Ibhayisekile iidiliya. Imbali kunye nophuhliso ibhayisekile

ibhayisekile iidiliya ngexesha elinye kwaba intuthuko kushishino yothutho encinane. eyasungulwa kubalelwa kubantu ezahlukeneyo. Kukho kwinguqulo Iiprojekthi kunye drive chain kanye pair yamavili zezikaYe- uLeonardo da Vinci. I-patent kuba kukuyilwa ngo-1814 wafumana German Baron Karl von Dresen. Le modeli yenziwe ngomthi yaye akukho iiphedali ukukhwela, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba amsunduze ezinyaweni zakho emhlabeni. Kukho uluvo lokuba kukho izixhobo ezifana udale ingcibi Russian Efim Artamonov (iminyaka eli-14 phambi kokuba oogxa isiJamani), kodwa ayizange awodwa. Kulo mzekelo, ibhayisekile yokuqala bahamba malunga 5000 km, kwaye zenziwe ngokhuni.

ngcono

UMyili Germany Dresen kudale ngo-1817 ibhayisekile, nto leyo eneneni kwaba isithuthuthu ngomthi baxhotyiswe isihlalo kunye isondo. Wayila ogama emva umdali "railcar". Eli gama isasetyenziswa nangoku ngokunxulumene ezinye koomatshini esingazihambeliyo.

Xa novalo zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ifowuni phantsi maxesha, enkosi iinzame Kirk Patrika Makmillana (igazi mkhandi Scottish). Ngubani ngaphambili ibhayisekile ngaphandle ihamba lixhotyiswe ngeentonga zentsimbi zigxunyekwe ivili langasemva. Ngazo kwaba lula ukuvelisa imoto ihamba yimilenze. Umqhubi yayimi phakathi ivili ngaphambili nangesemva, lungisa ulwalathiso ngokusebenzisa izithuthi, Ngokusebenza kunye nongqameko ngaphambili.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba injineli Thompson kungekudala wanika amavili emoto sawa, ngelo xesha akazange ukufumana udumo, ngenxa ukungafezeki zabo zobugcisa. Imveliso Mass iibhayisekile kunye esinezinyathelo kunye neekhamera baqalisa emva 1867.

uphuhliso olunye

Igama ibhayisekile wafumana wabulela uPierre Michaud, ngubani amalungelo awodwa abenzi drive bhayisikile, zilungiselwe ivili ngaphambili. Xa kwenkulungwane ye-19 yaba imodeli kakhulu eyahlekileyo ye "penny-nemalanana", ngoko ebizwe ngobubanzi mfanekiso eziinkozo omnye komnye (ngaphantsi kwe ngepeni penny). Le iiphedali efakwe ivili omkhulu ngaphambili. Esi sihlalo ibekwe phezu kwabo. Ekubeni eso sithuthi kushenxiselwe kumbindi womhlaba, ibhayisekile kunye ivili enkulu ngaphambili yayigqalwa kokulungiswa anobungozi, ekhwele leyo efunisa ingqalelo kunye nokugqwesa umkhweli.

Elinye kule fowuni baba tricycles imodeli ngokukhawuleza ndizuze udumo. Inqanaba elilandelayo bebhayisekile ingaqatshelwa usebenziso lwevili yentsimbi iiasi zangaphakathi. Olo elikuvumela sele ecetywayo 1867 yi Edward Cowper. Nje embalwa isithuthi mayixhotyiswe isakhelo, kunye 70 kweye-kwabakho chain drive (Umsunguli - eliNgesi Lawson).

I ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19

Endaweni penny-nemalanana kunye neemodeli efanayo kuza ibhayisekile, akuphuhlanga kakuhle sifunda zokuguqulwa mihla. Ke wavelisa umsebenzi wezandla zakhe IsiNgesi Dzhon Kemp Starley ngo-1884. Le moto igama "Owasasaza» (Rover). Emva kweenyanga ezili-12, imveliso lothotho inani le nguqulelo. Iyunithi waba transmission umxokelelwane, netoti elifanayo kweevili, isihlalo lomqhubi babeqhuba ophakathi phakathi ngaphambili umphetho diff. Kwixesha elizayo, inkampani Rover waqalisa ukwenza iimoto kunye nezinye izithuthi, ukusa ku-2005, emva koko waya yimali.

