LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi: idabi engundoqo. War World Marine Lokuqala ukulwa

The First World War - ngelinye lalawo kwimbali yoluntu. impi yaqala ngo-1914 kunye swayi kubulawa. Juni 28 iTshawe Franz uFerdinand wabulawa abagrogrisi, umfundi ovela Bosnia. Oku kwabangela ndlongo eYurophu, ekulweni retracts amazwe ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngenxa yemfazwe emphaya ezine ongekho ebusweni bomhlaba, wabulala amajoni million 10 namadindala, bancwine abahlatyiweyo kahlanu ngaphezulu. Ubunzima kunye nabantu labanobungqwangangqwili khumbula leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. iimfazwe ezinkulu 'sokuhluza' yaseYurophu kunye namhlanje bagwayimbile ngokobubanzi bawo kwaye zibe zikhulu.

Tannenbergskaya operation

Xa ngenye indlela, ikwabizwa ngokuba Idabi Grunwald. Ngexesha le mpi kwimpuma Prussia wavuma amajoni Russian, umkhosi lokuqala nolo lukwizinga lesibini, apho kwakukho amajoni 250 lamawaka, yaye umkhosi waseJamani namajoni angama-200,000.

ingxabano rhoqo kunye nokungabikho nolungelelaniso ngaphakathi amajoni Russian kwakhokelela ukuba amaqela yonke ziqhekekile kwaye kakubi umva. Ngenxa yoko, kwafa amajoni amaninzi zesiqhelo. Iilahleko kwicala Russian baba wanda: 150-200 lamawaka, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba phantse 2/3 we-mali iyonke ngokusekelwe kummandla emkhosini. IJamani yayeka 50,000 kwizifundo zakhe, owalwa phantsi kweflegi yayo.

Russian umkhosi Tannenbergskoy operation ayiphumelelanga. Kwaye oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba amaJamani akwazi ukuba batshintshele ukusekelwa ezibalulekileyo Western Front. Ngelo xesha linye advance emsinya eentloko ezaxhobela Russian waseJamani Wayixakaxa namahlakani yamajoni Austria-Hungarian. Bengathabathanga nto kuzo Prussia, baphulukana elinye idabi ebalulekileyo, Galician, nto leyo nayo idume leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. idabi Main kwakhona ziquka umlo kuluhlu yegazi zabo.

impi Compostela

Kwathi ehlotyeni, ngo-Agasti 1914. Inqanaba engundoqo yawa ekuqaleni kwale nyanga. Ngokweerekhodi ezikoovimba zembali, beza kunye imikhosi Russian kunye Austria-Hungarian ngamanani alinganayo; ezivela macala omabini bathatha inxaxheba iimfazwe 4 Army.

iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I zisekhusini yaye ezi ukulwa, esenzeka kufuphi eLviv, Galic kunye Lublin, phezu intsimi Ukrainian-Polish. Bayahlelwa idabi Galician kokuvalelwa xa Russian Tarnavka kufuphi waziqhekeza waza waqalisa ukuya phambili. Oku kwanefuthe kakhulu ikhondo iziganeko abe ikhadi inqala ukuze afumane uloyiso athandwayo.

yi ilahleko idabi Galician kuBukhosi Austria-Hungarian baba omkhulu: amajoni 325.000. Yaba eyesithathu imikhosi Empire kwi-Eastern Front. Emva koko, lo kwenze le ukoyiswa oluvakele amanyathelo emkhosini. Yena ayikwazanga ukuma emva kuvuthelwa lityumza, kunye imibulelo kuphela uncedo amaJamani yaphumelela kangangesandla sempumelelo ezincinane.

ukulwa Sarykamysh

Ethetha iimfazwe eziyintloko iMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic (ngoko wambizela phambi kokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II), ndingasathethi, yaye lo msebenzi. It Zazikhuphisana Russia kunye Turkey kwi olwandulela esitsha 1915. Nangona umyalelo Turkish sele ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso wengcibi: ukuba bambambe Karas abatshabalalise ngokupheleleyo umkhosi eCaucasus.

amajoni Crescent babenyuka. Russian zaye ekuhambeni Sarikamis, kodwa baqhubeka bamba phantsi imikhosi eziphambili yotshaba ukuthintela inkqubela yalo. Oqhele imozulu onomoya, kubachasi babo akazange eme ebusika ngqwabalala. Ukususela kuneqabaka kakhulu nezitshi kwekhephu ngemini nje babulalana amashumi amawaka amajoni Turkish.

