Ukuqulunqwa kwezixeko eziphakathi. Ukuvela nokuphuhliswa kwezixeko eziphakathi kweYurophu

Emva kokuwa kobukhosi baseNtshona Koloni eYurophu kwafika ixesha "leMinyaka emnyama". Ngeli xesha, phantse zonke iidolophu zawela ekuhleni kwaye zahlutha. Amakhosi angama-feudal bakhetha ukuhlala kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala. Ixabiso lemali kwizoqoqosho linciphile kakhulu. Iimonasteri zatshintsha izipho. Ukuba i-iron yarn yayibanjwe kwi-abbey enye, ngelixa, ngomnye, umzekelo, babela ubhiya, bathumela inxalenye yomkhiqizo omnye komnye. Abalimi bezolimo benza umsebenzi wokurhweba.

Kodwa izandla zobugcisa kunye nezohwebo zaqala ukuvuselela, okubangelwa ukubunjwa kweedolophu eziphakathi. Ezinye zazo zazakhelwa kwakhona endaweni yemigaqo-nkqubo yamandulo, ezinye zaphakama kunye neendwendwe, iibhuloho, iidolophu ezisemaphandleni kunye neendlela eziqhenqileyo.

Iidolophu zakudala kunye needolophu

Ebukumkanini baseRoma, ukwakhiwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kwenziwa ngokuhambelana nesicwangciso esivunyiwe ngaphambili. Kuzo zonke iidolophu ezinkulu kwakukho umkhosi wezemidlalo kunye nokulwa kwezemidlalo, amanzi ajikelezayo, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi. Izitrato zazizicathulo kwaye zibanzi. Ukuvela kunye nokukhula kwezixeko eziphakathi kwenzeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Bakhelwe ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kwesicwangciso esinye.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ngethuba lokuqala leMiddle Middle, izakhiwo ezininzi ze-antitique azizange zisetyenziselwe iinjongo zokuthi zakhiwa ngasese. Ngoko, amabala amaninzi aseRoma amaninzi ayefuduka abe ngamabandla angamaKristu. Kwaye ngaphakathi kweColosseum, ngqo kwi-arna, kwakha izindlu.

Indima yorhwebo

Ukuvuselelwa kweedolophu zaseYurophu kwaqala ngeItali. Uhwebo lwamaLwandle kunye neByzantium namazwe aseArabhu zaholela ekuveleni kwemali kubathengisi basePeninsula yaseApennine. Igolide yaqalisa ukuqhutyelwa kwiidolophu zase-Itali eziphakathi. Ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane bemali-mali kwatshintshe indlela yobomi baseMntla-Mediterranean. Endaweni yokulima, xa iinjongo ze-feudal zizimela ngokuzimela zonke izinto eziyimfuneko, udidi lwezithili lwalusondele.

Uphuhliso lobugcisa

Urhwebo lunefuthe eliphambili ekubunjweni kwezixeko eziphakathi. I-urban craft yaba yindlela epheleleyo yokufumana. Ngaphambili, abalimi babephoqelelwe ukuba bahlanganyele kwezolimo nakwezinye izinto zobugcisa. Ngoku kunokwenzeka ukubandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ekuveleni kwemveliso ekhethekileyo, ukuthengisa iimveliso zabo nokuthenga ukutya kwimpahla.

Abaculi bezixeko babehlangene kwimibutho, ebizwa ngokuba ngamaziko okusebenzela. Imibutho enjalo yadalwa ngenjongo yokuncedisana kunye nomzabalazo wokukhuphisana. Zininzi iintlobo zobugcisa zavunyelwa ukujongana kuphela namalungu evenkile. Xa sihlasele umzi womkhosi weentshaba, amalungu ombutho akha amaqumrhu okuzikhusela.

Inkonzo yezenkolo

Inkcubeko yobuKristu yokuhambela kwiindawo zonqulo zathintela nokubunjwa kweedolophu eziphakathi. Ekuqaleni, ininzi yeempahla ezihloniphekileyo zaseRoma. Ukuze banqule, kwafika amawaka abantu abahamba ngeedolophu. Ewe, ukuba uhambe uhambo olude ngalezo zinsuku kuphela abantu abahluphekileyo. Kwaye, ihotele ezininzi, iintlambo kunye neevenkile kunye neencwadi zonqulo zavulwa eRoma.

