Hydrogen

Hydrogen lisetyenziswa emasebeni ezahlukeneyo zoshishino: kwi Yindibanisela hydrogen chloride, ammonia (ammonia isetyenziswa ngakumbi ekuveliseni izichumisi nitrogen), ekwenziweni aniline, xa kwakhona ekrwada zesinyithi non-ayoni. Kushishino yokutya kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa abantu bokubabambela, amafutha ezilwanyana (imajarini). Ngokunxulumene nomba ngentla ezichaphazelekayo yemveliso hydrogen kwimeko yamashishini.

Le igesi ithathwa njengento yenethiwekhi zamandla kwixesha elizayo ngenxa yokuba i ehlaziywa ngokutsha, ayikhuphi "igesi greenhouse" CO₂ ngexesha yokutsha, uvelisa isixa esikhulu wamandla nganye iyunithi ubunzima kwinkqubo yokutsha kwaye ngokulula iguqulelwa ngamandla zombane yeseli zamafutha.

Phantsi kweemeko laboratory hydrogen ezifunyanwa ngokunciphisa iintsimbi eseleyo kwi thotho ombane electrochemical, amanzi asidi:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

Kushishino, hydrogen irisithi kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa processing zendalo kunye neegesi ezinxulumene.

1. Le yokuguqula methane. Le nkqubo iqulathe kwi indlela methane kunye umphunga wamanzi kwi-800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0. Kunye nale nkqubo usebenzisa igcwala kwenxenye hydrocarbon mpilo phambi umphunga wamanzi: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄. Ekugqibeleni Ezi ndlela alahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwabo zolondolozo ezizizembiwa ukuba sona.

2. Biohydrogen ingafumaneka kwi ulwelwe kwi bioreactor. Kwi-1990 kwafunyaniswa ukuba isalfure abuhluthe ulele, baya batshintshele ukuveliswa ioksijini, okt. E. photosynthesis Eqhelekileyo, ukuya kwimveliso hydrogen. Biohydrogen nayo ziveliswe bioreactors, esebenzisa, ngaphandle ulele, inkunkuma kamasipala. Le nkqubo lwenzeka ziibhaktheriya ezitshintsha ezizizembiwa kwaye bavelisa hydrogen kunye CO2.

3. Ukupholisa anzulu coke igesi oveni. Xa inkqubo coking amalahle walungisa amaqhezu ezintathu: isiqina - coke, engamanzi - amalahle tar - kunye igesi equlathe, ngaphandle hydrocarbon, hydrogen molekyuli (60%). Le iqhezu ufakwa lungapholi enzulu ultra emva kokuba uphathwa ngento okhethekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukwahlula hydrogen evela ukungcola.

4. Ukuveliswa hydrogen ngamanzi usebenzisa electrolysis - indlela enika hydrogen bha: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. Uguqulo carbon. Ekuqaleni, igesi amanzi ifunyenwe ngokuwisa umphunga wamanzi ngokuthi etshisayo ukuya 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0, nto leyo ke singaxubeki ngomphunga lidlulile ndinobushushu 400 - 500 ° C kuvala Fe₂O₃. Ukusebenzisana le carbon monoxide (II) kunye umphunga: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0.

6. Ukuveliswa hydrogen ukuguquka le carbon monoxide (CO), ngokusekelwe basabela ekhethekileyo ziibhaktheriya photosynthesis emfusa (iintsholongwane kwiseli umbala yoqobo obomvu okanye pink, nto leyo ehambisana kunye ubukho ngombala photosynthesis). Le ntsholongwane ukuvelisa hydrogen lutshintsho olo reaction: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.

Ukwenziwa hydrogen amanzi, basabela akunyanzelekanga ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokukhanya. Le inkqubo ke ithabatha indawo bushushu ebumnyameni.

ukubaluleka Industrial mihla ofumana ngendaleko hydrogen evela iigesi eziveliswa ngexesha nokusulungekiswa petroleum.

Noko ke, abaninzi abazi ukuba unako ukufumana hydrogen ekhaya. Ukulungiselela le njongo singakwazi ukusebenzisa isisombululo abasabela ngayo kwealkali aluminiyam. Thatha ibhotile isiqingatha-ilitha yeglasi umngxuma lokumisa, ityhubhu umphunga, 10 g sulfate sobhedu, 20 g ityuwa, 10 g alumina, 200 g ibhaloni amanzi.

Lungisa nesisombululo sulfate sobhedu: 100 g bamanzi kongezwa 10 g sulfate yobhedu.

Ukupheka kumxube wetyuwa: 100 g bamanzi kongezwa 20 g yetyuwa.

Isisombululo mixed. Yongeza kwisiphumo se umxube aluminium. Kanye ebhotileni wabonakala oluludaka emhlophe uzijonga ityhubhu kunye ibhaloni yizalise hydrogen zezinga.

Ziqapheleni! Oku kufuneka nje ukuchitha phandle. Kufuneka ulawulo lobushushu, ekubeni indlela kuthatha indawo yokuzivelela ubushushu kwaye baphume kolawulo.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba hydrogen, ukuba kugalelwe emoyeni, yenza umxube onokudubula, leyo kuthiwa ukucupha igesi (iinxalenye ezimbini hydrogen nengxenye eyodwa oksijini). Ukuba le mxube phemba, uya zisenokuqhushumba.