Russian ngeli xesha walinda, leyo isigqibo esifanelekileyo. weza Kungekudala ukusekelwa Sarykamysh, waza woyiswa Crescent umkhosi. Xa zizonke, lo msebenzi yabulala abantu abamalunga ne-100 lamawaka. Idabi enkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi nokubonelela kule mfazwe, kuba oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga: imeko eCaucasus sele izinzisiwe, kwaye yokunqanda ibange Russian ekrakra - Turkey.

Brusilov ekhubekisayo

iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi 1, hayi ngaphandle isibindi kunye nezakhono zobuchule Jikelele Brusilov. Ngehlobo lowe-2016 phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe i-Russian wasityhobozela kwi-South-Western Front. Umkhosi Austria-Hungarian baphulukana amajoni amaninzi kunye namagosa. Lo mzobo ngobambana - 1.5 million ofileyo.

Russian esaphethe Bukovina kunye Compostela. Oku kwashiya amaJamani ukomeleza indawo yayo apha, ngokuzisa ukuya kwindawo imikhosi ezongezelelweyo ukusuka Front Koloni. Ngaphandle koku, emanyene Russia yalomeleza kule ndawo, i Entente nayo ubuye eRomania, nto leyo inxenye Union.

amabutho Russian kwakhona aphoswe eninzi amaqhawe anobukroti. Kwaye ke kweli lizwe wabhengeza ukuba siphinde badibane, nokukhuthaza matyendyana ukuba bazalise izintlu sisazama zomkhosi. hambisa Lo rhulumente athandwe ukuba avuse nokuxakaniseka abantu abaqhelekileyo. Abantu abayi kuba 'zefula kunaso ", ngokuba akukho endala okanye bakwam bayasinda leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Main ukulwa ibonisa ukuba kukho ilahleko ezininzi ukusuka kokubini Russian kunye inxalenye kubachasi babo.

Kerensky ekhubekisayo

Ngowe-1917, i-iiBolsheviks wabhukuqa ukumkani, ngoko ke ikhondo elizayo imfazwe isuke ziziganeko yotshintsho olululo kwilizwe. ekhubekisayo Russian yaqala ngoJuni 1917, kodwa emveni kweentsuku ezimbini sokuhambisa esebenzayo phambili evele wayeka. Amajoni babecinga ukuba oku ngokwaneleyo, baza benza ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wabo engcwele.

I-Amathole kwakhona wala ukuba eme phakathi ngaphambili. Lo mbhodamo nokungathobeli jikelele kwenzeka nxamnye ulungelane nemeko defections rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba revolution. iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I andizange ndibone ubunzima obunjalo isiphithiphithi panic phakathi kwabasebenzi emkhosini.

Ngeli xesha, sibambe le meko, iJamani yahlasela nizihlabe inxalenye Russian imeko endala. Xa Russian Army Yomelela ukhaliphe kwaphela tu amandla elilungelelanisiweyo. Germany engasekho ukoyika umchasi yakhe yaye ulawulwe ukomeleza kuwo onke amanqanaba. Russian kwafuneka ukuba bagqibe i Brest uxolo, ezimbi kuye nokuthotywa kwilizwe lethu.

"Goeben" yaye "Breslau"

amadabi Naval ye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwakhona ebetha yandile yayo. Ukususela ekuqaleni amaqela amadabi ukuba impi wasondela ingqalelo kuLwandle lweMeditera. Yaba alicandelo elibalulekileyo ukuthuthwa umkhosi, French ngakumbi. Kwathi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa amajoni abo amanzi Mediterranean, France kwafuneka ukuba atshabalalise Cruiser isiJamani "Goeben" yaye "Breslau", nto leyo bendihamba kufuphi nonxweme ESardinia.

