Ifiziyo yombane: inkcazelo, iimvavanyo, iyunithi yokulinganisa

I-physics yombane yintoni ngamnye kuthi kufuneka ajamelane nayo. Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela iingqiqo ezisisiseko ezihambelana nayo.

Yintoni umbane? Ngomntu ongenamntu, udibaniswa nombane wombane okanye ngokutya amandla okutya iTV kunye nomatshini wokuhlamba. Uyazi ukuba izithuthi zombane zisebenzisa amandla kagesi. Yintoni enye ayenokuyithethayo? Ngokuxhomekeka kwethu kumbane, kukukhumbuza imigca yamandla. Omnye uya kuba nako ukunika imizekelo emininzi.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ezininzi, ezingekho ngokucacileyo, kodwa iziganeko zemihla ngemihla zihlangene nombane. Ngabo bonke siqaliswa yi-physics. Ugesi (imisebenzi, iinkcazo kunye namafomula) siqala ukufunda esikolweni. Kwaye sifunda izinto ezininzi ezithakazelisayo. Kubonakala ukuba intliziyo yokubetha, umgijimi ogijima, umntwana olele kunye nentlanzi ehambayo-konke kuvelisa amandla kagesi.

Iifowuni kunye neeponononi

Masichaze iingcamango ezisisiseko. Ukusuka kwimbono yenzululwazi, i-physics yombane ihambelana nokunyuka kwee-elektroni kunye nezinye iindidi ezifakwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukuqonda kwenzululwazi yemeko yesiganeko sinomdla kuthi kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lolwazi malunga nama-athomu kunye neengxenye ze-subatomic. Isihluthulelo sale nkcazelo yi-electron encinci. Ama-athomu kwanoma yiphi into equlethe enye okanye i-elektronon ehamba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezijikeleze i-nucleus nje ngeeplanethi ezijikeleza nge-Sun. Ngokuqhelekileyo inani lee-electron kwi-athomu lilingana nenani leeponononi kwi-nucleus. Nangona kunjalo, iiproton, eziba zikhulu kunama-electron, zinokuthi zithathwa njengeziko eliphakathi kwe-athomu. Le ndlela elula kakhulu ye-athomu isele ngokwaneleyo ukuchaza izinto ezisisiseko ezifana ne-physics yombane.

Yintoni enye endiyidingayo ukuba ndiyazi? Iifowuni kunye neeponononi zineentlawulo ezifanayo zombane (kodwa zibonakaliswe ngophawu oluhlukileyo), ngoko zithandwa omnye komnye. Umrhumo weproton ulungile, kwaye umrhumo we-electron awubi. I-athomu enee-electron ezingaphantsi kunexesha eliqhelekileyo libizwa ngokuba yi-ion. Ukuba akukho zaneleyo kwi-athomu, kuthiwa yi-ion efanelekileyo. Ukuba iqulethe ukudlula kwabo, kuthiwa i-negative ion.

Xa i-elektronta ishiya i-athomu, ithola ityala elithile elihle. I-electron, engenakho into echasene nayo-iproton, inokuya kwenye i-athomu, okanye ibuyele kwi-yangaphambili.

Kutheni ama-electron ehamba nama-athomu?

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zezi. Into eqhelekileyo kukuba ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-pulse ukukhanya okanye enye i-electron yangaphandle, i-electron ehambayo kwi-athomu inokukhutshwa ngaphandle kwayo. Ukushisa kubangela iathothi ukuba iqhube ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-electron ziyakhupha ngaphandle kwe-athomu yazo. Kwiimpendulo zamakhemikhali, nazo ziyahamba ukusuka kwi-athomu ukuya kwi-athomu.

Umzekelo omhle wobudlelwane phakathi kweekhemikhali nomsebenzi wombane usinika isisu. Imigu yabo iyancitshiswa ngenyathelo lombonakalo wombane ovela kwinkqubo yenzwa. Ukusebenza kwamandla okomandla kukhuthaza ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Ziyona ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwemisipha. Izibonakaliso zombane zangaphandle zivame ukusetyenziswa ukuvuselela umsebenzi we-muscle.

Ukuqhuba

Kwezinye izinto, ii-electron phantsi kwezenzo zentsimi yombane wangaphandle zihamba ngokukhululekile kunabanye. Kuthiwa ukuba izinto ezinjalo ziqhuba kakuhle. Babizwa ngokuba ngabaqhubi. Ezi zibandakanya ubuninzi bensimbi, i-gases evuthayo kunye nezinye iirwelo. Umlilo, i-raber, ioli, i-polyethylene kunye neglasi ayifuni kakuhle umbane. Zibizwa ngokuba yi-dielectrics kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukufaka abaqhubi abalungileyo. Izibhengezi ezifanelekileyo (ngokupheleleyo ezingekhoyo ukuqhuba kwangoku) azikho. Ngaphansi kweemeko ezithile, ii-electron ziyakususwa nakweyiphi i-athomu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo le miqathango kunzima ukuzalisekisa loo ngcamango, izinto ezinjalo zingabonwa njengento engenziyo.