Ngowe-1888, injineli Scottish John Boyd amavili Dunlop ziye ecetywayo ukusuka yerabha lithambile yaye bekhululekile ngakumbi. ikhamera ezithembekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne kunoogxa ngerabha, ngokukhawuleza wazuza ukuthandwa. Ukuba bike kweediliya kuthelekiswa i "yokuthutha ehlokomayo 'iinkuni, ngoku bekhwele baba made lula kakhulu.

isizini Golden

Nokugqama kobuchwepheshe kuphuhliso enamavili amabini ezingezo zithuthi ingqalelo iminyaka 90 kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Oku kungenxa kokufika enyovwayo waqhekeza kunye isixhobo uhanjiso simahla, nto leyo livunyelwe ukuba emoto ngokungeyomfuneko. Kungekudala kwafika wagaleleka ngesandla, kodwa usebenziso lwayo elikhulu yaqala kamva.

uhlobo bike ukusonga yokuqala yenziwe-1878, kwaye kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo ceba izakhiwo aluminium. A imoto ihamba, leyo inga siwa kwi ukuxoka bulala, lwasungulwa 1895. Le kwako ubizwa ngokuba "rikambent". imveliso yawo mass ngaphakathi emva ntetho yenkampani kwiminyaka embalwa wayenza "Peugeot".

Yintoni eye yatshintsha kwinkulungwane yama-20?

Indawo yakade isithuthuthu yeplanga ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, wanyamalala kudala. Ngowe-1915, kwakukho imifuziselo zixhotyiswe nge nokumiswa diff. injongo yazo - ukusebenzisa iimfuno umkhosi Italian. Emva kweminyaka elishumi, kubonakala isixhobo ethwele uhlobo ibhola, hub multispeed, i swa indlela ibandla, umlawuli Velocity nangenxa yezinto drive kwaye umbhobho intsimbi kunye kusisithintelo ngonyawo.

gearshifts okuqala kude ogqibeleleyo. Zixhonywe sprocket ivili langasemva ezizodwa macala omabini. Ukuvula isantya, kwakudingeka ukuba ayeke izixhobo, susa babuye kwevili. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukulungisa indawo yobunzima kumphathi wesekethe.

Imbali yanamhlanje kuphuhliso hlayisekile

A gear zomhlaba esebenza kwase wecebo shift mihla lwasungulwa 1903, kodwa ukusasazeka waba phantse-30 kwiminyaka kamva. A ukulungiswa kakhulu lwakutshanje iswitshi lweentlawulo ezenziwa webhayisikile Italian Tullio Campagnolo (1950), owathi kamva waba ngumenzi velomashin ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Ngomnyaka 74th kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, kukho imifuziselo Bikes ezenziwe titanium, kancinane emva koko - le carbon fiber. ikhompyutha Special ukulandelela umthwalo parameters, uqina kunye nexesha, baphume 1983.

ibhayisikili kuphelile ukuvuna impumelelo, ngenxa yokunqongophala ezizezinye. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ke ukuthandwa engazinzanga ubuchwepheshe ingqalelo. Oku ezinxulumene ne kuphuhliso lwamashisini neemoto wayila ezincane, izithuthuthu. Fashion for velomashiny walilungisa, sibulela kakhulu ukuba Ukukhuthaza indlela yokuphila esempilweni kunye nokukhuselwa kwenkqubo eziphilayo. Isithuthi iphambili ngoku amaninzi kusetyenziswa abahlali ibhayisekile yamazwe aseYurophu. Abasebenzisi abaninzi esebenzayo zithathwa ngabahlali Denmark kunye Netherlands. I-avareji Dane ekhwela ibhayisekile malunga 900 km ngonyaka, ummi Netherlands - 850 km. EJamani Belgium, babengama-km 300. izixhobo ngaphantsi isetyenziswa e Southern Europe. Umzekelo, i-avareji yaseSpain weyisayo yakhe kweekhilomitha ezingama-20 kuphela.

