I-Psychology yentliziyo yomntu

I-physiology yentliziyo yimbono apho nawuphi na ugqirha kufuneka aqonde. Olu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni iiklinikhi kwaye likuvumela ukuba uqonde umsebenzi wentliziyo ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba xa kuyimfuneko, thelekisa izikhombisi xa ukukhubazeka kwesifo senhliziyo kusebenza.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi yemisipha yentliziyo?

Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba yimiphi imisebenzi yentliziyo, i- physiology yale nxalenye iya kuqondakala. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi oyintloko wentliziyo ye-muscle ukujoba igazi kwi-vein ukuya kwisiteyimu kwisilinganiso somyinge, apho kutyalwa i-gradient ingcinezelo, ebandakanya ukunyakaza kwayo okungaphazamiseki. Okokuthi, umsebenzi wenhliziyo ukubonelela ngegazi nge-message yomzimba ye-kinetic energy. Abantu abaninzi banxulumanisa i-myocardium ngepompo. Kuphela, ngokuphambene nale ndlela, intliziyo ibonakaliswe ngumkhiqizo ophezulu kunye nokukhawuleza, ukunyanzeliswa kweenkqubo ezidlulileyo kunye nomda wokukhusela. Izicubu zihlala zihlaziywa entliziyweni.

Ukujikelezwa kwegazi, izixhobo zayo

Ukuqonda umzimba wegazi ukujikeleza kweentliziyo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zokuhambisa.

Inkqubo ye-circulatory iqukethe izinto ezine: imisipha yeentliziyo, imithwalo yegazi, indlela yokulawula kunye namalungu aphantsi kwegazi. Le nkqubo inxalenye yenkqubo ye-cardiovascular system (inkqubo ye-cardiovascular also includes the lymphatic system).

Ndiyabulela kubukho beenkqubo ezikugqibela, igazi lihamba ngokukhawuleza kwiinqanawa. Kodwa apha izinto ezinjengoku: umsebenzi weentliziyo ezinjenge-"pump", umahluko kumgangatho wexinzelelo kwinkqubo ye-cardiovascular system, iiplavines zeentliziyo kunye nemivilini engavumeli ukuba igazi ligeleze, kunye nokuvalwa. Ukongezelela, ukunyaniseka kweendonga zendimbi, ingcinezelo engathandekiyo yezinto ezingenakulinganiswa, ngenxa yokuba igazi "liza" kwaye libuyele ngokukhawuleza entliziyweni ngokusebenzisa imithanjeni, kunye nobukhulu begazi, luba nefuthe. Ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwezihlunu zamathambo, igazi liqhutyelwa, ukuphefumula kuya rhoqo kwaye kunzulu, kwaye oku kubangela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo kuyancipha, umsebenzi wabanini bempahla ukwandisa, ukwandisa ukwanda kwenkqubo yesantya kunye nexesha eliphindaphindiweyo lweentsimbi zenhliziyo.

Imijikelezo yegazi

Emzimbeni womntu, kukho izijikelezo ezimbini zegazi: ezinkulu kunye ezincinci. Bonke kunye nentliziyo bayakha inkqubo yohlobo oluvaliweyo. Ukuqonda i-physiology yeentliziyo kunye nemithambo yegazi, umntu kufuneka aqonde indlela igazi elijikelezayo ngayo.

Ekude emva kuka-1553 uMnu. Servetus wachaza umjikelezo omncinci wegazi. Ivela kwi-ventricle efanelekileyo kwaye idlula kwisiqongo sepulmonary ize ifike kwimiphunga. Kusemiphakeni eyenza utshintshi lwegesi luyenzeka, ke igazi lidlula emithanjeni yomphunga uze ufike kwi-atrium ekhohlo. Siyabulela oku, i-oksijeni iyacetyiswa ngegazi. Ngaphezulu, izaliswe ngomoya, iphuma kwi- ventricle ekhohlo, apho isangqa esikhulu sisuka khona.

Ngokuphathelele isangqa esikhulu sokujikeleza kwegazi kuluntu lwaziwa ngo-1685, waza wavula iWarvey. Ngokwezizathu ze-physiology yenhliziyo kunye ne-circulatory system, igazi, elichithwa nge-oksijeni, lihamba nge-aorta, ehamba kwiinqanawa ezincinane apho zidluliselwa kwizitho kunye nezicubu. Ukutshintshiselwa kweGesi kubonakala kuzo.