Ukuqhelana naloo nzu lulwazi njenge- physics (icandelo elithi "uMbane"), sifunda ukuba kukho iqela elikhethekileyo lezinto. Aba ngaba semiconductors. Ziziphatha njengenxalenye ye-dielectrics, kwaye inxenye njengabaqhubi. Ezi ziquka, ngokukodwa, i-germanium, i-silicon, i-oxide ye-copper. Ngenxa yeepropati zayo, i-semiconductor ifumana izicelo ezininzi. Umzekelo, unokusebenza njengombane wegesi: njengebhayisiki yevili yebhayisiki, ivumela ukuba iindleko zihambe kuphela kwicala elinye. Ezi zixhobo zibizwa ngokuba zizilungisi. Zisetyenziswe kwiimfono zomsakazo omncinci, kunye nezityalo ezinkulu ukuguqula ii-AC ukuya kwi-DC.

Ukushisa kuyindlela ekhutshulayo yokunyuka kwama-molecule okanye i-athomu, kwaye izinga lokushisa lunomlinganiselo wobunzima balo mqhutyelwano (ubuninzi bezinyithi kunye nokuhla kweqondo lokushisa, ukunyakaza kwama-electron kukhululeka). Oku kuthetha ukuba ukumelana nokuhamba ngokukhululeka kwama-electron kunciphisa ukushisa okunciphisa. Ngamanye amagama, ukuqhutyelwa kweetroniki kwanda.

Uqeqesho oluphezulu

Kwezinye izinto, kwiqondo eliphantsi kakhulu, ukuxhathisa ukuhamba kwee-electrons kuyanyamalala ngokupheleleyo, kwaye i-electrons, ukuba iqalile isilumkiso, qhubela phambili ngokungenamkhawulo. Le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba yi-superconductivity. Kwiqondo lokushisa kwamadidi amanani angaphezu kwe-zero (-273 ° C), kubonakala kwizinyithi ezifana ne-tin, i-lead, aluminium kunye ne-niobium.

Abavelisi Van de Graaf

Ikharityhulam yesikolo iquka uvavanyo oluninzi lombane. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezivelisi, enye enye esinokuyichazela ngokubanzi. I-generator yeVan de Graaf isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izivalo ze-ultrahigh. Ukuba into equlethe ion i-positive ibeke ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kweso sitsha, ngoko kwi-intla yangaphakathi yecandelo lokugqibela liya kubakho i-electrons, kunye nangaphandle-inombolo efanayo ye-ions ezilungileyo. Ukuba ngoku sithinta indawo yangaphakathi yento ehlawulweyo, zonke ii-electrons zamahhala ziya kudlula kuwo. Ngaphandle, kunjalo, iindleko ezilungileyo zihlala.

Kwi-Van de Graaf jeneretha, i ions ezichanekileyo ezisuka kumthombo zisetyenziselwa ibhanti yokuthutha idlula ngaphakathi kwiplastiki. Itheyipu idityaniswe kummandla ongaphakathi wendawo ngokusebenzisa umqhubi ngendlela yekhefu. Iifowuni ziphuma kummandla wangaphakathi wendawo. Ngaphandle, ion positive zivela. Isiphumo sinokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa ii-generators ezimbini.

Okombane ngoku

Kwikhosi yesikolo ye-physics kukho into enjalo njengombane wamandla kagesi. Yintoni na? Umbane wamandla ngenxa yokuhamba kweendleko zombane. Xa isibane sombane esixhunywe kwibhetri sivuliwe, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuhamba kwintambo ukusuka kwelinye ipilisi yebhetri kwisibane, emva kweenwele zakhe, kubangela ukuba kukhanye, kwaye ubuyele emva kwefayile yesibini kwenye ipolisi yebhetri. Ukuba ishintsho siphendukile, isiphaluka iya kuvula - ngoku iyakumisa kwaye isibane siya kuphuma.