Ngo-Agasti 1914, inqanawa waseJamani ababini badubule amazibuko eAlgeria amabombo eConstantinople. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uzama imikhosi yaseBritani, kodwa iinqanawa aseJamani bafika eLwandle Marmara. Emva wokujoyina fleet Turkish, "Goeben" yaye "Breslau" uyagxothwa kwi isikhundla Russian kuLwandle Black. Buyatshintsha lokuqhubeka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Russia wathi imfazwe kwi Turkey, lo gama imikhosi yaseBritani kwaye French baqalisa kwafa i iDardanelles. Baziva ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba Nokwethisa Austria namahlakani eJamani. izithuthi Anglo-French ngokuphindaphindiweyo sawela eAdriya, enethemba zokucwangcisa iinqanawa Austrian, kodwa akukhange isiphumo oyifunayo.

Operation "iDardanelles"

Elinye idabi enkulu yomkhosi wamanzi, wolula ngexesha lonke 1915. Eli phulo zibandakanya iwuthimbe lo kwiStraits kunye ukugaleleka emhlabeni Anglo-French. Kodwa kwiimeko ezingalindelekanga luphawulwa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. iimfazwe ezinkulu azisoloko ukuhamba kunye nesicwangciso, ngamanye amaxesha msebenzi ayiphumelelanga. Kwenzeka loo nto kanye kunye nesicwangciso-qhinga ebizwa ngokuba "iDardanelles". Macala balahlekelwa emikhulu: kwi umkhosi Turkish, phantse amajoni 200 000 balimala, Amanyeneyo - amawaka 150. Kukuba kwabafileyo ababuleweyo, kunye elishiyiweyo.

NgoMeyi, i Entente wajoyina Italy. Kwangaxeshanye, ngwenya aseJamani bakwazi ukungena kummandla lweMeditera. Bakwazi ukucwila iimpahla zorhwebo 100 ngoxa kokulahlekelwa kuphela neeyunithi zakhe. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona ngoncedo eItali, Amanyeneyo kwiphulo elwandle ka-1915 usilele ukufezekisa ukugqwesa. I-plus kuphela ngobungxamo yomkhosi yaseSerbia, nto leyo ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli imikhosi utshaba ekwindla.

Umlo kwi koLwandle iBaltic

Le phesheya kolwandle kuthiwa aphakamileyo. The First World War, iimfazwe ezinkulu zenzeka nje kuphela mhlaba kodwa phezu kwamanzi, musa babheje kuLwandle lweBaltic. I-British wayekholelwa fleet Russian ediniwe emva kwemfazwe Russian-Japanese, ngoko musa ukubala kuncedo lwakhe. Baltic eyayihamba kuphela imikhumbi emidala.

Kodwa ngoAgasti 1914, kukho isiganeko ezichaphazela indlela kwemfazwe kulo ulwandle enoxolo engenanxunguphalo. Cruiser isiJamani "yaseMagdeburg" wabaleka bangeyela Gulf of Finland. Kungekudala bambamba Russian. Bafumana incwadi uphawu wenqanawa, wayinika British - yona idlale indima enkulu xa ukuxelwa cipher yomkhosi eJamani. Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi, i namahlakani cranked iqela imisebenzi ngempumelelo.

Le yinxalenye kuphela iimfazwe ezinkulu ixesha. Kwaye kwakukho abaninzi kangaka. iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iitshathi, iitafile kunye nemisebenzi imizobo, ukuziphatha kwabo eneenkcukacha ochazwe namhlanje kwiincwadi zembali. Ukufunda kubo, siye siqonde indlela anegazi baqalisa belo xesha, yaye oko kwabuchaphazela njani ziyahlelwa kumazwe amaninzi kuwo.