uKumkani Giza, ukhuselo, yaye kamva umzalwana wakhe. isenzo mkhohlisi Henry III akazange ukongeza ndwa yakhe. AmaKatolika nabuya ekumlandeleni, kwaye Pope bonke uqalekisiwe.

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1589, uHenry III wagwazwa indela Dominican Jacques Clement. Lo mbulali lakwazi ngoncedo amaxwebhu omgunyathi ukuze ufumane abaphulaphuli yoKumkani. Xa oonogada ahlukana ngenxa Heinrich, singalindelanga monk waziphosa ngaphandle stylet. Lo mbulali lakrazuka ziingceba kuloo ndawo. Kodwa Henry III wafa yokulimala. Ngoku, akukho nto kuthintele uKumkani yaseNavarre ukuba abe ngumlawuli France.

mabavunyelwe of kudalwa

Genrih Navarrsky waba nguKumkani France 2 ngo-Agasti kunyaka 1589. Yena a lamaProtestanti, kodwa ukuze bafumane zintshula etroneni, yena aguqulwa kubuKatolika. Esi senzo ukuba uHenry IV ukufumana nixolelwe izono Pope lowayesakuba izimvo "ngabawexuki 'yakhe. Iminyaka yokuqala wolawulo kumkani eyachithwa ukulwa izitha zakhe zezopolitiko ibango igunya kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Yaba kuphela emva kokoyisa kwakhe ngo-1598, uHenry ekhuphe Edict ka Nantes, elibeka inkululeko yonqulo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Yaphela kanjalo iimfazwe zonqulo kunye nokomelezwa ukumkani eFransi. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-amathathu gazi kwafika uxolo ekudala elindelwe kweli lizwe. Huguenot yazuza amalungelo amatsha mali evisisana evela kurhulumente. Iziphumo iimfazwe zonqulo eFransi ayikho kuphela kokubeka ungquzulwano elide, kodwa ke lonke ulawulo karhulumente ngexesha ebukumkanini Bourbon ubukhosi.