iimpawu

imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ejolise ekuphuhliseni velostroeniya ivumela ithandwe le fomu izithuthi, ukuphucula impilo yoluntu, sizani izitrato usembindini kwezithuthi enzima ekulondolozeni imvelo. E China, India kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi, le ibhayisekile uthathwa iindlela eziphambili zokuhamba. Oku kungenxa uphume yayo ezitratweni ezivaliweyo nokufikeleleka nangokwemali. Kubekho amatyala ukuba abasemagunyeni Akuvumelekanga intshukumo kule hlobo bugcisa, ukuze singazibambezeli sicatshulwa kwezithuthi. Umzekelo, e Shanghai (2003) wavalwa iinyanga eziliqela.

ulwazi olunomdla

Ngezantsi ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla onxulumene imbali kweeyunithi enamavili amabini ngaphandle Motors:

• Bike ngaphandle ihamba lasungulwa 1814, yenziwe ngomthi, ukuhamba kuyo kuba, ukususela iinyawo zehlabathi.
• Ugqatso ibhayisekile yokuqala yaqhutyelwa namadlelo Paris (umgama waba iikhilomitha-2 ngo-1868).
• Ubunzima model Russian kunye drive chain yaqala ukubonakala ngo-1880.
• Isisombululo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso ibhayisekile beza ngo-1884. A wezilwanyana evela eSkotlani Dunlop owavela ivili ukuyilandela. Ekuqaleni, wazama ukuba bazalise ngamanzi, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu kwisantya. Emva koko, umakhi yavuthela umoya waza wenza vana okhethekileyo ukunqanda umva umxube kwimveliso.
• The main bicycle umenzi mihla China, kuba iqulathe uninzi lwamaziko (malunga ne-95% yemveliso).

nendlela yokukhetha

Xa okujikeleza ngokukhetha kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo inani yemida. Okokuqala, kufuneka isigqibo kwindawo intshukumo engundoqo (isixeko okanye indlela ilizwe). Okwesibini, kufuneka ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo ubudala ngesondo yomnini. Ngaphezu koko, isakhelo kufuneka ukuthelekisa ubude kunye nobunzima umntu. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke ezi zinto, uyakwazi ukufumana iteknoloji enamavili amabini, ukubonelela ukhuseleko, ukuthembeka kunye nentuthuzelo intshukumo.

Zeziphi iintlobo hlayisekile mihla?

enamavili Vintage ngoku unokufumana kuphela imyuziyam. nabalingani Modern kungenziwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

1. model entabeni. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba ukuhamba zimbi, iintaba kunye indlela. Izilungiso lomgangatho olu hlobo zithathwa ukuba ibe yeyona ethandwa, ethembekileyo, anamandla ixesha elide. Ezinye iinguqulelo baxhotyiswa iperi absorbers kukothuka (zibe ezimbini). Nangona le moto kuba nzima ngaphezu ukwahluka eziqhelekileyo, ibonisa kakhulu xa eqhuba ngayo imiphezulu kolwabelo olungalinganiyo.
2. Road racing amabhayisikili ukuchwetheza. Ezi amavili wenze lula abe enedayamitha ezinkulu kunye emoto emxinwa. Le modeli baxhotyiswe phantsi kweevili ezijikelezayo, avumele umqhubi ukuba uziphathe ngendlela kwindawo ashukimisayo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe intsebenzo isantya.
3. ezahlukeneyo Mixed. Ezi Bikes oludibanisa iimpawu ezona analogue kulapha ngasentla, oko ijolise ukuqhuba ngaphandle kwedolophu kunye kuyo, kodwa musa ukuthetha namalungu beentlanga zemidlalo.

ngenxa

Uphuhliso technology weebhayisekile kwenzeka kwinkulungwane ngaphezu kwesinye. Kuphuhliso kunye nokudalwa esi sixhobo kubekho ezininzi abaqambi kunye neengcibi. Ngenxa yoko, ibhayisekile ayizange zokuzonwabisa nje, kunye isithuthi ngokupheleleyo.