Ababhishophu bezinye iidolophu, bebona ukuba bafika njani abantu abafumana umvuzo kwiRome, nabo bafuna ukufumana uhlobo oluthile lokubuyisana. Izinto ezingcwele zaziswe kwiindawo ezikude okanye zifunyaniswe ngokumangalisayo ngendawo. Ezi zinokuba zipikili apho uKristu wabethelelwa khona, iimpendulo zabapostile, iimpahla zikaYesu okanye iNtombi kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Abaninzi abahambahambayo bakwazi ukukhawulela, ukuphakamisa umvuzo wesixeko.

Umkhosi

Kweemfazwe, ngokubanzi, yimbali yama-Middle Ages. Isixeko esiqhelekileyo, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, sinokuba yinto ebalulekileyo yeqhinga ekukhuseleni imida yelizwe ukuhlasela kwetshaba. Kule meko, iindonga zayo zangaphandle zenze i-strong and strong. Kwaye kuloo mzi ngokwawo, kwakukho igosa lempi kunye nenani elikhulu lokubonelela kwimimiselo xa kwenzeka ukuzingqingwa okukhulu.

Ngethuba lokugqibela kweMinyaka eyiMinyaka, imikhosi emininzi yayiqulethwe ngamagosa. Lo mkhuba ukwanda ngokubanzi kwi-Italy ecebileyo. Abahlali beedolophu abazange bafune ukubeka ingozi kwimfazwe kwaye bakhetha ukugcina umkhosi wamagosa. Inceda abaninzi baseSwitzerland namaJamani.

IYunivesithi

Amaziko emfundo nawo ancedisa ekwakheni imizi ephakathi. Imbali yeeYunivesithi zeYurophu iqala ngekhulu le-XI. Kwabakho ubuqhankqalazo apha na maTaliyane. Ngo-1088, eyunivesithi endala eYurophu yasungulwa e-Bologna. Uyaqhubeka nokufundisa abafundi namhlanje.

Kamva, iifunivesithi zavela eFransi, eNgilani, kwaza kwamanye amazwe. Bafundisa i-disciplinary theological and secular disciplines. Iiyunivesithi zazikho ngemali yabucala, ngoko ke zinezinga elizimeleyo lokuzimela ngaphandle kwabasemagunyeni. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kusekho imithetho enqabela ukuba amapolisa angene kwimimandla emfundo ephakamileyo.

BaseKapa

Ngoko, kwakukho iziqithi ezininzi, ngenxa yokuba kuvela ukuphuhliswa nokuphuhliswa kwezixeko eziphakathi kweYurophu.

1. Abathengisi: bathutho iimpahla ezahlukahlukeneyo zolwandle kunye nomhlaba.

2. Impahla yabasebenzi: oomatshini abenzi imveliso yezoshishino, babeyiziseko zoqoqosho lwasezidolophini.

3. Abefundisi: iicawa kunye neendwendwe zamatye azibandakanyekanga kuphela ekulawuleni iinkonzo zonqulo, kodwa nakwimisebenzi yezenzululwazi kunye nezoqoqosho, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

4. Amasosha: imikhosi ingabandakanyekanga kuphela kwiiprojekthi kunye nemisebenzi yokuzikhusela, kodwa igcinwe i-oda ngaphakathi kwesi sixeko. Abalawuli babatsala ukuba bathabathe amasela nabaphangi.

5. Ootitshala kunye nabafundi: iiyunivesithi zinempembelelo enkulu ekubunjweni kwezixeko eziphakathi.

6. Iqela le-aristocracy: iigodlo zookumkani, iintloko kunye nabanye abantu abahloniphekileyo babekho nakwizixeko.

7. Eminye i-bourgeois efundayo: abaphili, abalobi, amabhanki, abaphandi, abagwebi, njl.

Amahlwempu ase-Urban: abakhonzi, abaceli, amasela.

