Igalelo le mali. Irhafu kwi nabantwana kwi USSR

Phantsi irhafu kukuba ukuze ziqondwe ezamahala intlawulo ezinyanzelekileyo. Wabekwa icala ngabasemagunyeni karhulumente kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kubantu ngabanye nakwimibutho. Injongo yale Lenkongozelo yinkxaso-mali ye ukusebenza kwemfundo kamasipala okanye yoluntu. Le rhafu isenokuba ezifihlakeleyo okanye igosa. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula ezi ntlawulo evela iifizi. ukuqokelelwa kwazo ayikho simahla kwaye efunekayo ngpahmbi lokuphunyezwa eziliqela ezinegalelo kuthelekiswa izenzo ezithile. Irhafu zahlulwe ngqo nengxelo-ntetho. Umzekelo, kwi yokugqibela kuquka irhafu kwi nabantwana kwi USSR. Yintoni na? Kwakutheni luyimfuneko? Ingaba kukho namhlanje, olu hlobo yokuqokelela? Ngale kamva kweli nqaku.

Iintlawulo abantu abangatshatanga Soviet

Irhafu kwi nabantwana eSoviet Union isekhona kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XX. Kwavunywa ngoNovemba 1941 ngengqibo Elawulayo of Soviet Ephakamileyo. Kodwa, ngoJulayi 1944 kwi Ndiwise "Malunga irhafu sokuqala, iintsapho ezincinane kunye nabemi elilodwa USSR" zaye zenziwa izilungiso, eya kuthi yongezwe. Ngexesha ubukho eSoviet Union, isixa-mali yi-6% yemivuzo yabantu (abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya ku-50) kunye nabafazi (iminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwezingama-45). Ezi nketho kuphela abantu abarhola imali engange ngaphantsi kwe-70 (ezi zimali eziza kurhoxiswa) kunye nabemi neholo engange ngaphantsi kwe 91 (umlinganiselo ngaphantsi Kwabonelelwa kubo). Lo mthetho wawusithi nerhafu abantu abangakwaziyo abe nosana ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo. Ukongeza, kukho irhafu nabantwana kwi USSR akazange kuhlawuliswa abazali abanabantwana ufile (okanye ingxelo ezilahlekileyo) ngexesha neemeko kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye amaqhawe eSoviet Union, kunye emkhosini kunye neentsapho zabo, nabemi ukuba amabhaso 3 Order Uzuko . Abafundi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 nazo ayichatshazelwa kule intlawulo.

1980-90s

Ukususela kwi 80s emva sibini kunyaka wokuqala ukuhlala kunye kufumana kwirhafu kwi nabantwana. Ngenxa yoku, kwabakho nokuba yintlekisa ekufuneka azale ngoko nangoko emva kokuba betshatile. Ngokwakhe werhafu kwi nabantwana kwi USSR waba eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ukuqokelelwa amaqanda." Wathi uhlobo bayeka intlawulo ukusukela ngomhla wokuzalwa okanye wokwamkelwa komntwana. Kodwa kwimeko kokufa ngabemi, unyana bengaba ukuphinda-anikezele kuyo. Eku- 90 ephakathi ukuya kubantu Soviet, ingeniso ogama engange ngaphantsi kwama-150, umlinganiselo liye lancipha. Ukususela ngowoku-1 Januwari kunyaka ozayo sele sivunyiwe akuthethi angarhafisa irhafu kwi abasetyhini abangenayo abantwana, kodwa ingatshatanga. Ukususela ngo-1992, kwacetywa ukurhoxisa indibano kunye namadoda, naye watshata, kodwa akazange abe nawuphi na umntwana. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1993 obekumele ukuba ayeke kuhlawulisa irhafu kwi nabantwana kwi USSR kunye sokuqala. Ecwangcisiweyo ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo olu hlobo yokuqokelela. Xa uyekwa irhafu kwi nabantwana? Umhla elisesikweni ngoJanuwari 1992, xa kwawa yiSoviet Union zenzeka.

Njani na ulwabiwo namhlanje?

Kungoku nje, irhafu Russian kwi nabantwana hlobo akakho, kodwa de facto ukuqokelelwa oku kwenziwe. Njengoko usazi, wonke umntu osebenza eRashiya inyanzelekile ukuba axhuzule emvuzweni wabo ipesenti ethile-mali karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, nangenxa yomthetho, intlawulo iza kuba 1,400 engange ngenyanga abantwana omnye okanye ababini, umntwana wesithathu (yaye kamva), eli nani 3000 engange. Ukuba usapho azithabathele na umntwana okhubazekileyo, isixa engange 3,000 kulungisiwe. Izinga le-13%. wokutsalwa Standard ukuba irhafu yengeniso namhlanje - kukuthi, ukusa kumkhamo othile, irhafu efanayo nabantwana kwi USSR. Ummi ngubani na omnye umntwana uya kuhlawula malunga 200 engange ngaphantsi kwe umntu, apho intsapho akanalo nomntwana omnye.

Yaye kuthekani kwamanye amazwe?

Qaphela ukuba olu hlobo iye yaziswa eRoma yamandulo. Kwaye eBulgaria ngo-1909, uye waqalisa intsimi yalo elinokutsalwa lezidanga zokuqala. Ngo-2010, umongameli Ukraine ukuba uthethe masekela ye Ternopil City Council kunye nokuhlelwa ukubuyisela irhafu nabantwana e Ukraine (kunye namadoda kuphela), kodwa zange yaxoxwa isindululo. Noko ke, ngo-Februwari 2012, i-akhawunti iye yangeniswa ukuze ziqwalaselwe, iceba zahlule irhafu yengeniso, kuxhomekeka kwinani labantwana abathe baye banesifo kubemi.