DC ngoku. Izijikelezi zombane zombane: ukubala

Ixesha elisoloko likhoyo iinqununu zihamba kwindlela elithile kunye nentlawulo. Ngenye indlela, ngoku kungathiwa ngamanani anjengoku nje okanye i-voltage, ezihlala zihlala zimbini kunye nexabiso.

Cinga iimpawu zayo, isicelo, kunye nezijikelezo zombane ezikhoyo ngoku. Makhe siphendule le mibuzo, ukuba isiphaluthi sombane siphando, njengoko kubalwa kwabanye.

Ukusuka kunye kunye nokunciphisa okanye ngokuphambeneyo?

Kulo mthombo, ii-electron zihamba ukusuka kwixabiso elincinci ukuya kwixabiso elongezelelweyo. Nangona wonke umntu uyazi oku, ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa njengesilathiso esivela kwi-plus to minus. Ndiyambuza ukuba kutheni? Siyacaciswa ukuba oku kwenzekayo ngaphambili. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene? Emva koko, le "ngembali" yenziwa ngexesha elithile elingabalulekanga.

Imithetho ephambili yobunjineli bombane isebenza ngoku rhoqo: Umthetho ka-Ohm kunye nemithetho kaKirchhoff. Okwangoku ibizwa ngokuba yi-galvanic ngaphambili, njengoko bayifumene ngayo ngenxa yempendulo ye-galvanic. Xa ukuqala kombane kuqaliswe ukuqhutyelwa ezindlwini, kwakukhona ingxoxo enzima malunga naluphi uhlobo lwangoku ukungena: ukuhlala rhoqo okanye okungafaniyo. "Imfazwe" yaphumelela okwesibini, kuba yayingabizi. Kulula kakhulu ukudlulisa imida emide ngenxa yokuguquka lula.

Unokufumana njani ngoku ngokuthe ngqo

Kodwa ngoku ngokuthe ngqo akuzange kuphele ukusetyenziswa. Izijikelezo zombane zeDkt zifumaneka, umzekelo, kwiibhetri.

Okwangoku kuveliswa ngokufakelwa kwe-electromagnetic, emva koko umqokeleli ulungiswa. Ukuphendula okunjalo kuvelisa i-generator, apho ikhoyo ngoku ikhutshwa ngoku. Izijikelezo zombane zeDkt zingaguqulwa ukusuka kwintlobo eguquguqukayo ngabaguquleli kunye nabazilungisi.

Ububanzi besicelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi ntlobo kukhulu kakhulu. Kwiinkalo ezininzi zasekhaya, umzekelo, kwi-modem yekhompyutheni, ukuhlawula ifowuni ephathekayo, i-kettle kagesi okanye inkqubo yokutya, yi-DC. Izijikelezo zombane zeDVD zenziwe kwaye ziguqulwa kwi-generator yemoto kunye nayiphina ifowuni ephathekayo. Isebenza kuyo yonke iinjineli zoshishino, nakwamanye amazwe kwimizila yokudlulisa i-voltage. Kwaye nakwezinye izixhobo zonyango kusetyenziswa.

I-DC yangoku ikhuselekile, kuba isiganeko esibulalayo singenzeka xa ukutshitshiswa kombane kuvela kwi-300 mA, kunye nekhoyo ngoku, nakwi-50-100 mA.

Isiphaluka zombane

Unxibelelwano lunikezelwa ngamaziko onke, apho ukudluliselwa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-thermal, electromagnetic, ukukhanya kunye nolunye uhlobo lweenkcukacha zamandla. Ezi nkqubo zichazwe ngolo hlobo lwezinto zombane njenge-current and voltage.

Izinto ezisisiseko zezijikelezo zombane ezikhoyo ngoku

Izinto eziphambili ziyakwamkela kunye nemithombo yolwazi lwamandla, axhunyiwe ngabaqhubi. Kwiimithombo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla ziguqulwa zibe yombane wamandla. Kwaye kumamkeli, ngokuchaseneyo, umbane udlulela kwezinye iindidi.

Amaketanga apho ukuguqulwa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwamandla kagesi kuqhutyelwa ngexabiso eliqhubekayo lombane kunye nelo xesha, kuthiwa ngama-DC circuits. Apho inkqubo iyenzeka ngexabiso elitshintshayo - ii-AC circuits.

Ukuze ubale kwaye ufunde i-DC yombane wesiphaluka (umsebenzi webhubhorari ngokuqhelekileyo usebenza ngale njongo), isetyenziselwa isiphaluli sendawo, oko kukuthi, isiphaluka esilungelelweyo sokubala kwangempela. Ukuze uyifumane, kufuneka ubeke yonke indawo yesekethe. Iinkqubo zemizimba kufuneka zichazwe kwisichazo ngasinye semathematika.

Izinto zokuhlala

Umxhasi ungomnye wabamkeli beesekethe zombane. Ubonakaliswa ngokuchasana okusebenzayo, okulinganiselwa kwi-Ohms. Ukuxhathisa izibonelelo, okanye, njengokuba kuthiwa nazo, zisebenzayo ziyafakwa kwiisiteshini zokutshintsha ukuze ziqwalasele ukuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi ugesi kwezinye iindidi.

Ukubalwa kwezijikelezo zombane ezixakile zenziwa ngoku, ukuba ubeke ulawulo oluhle lwamaxesha onke kunye nemigodi. Khetha ukwalathiso lwe-node yabo, enokubakho okukhulu kweyona node enezinto ezincinci.