Kwakhona emzimbeni womntu yi-veins engenasiphelo esezantsi neyaphantsi ephuma kwi-atrium efanelekileyo. Igazi elixhamlayo lihamba kubo, eliqukethe oksijini encinci. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngezinga elikhulu, igazi legazi lidlulayo kwiimitha, kunye negazi elikhukhulayo lidlula emithanjeni. Kwinqanaba elincinci, into echasene nayo iyinyani.

I-physiology yenhliziyo kunye nendlela yokuqhuba ngayo

Ngoku makhe sijonge kwi-physiology yenhliziyo ngokubanzi. I-Myocardium yimizimba ye-muscle, equkethe iindili ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cardiomyocytes. Ezi iiseli zihlangene kunye nexus kwaye zenze iifiber ze-muscle zenhliziyo. I-myocardium ayikho inxalenye esemgangathweni, kodwa isebenza njenge syncytium. I-Nexus ngokukhawuleza iyavuya kwiseli enye ukuya kwenye.

Ngokwe-physiology yesakhiwo senhliziyo, ezimbini iintlobo zeemisipha zikwahluke kuyo ngokwemiqathango yokusebenza, kwaye le myocardium esebenzayo kunye ne-myocardium esebenzayo, equkethe imicu ye-muscle egxininiswa ngumdlalo owenziwe ngokukhawuleza.

Izakhiwo ezisisiseko zomzimba we-myocardium

I-physiology yentliziyo ibonisa ukuba eli candelo linezixhobo ezininzi zomzimba. Kwaye oku:

• Uvuyo.
• Ukuqhuba nokusebenza okuphantsi.
• Inkcaso kunye nokunyanzela.

Ngokubhekiselele, yikhono le-muscle elixhatshazwayo ukuphendula iimpembelelo zentliziyo. Akuyonto enkulu njengemisipha efanayo. Iiseli ze-carbohydri esebenzayo zinekhono elikhulu lomlenze, elibangela ukuba impendulo yabo ibe nefuthe elikhulu.

I-physiology yenkqubo yentliziyo injalo kukuba, kuba ukuqhuba ukukhawuleza ukukhawuleza kukuncinci, i-atria kunye ne-ventricles ziqala ukudibana kunye.

I-Refractory, ngokuchaseneyo, inokubakho kwixesha elide, elinokudibanisa kunye nexesha lezenzo. Ngenxa yokuba ixesha eliphikisayo lide, i-heart muscle iyancitshiswa ngohlobo olulodwa, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kumthetho "konke okanye akukho nto."

Iifayili ze-muscle ziyi-fraythi zibonakaliswe ngokungazinzi kakuhle iimpawu zesikontrakthi, kodwa ezo zibumba zinomgangatho ophezulu weenkqubo zokuxilisa. Apha, uncedo luya kumanyitondria, umsebenzi wakhe osondele kwimisebenzi yamagqabhagqabha. I-Mitichondria yenza iimpembelelo zesibindi kwaye inika isizukulwana. Inkqubo yokuqhuba yentliziyo yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa ye-myocardium ye-atypical.

I-myocardium ye-Atypical kunye neempahla zayo ezisisiseko

• Inqanaba lokuzibhokoxa kwe-myocardium ye-atypical ingaphantsi kweemeko zesifuba, kodwa likhulu kunaloo mpawu ye-myocardium enesivumelwano. Impembelelo yentsholongwane yenziwa apha.
• I-conductivity ye-myocardium ye-atypical iyancipha ngaphezu kweemisipha zamathambo, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, iphezulu kune-myocardium enesivumelwano.
• Kwixesha elide lokugxeka, i-action potential ne-calcium ions zivela apha.
• I-myocardium ye-Atypical ibonakaliswe ngobuncinci kunye nobuchule obuncinane bokubambisana.
• Iiseli ngokwayo zenza umtsalane wamagulane (automata).