Umzabalazo we-self-government

Umhlaba apho izixeko ezavela khona kwakungowamakhosikazi asekuhlaleni okanye kwi-abbeys yecawa. Baye bahlawulisa iiphilistines ngeerhafu, inani lalo libekwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye lalihlala likhulu kakhulu. Ekuphenduleni ukucinezelwa ngabanini-mhlaba, ukunyuka komasipala kwimizi ephakathi. Abenzi bezandla, abathengisi kunye nabanye abahlali badibanise ukuba baxhathise amanyathelo abo.

Iimfuno eziphambili zedolophu eziqhelekileyo zenziwe irhafu kunye nokungabikho kokuphazamiseka komnini-mhlaba kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho nezomnotho yabemi. Iintetho zengxoxo ziphela ngokugqitywa kweCharter, apho amalungelo nemisebenzi yazo zonke iiklasi zibhaliswe. Ukutyikitywa kwamaxwebhu anjalo kugqibe ukusekwa kweedolophu eziphakathi, ukubonelela ngesiseko somthetho sokuba khona kwabo.

Ulawulo loDemokhrasi

Emva kokuba ilungelo lokuzimela lolawulo lugqitywe kwiinkwenkwezi ze-feudal, lixesha lokujonga ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo yesixeko esiya kuthi siyakhiwa. Inhlangano yentlangano yezobugcisa kunye nombutho wabathengisi yilawo maziko apho inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo kunye kunye nokhetho lwamandla landa.

Izithuba zamagosa kunye nabagwebi kwiidolophu eziphakathi kwanyulwa. Ngelo xesha, le nkqubo yonyulwa yayisoloko ilukhuni kwaye ininzi. Ngokomzekelo, eVenice ukhetho lwama-doge lwenziwa kwiinqanaba ezili-11. I-suffrage yayingekho yonke indawo. Phantse yonke indawo kwakukho ipropati kunye neziqinisekiso zeklasi, okokuthi, izakhamuzi ezizityebi okanye ezizimeleyo zinokuthatha inxaxheba kokhetho.

Xa kwakhiwa iidolophu eziphakathi kwexesha elide, kugqitywa inkqubo apho yonke i-levers of control yayisezandleni zeenani elilinganiselweyo leentsapho eziphathekayo. Amahlwempu ayenganelisekanga ngolu hlobo lwemicimbi. Iintlupheko zentlalo ngamanye amaxesha zaphumela ekuvukeni kwemivumba. Ngenxa yoko, ubukumkani basezidolophini bamele benze ukulungelelanisa nokwandisa amalungelo abohlwempu.

Ukubaluleka kwembali

Uphuhliso olusebenzayo lweedolophu lwaqala eYurophu kwii-X-XI iinkulungwane eziphakathi nentshonalanga yeItali, kunye naseFlanders (ummandla weBelgium ne-Holland namhlanje). Imikhosi yokuqhuba le nkqubo yayiyimveliso kunye nemveliso yezandla. Emva kancinci, iindawo eziqhelekileyo zemizi yaqala eFransi, eSpain nakumazwe aseJamani eMbusweni oyiNgcwele oyiRoma. Ngenxa yoko, leli zwekazi liguqukile.

Kunzima ukugqithisa impembelelo yokuba kwakhiwa izixeko eziphakathi kwenkqubo yokuphuhlisa iYurophu. I-craft yase-Urban inegalelo kwinkqubela yezobugcisa. Urhwebo lukhokelela ekuphuculeni ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ekufumaneni nasekuphuhlisweni kwehlabathi elitsha. Iimpawu zorhulumente wesixeko zaba sisiseko sokwakha ngentando yeninzi kumazwe anamhlanje aseNtshona. Iibharityhulam kunye nenkululeko yecharter, eyamisela amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yamaqela ahlukeneyo, yakha inkqubo yomthetho waseYurophu. Kwaye ukuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi nobugcisa kwimizi yalungiselela ukuza kweNkwenkwezi.