Ngoxinzelelo oluzimeleyo ukususela ngoku, umxhasi ubizwa ngokuba ngumgca, kwaye isiphaluka segesi sisisombululo esifanayo. Uphawu lwangoku-voltage lubonakaliswa ngokwemisebenzi eqhelekileyo edlula kwimvelaphi.

Xa uhlalutya ezo zijikelezo, isisombululo sokwenza lula sihlala sisetyenziswe, esiluquka ukutshintsha iindawo ezinzima zesiphaluka zombane ngokulula. Kodwa okwangoku kwaye umbane akufanele uguqulwe. Emva koko ikhonkco iya kufaka kwi-kind elula. Izinto ezinxulumene nezixhobo ezifunekayo kufuneka zilandelane kwaye ziguqulelwe ngokulandelelana.

Uxhumano lweSeri kunye noNxibelelwano olufanayo

Ngomnxeba wechungechunge kuzo zonke izinto, okwangoku kunenani elifanayo. Apha i-voltage ichazwe ngokubakho konke ukuxhatshazwa okubandakanyiweyo nguYe, oku kukuthi:

U = (R1 + R2 + RN) I = RI.

Ngoxano olufanayo, kusetshenziswe umbane oqhubekayo, kodwa okwangoku sisisombululo semirhubhe kwizinto ezithile. Ngako oko, inokumelwa njengemveliso yombane nge-conductivity efanayo yezinto ezisebenzayo. Kwaye, ngokufanayo, lilingana nesingqinisiso seendlela zokuqhuba izinto. Yiyo yinto ekhoyo ngoku.

Izicwangciso zeMDC zombane, ngaphezu koko, ziqukethe imithombo yamandla kunye nekhoyo.

Imithombo

Umbane ozimeleyo (EMF, okhoyo) ukususela kwisiphaluka sangaphandle ubizwa ngokuba ngumthombo wayo. Umthombo we-EMF (i-voltage) ulinganiswa ngephandle, oko kukuthi, apho okwangoku kusemthombo kuyinto. Kwizijikelezi zendawo, umxhasi uthatha ingqalelo ukulahlekelwa kwamandla akhuphayo avela kumthombo. Ukuba kuyona, kwaye umthombo wamanje ungaphantsi, ngumthombo ococekileyo. Okwenene ihlala iphela.

Impawu zangaphandle zilandelayo: kwimithombo ye-EMF kunye ne-voltage, ukuxhomekeka kubangelwa ukuphuma kwamanje, kunye nomthombo wamanje - ukusuka kumbane kwii-terminals.

Imithombo yangempela inezinxalenye eziqhelekileyo nezingezantsi. Makhe sicinge ngeendlela zokubala zezijikelezo zombane ezikhoyo ngoku. Zichazwe kumthetho we-Ohm we-chain epheleleyo, apho i = E / (Rh + Rbh). Emva koko u = U-RbhI. Kule ndlela ifomula, ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kunye nokuqhutywa kwangaphakathi kuvela:

• Rbh = ΔU / ΔI;
• Gbh = ΔI / ΔU.

Ukubalwa kwamasekethe ombane ongekho emgangathweni okwangoku ngoku kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kumthetho kaKirchhoff. Izindlela zokubala ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nezicwangciso ezingaqhelekanga ziyahluka. Ngoko ke, ezi zilandelayo aziqwalaselwe kwisakhelo sale nqaku.

Izixhobo zokulinganisa

Umbane wamandla wesiphaluka se -DC uqulethe imithombo. Kwaye izixhobo ezilinganisayo: i-voltmeter yokulinganisa i-voltage kwicandelo lesiphaluka kunye ne-ammeter yoxhumano olunxulumene nesiphaluka. Kuxabiso lokungqinelana nokungqinelana kwangaphakathi kunye nokuqhuba, izixhobo zilungile.

Izindlela zokubandakanya ziyaqondakala xa ziqikelelwe zichanekileyo. Umthetho ka-Ohm, R = U / I.

Siyazi ukuba izixhobo zangempela asinayo ixabiso lexabiso. Ngoko ke, zikhetho ezimbini kuphela zokubandakanywa kwazo zinokwenzeka:

• Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-voltmeter ngamaxesha amaninzi e-ammeter ekulinganiselwe-njengokuba i-voltage ehla phezu kwayo ayinciphisi ukunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa okulinganiselweyo, kwaye umbane olinganiswe yi-voltmeter kufuneka uhambelane nebala lokusebenza;
• Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kwe-voltmeter kuhambelana nokuxhatshazwa okulinganiselweyo, kwaye i-ammeter ingaphantsi kwexabiso lokulinganisa.

Uvavanyo kunye nemisebenzi yomsebenzi wokuvavanya

Ukulinganisa umbane kunye nokukhoyo, iirakhi ezihambelanayo ziyasetyenziswa. Ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kuzo kulinganiswa ngeendlela zokutshintsha.

I-voltmeter kunye ne-ammeter zingena kwibhloko ye-AB1.

Amanyathelo akhethekileyo asetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuchasana. Kwimithombo yombutho we-electromotive, ukuxhatshazwa kwangaphakathi kufuneka kususwe.

Kwimisebenzi ekhuthazwayo, ekufuneka ibe nomsebenzi wokulawula, ii-DC zombane zifundwa ngokujonga iiparitha zomthombo wombane we-electromotive, umthombo wamanje, ukulinganisa ukuxhatshazwa, ukufundela ukubandakanywa kokuxhatshazwa kweentambo kunye ne-VAC.