Inkqubo yokuqhuba imisipha ye-atypical

Ukufunda i-physiology yomsebenzi wenhliziyo, kufuneka kuthethwe ukuba inkqubo yokuqhuba imisipha ye-atypical iqukumbela kwinqanaba elisecaleni elingaphandle kwidonga elingemuva, emdeni ohlukanisa imithanjeni engaphezulu neyaphantsi, i-nodeticalular node, ukuthumela iimpembelelo kwii-ventricle (eziphantsi kwe-septum ye-interimrial) I-Gisa (idlula i-septriventricular septum kwi-ventricle). Elinye iqela le-muscle ye-atypical yi- fiber ye-Purkinje, amasebe ayo anikezelwa kwi-cardiomyocytes.

Kwakhona zikhona ezinye izakhiwo: iinqununu zaseKent ne-Meigail (okokuqala zihamba ngaphaya komgca we-heart muscle kwaye zidibanisa i-ventricles kunye ne-atrium, kwaye okwesibini ikhona kwizantsi le nodeji ye-atrioventricular kwaye idlulisela izibonakaliso kwiimvolumu ngaphandle kokuchukumisa iisanda zeYakhe). Siyabulela kulezi zakhiwo, xa kwenzeka ukuba i-nodeventryular node ivaliwe, iimpembelelo zisasazekayo, eziquka ukungena kolwazi olungadingekile kwisifo kwaye kubangela ukunciphisa okongezelelweyo kwisifo senhliziyo.

Yintoni umjikelezo wentliziyo?

I-physiology yemisebenzi yentliziyo yinto yokuba isithintelo senhliziyo yesifo sinokuthiwa yinkqubo yexesha elihlelekile. Ukuhlela le nkqubo kunceda inkqubo yokuqhuba yentliziyo.

Ekubeni intliziyo isenza isivumelwano, igazi lixoshwa rhoqo kwi-circulatory system. Umjikelo wentliziyo yithuba apho i-heart muscle idibanisa kwaye ivuselela. Lo mjikelo uqukethe i-syricic and syole system, kunye nekhefu. Nge-systemole ye-atrial, uxinzelelo luvela kwi-1-2 millimeters ye-mercury ukuya kuma-6-9 ukuya kuma-8-9-milimitha ye-mercury kwii-atriums ezilungileyo kunye nekhohlo, ngokulandelanayo. Ngenxa yoko, igazi liphuma kwii-ventricle ngokusebenzisa ii-oririotic orifices. Xa uxinzelelo lwama-ventricle ekhohlo kunye nolungileyo lufikelela kuma-65 kunye no-5-12 wamamitha emitha ye-mercury, ngokulandelanayo, igazi liyaxoshwa kwaye i-diastole ye-ventric ivela eyobangela ukuba ihlawule ngokukhawuleza kwingcinezelo kwi-ventricles. Oku kwandisa uxinzelelo kwiinqanawa ezinkulu, ezikhokelela ekuwa kweevilunar valves. Xa uxinzelelo kwiipriricle lihla ukuya kwi-zero, iiplavines ze-valvular ziza kuvula, kwaye isigaba siza kuqala xa i-ventricles izaliswa. Esi sigaba sigqiba i-diastole.

Yintoni ubude beemeko zomjikelezo we-muscle? Lo mbuzo unomdla abantu abaninzi abanomdla kwi-physiology yomgaqo-ntliziyo. Omnye unokuthetha into eyodwa kuphela: ubude babo bubuninzi obuninzi. Apha ubukhulu besigqithiso sesisu senhliziyo sisisombululo esinqununu. Ukuba imisebenzi yeentliziyo iyakucasula, ngoko kunye nesigqi esifanayo, ubude besigaba buyahluka.

Impawu zangaphandle zentliziyo

Imisipha yentliziyo ibonakaliswe yimpawu zangaphandle zomsebenzi wayo. Ziquka:

• Ukushiya isicatshulwa.
• Iziganeko zombane.
• Iintliziyo zentliziyo.