Ukuhambelana kwama-electron

Okwangoku kwiimeko ezininzi kukho ukunyakaza okuthethiweyo kwee-elektrononi kwintsimbi ekhonza njengomqhubi. Kuzo zonke iziqhubi kunye nezinye izinto, ukunyakaza okungahleliyo kubakho rhoqo, nangona ikhoyo ngoku ingaqhubi. Iifowuni kwimiba ingaba yinto ekhululekile okanye iboshwe ngamandla. Abaqhubi abalungileyo banamaconfoni akhululekileyo anokuhamba. Kodwa kuma-conductor abampofu, okanye i-insulators, ininzi yale maqhekeza axhomekeke ngokukhawulezileyo kunye nama-athomu, okuphazamisa ukuhamba kwawo.

Ngamanye amaxesha indlela engokwemvelo okanye yokwenza umqhubi idala ukunyakaza kwama-electron ngendlela ethile. Olu phawu lubizwa ngokuba ngumbane wamandla. Ilinganiswa ngokukhupha (A). Iimpahla zanamhlanje nazo zingaba ion (kwiigesi okanye izixazululo) kunye "nezimbobo" (ukungabikho kwee-elektrononi kwezinye iindidi zee-semiconductors, eziziphatha njengeziphathamandla eziphathekayo ezikhoyo ngoku.) Ukuze unyanzele iifowuni ukuba zihambe kwelinye icala okanye enye, kunyanzela amandla. Imithombo yalo ingaba: ukukhanya kwelanga, iziphumo zamagnetic kunye neempendulo zamakhemikhali, ezinye zazo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane wamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo kule njongo: i-generator isebenzise imiphumo emangalisayo, kwaye I-Element (ibhetri), isenzo esenziwa ngenxa yeempendulo zamakhemikhali. Ezi zixhobo zombini, ukudala amandla e-electromotive (EMF), bangela ukuba ii-electron zihambe ngendlela enye kunye neesekethe. Ubukhulu be-EMF bubalwa kwi-volts (V).

Ubukhulu be-EMF kunye namandla anje ahambelana nomnye njengomxinzelelo kunye nokuhamba kumanzi. Amabhobho amanzi ahlala ezele ngamanzi phantsi kwengcinezelo ethile, kodwa amanzi aqala ukugeleza kuphela xa iphepu ivuliwe.

Ngokufanayo, isiphaluka zombane sinokuxhumeka kumthombo we-EMF, kodwa okwangoku kuyo ayiyi kuqhutyelwa kude kube yindlela eya kudalwa apho i-electron ihamba khona. Bangakwazi ukuba, bathi, isibane sombane okanye i-vacuum cleaner, umgca apha udlala indima yempompo "ekhupha" yangoku.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanje kunye nombane

Njengoko umbane wesiphaluka uphuma, okwangoku kwanda. Ukufunda ikhosi ye-physics, sifunda ukuba izijikelezo zombane zenziwa ngamacandelo amaninzi ahlukeneyo: ngokuqhelekileyo ngumatshini, abaqhubi kunye nesixhobo ngumthengi wombane. Bonke, bexhunyiwe kunye, bangela ukuchasana nombane wamandla, apho (phantsi komqathango wokushisa rhoqo) kwezi zixhobo azitshintshi ngexesha, kodwa ngamnye uhlukile. Ngoko ke, ukuba i-voltage efanayo isetyenziselwa kwi-bulb yokukhanya kunye nentsimbi, ukuhamba kwee-elektrons kuzo zonke izixhobo kuya kuhlukile, kuba ukulwa kwabo kuyahluke. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhamba okwenzeka kwinqanaba elithile lesekethe alinqunyelwe kuphela ngombane, kodwa nangokumelana nabaqhubi kunye nezixhobo.

Umthetho ka Ohm

Ubungakanani bokuxhatshazwa kombane lulinganiswa kwi-ohms (Ohms) kwisayensi ezifana ne-physics. Umbane (amafomula, iinkcazo, iimvavanyo) sisihloko esikhulu. Asiyi kufumana iifomula ezinzima. Ukuqala ukuqhelana nesihloko, kwanele ukuba kwathiwa ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, ifomula enye isakulungele ukuhoxiswa. Kulula kakhulu. Kukho nawuphi na umqhubi okanye inkqubo yoqhubi kunye nezixhobo, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwamandla, ukusukela kunye nokuchaswa kunikezwa ngu-formula: i-voltage = yangoku x ukumelana. Oku kukubonakaliswa kwemathemiselo yomthetho ka-Ohm, ogama linguGeorge Ohm (1787-1854), owamisa kuqala ubudlelwane bale miqathango emithathu.

I-physics yombane iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu yesayensi. Siye saqwalasela kuphela imixholo ephambili ehambelana nayo. Ufundile ukuba yintoni umbane, ukuba yenziwe njani. Siyathemba ukuba le ngcaciso iya kuba luncedo kuwe.