Imizuzu nemigangatho ye-syyolic ye-myocardium nazo zibonisa umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngelo xesha i-ventricle ihlala, intliziyo ijika ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, ishintsha isimo sokuqala se-ellipsoidal kwisigidi. Kule meko, inxalenye ephakamileyo yentliziyo ye-muscle iphakamisa kunye ne-presses kwisifuba kwisithuba se-V esenziwe nge-V kwicala lasekhohlo. Oku kubangela ukuba i-apical iqhube.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimizimba yezandi zentliziyo, kufuneka zikhankanywe ngokwahlukileyo. Iitoni ziziganeko ezivakalayo ezenzeka ngexesha lokusebenza kwentliziyo yesisu. Ngama totali, amathoni amabini aqeshwe kwintliziyo. Ithoni yokuqala i-systolic, ephawulekayo kwiimvini ze-atrioventricular. Ithoni yesibini - i-diastolic - iyenzeka xa iigufi zeplummori kunye ne-aorta zivaliwe. Itheyibhile yokuqala ide, inqabileyo kwaye ingaphantsi kwesibini. Ithoni yesibini iphezulu kwaye imfutshane.

Imithetho yomsebenzi wentliziyo

Ngokwenyani, imithetho emibini yomsebenzi wentliziyo ingahlukaniswa: umthetho wefiber cardiac kunye nomthetho weengqungquthela zesisu senhliziyo.

Owokuqala (O.Frank - E. Starling) uthi xa athe wanyula i-fibre ye-muscle, inamandla iya kuba yinto yokunciphisa. Izinga lokuxhatshazwa lichaphazeleka ngomsindo wegazi oqokelelwe entliziyweni ngexesha le-diastole. Ikhudlwana umthamo, ukunyusa okunyanisekileyo kuya kuba ngexesha le-systemole.

Okwesibini (F. Bainbridge) ithi xa uxinzelelo lwegazi kwimifuno engapheliyo (emilonyeni) landa, kukho ukwanda kwimizila kunye nobuchule bezinqamlezo zesisundu kwizinga le-reflex.

Yomibini yale mithetho isebenza ngokufanayo. Zithunyelwa kwindlela yokuzilawula, ezinceda ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi weesifo senhliziyo kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zobukho.

Ukuqwalasela i-physiology yenhliziyo emfutshane, umntu akanakunceda ukukhankanya ukuba amanye amahomoni, abalamlamli kunye namaminerari amaminerali (i-electrolytes) nayo ifuthe kumsebenzi walo mzimba. Ngokomzekelo, i-acetylchopin (umlamli) kunye nokugqithisa ion i-potassium iyanciphisa intliziyo, okwenza isigqi sinqabile, ukwenzela ukuba kubanjwe ukuboshwa kwenyama. Kwaye inani elikhulu le-i-calcium ions, i-adrenaline kunye ne-norepinephrin, ngokuchasene noko, ifake isandla ekunyuseni umsebenzi wenhliziyo kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo. I-Adrenaline, ngaphezu koko, ikhulisa iinqanawa ze-coronary, ukwenzela ukuba ukondla kwe-myocardial kuphuculwe.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lomsebenzi wentliziyo

Ngokuhambelana neemfuno zomzimba kwi-oksijini kunye nesondlo, ubukhulu kunye namandla olwaphulo lweentliziyo zomzimba ziyahlukahluka. Umsebenzi wentliziyo ulawulwa yiindlela ezikhethekileyo ze-neurohumoral.

Kodwa intliziyo ineendlela zayo zokulawula umsebenzi. Eminye yazo ihambelana ngqo neepropati ezinobumba be-myocardial. Apha, ubudlelwane buyabonwa phakathi kwamandla e-fiber contraction kunye nobukhulu besigqi sengqondo senhliziyo, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwamandla okuqhawula kunye neqondo lokuthungatha i-fiber ngexesha le-diastole.

Ipropati ye-elastic of the fibers of the myocardium, engabonakaliyo kwinkqubo yokuqhafaza ngokusebenzayo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-passive. Abathwali bezakhiwo ezinqamlekileyo bathatyathwa njenge-trophic skeleton, kunye neebhenji ze-actomyosin, ezifumaneka kwimisipha engasebenzi. I-squelette inefuthe elihle kwi-eyoxydium xa i-process sclerotic iqhubeka.

Ukuba umntu unesivumelwano sokukhangela ischemic okanye izifo ezivuthayo kwi-myocardium, ukunyuka kwesigxina kuphakama.

Umsebenzi we-cardiovascular system yinkqubo enzima. Nakuphi ukuhluleka kungaholela kwimiphumo emibi. Njalo qhagamshelana nogqirha uze ungayinaki iinqununu zakhe. Emva koko, ukuthintela eso sifo kulula ngakumbi kunokunyanga, ukuchitha imali kwiyeza ezibiza.