Ubume yeseli ziibhakteriya; ngokuba ukwazi

Iintsholongwane zisenokubonakala izinto ezilula, kodwa musa ukuqhathwa le lula. Enyanisweni, isakhiwo iseli ziibhakteriya kwenza kulenza kakhulu iimfuno zabo ebomini. Ezinye iiseli zemfundo bacteria ezikhethekileyo ze achaze iimpawu zazo engaqhelekanga eziphilayo.

Phambi kokuba elithi "iintsholongwane" kuthetha "nayiphi prokaryotes." Kule mihla ukwaba iifom zamandulo ngakumbi nezincinane yobomi - Archaea. Ahluke yibhaktheriya okwenyaniso. Owokugqibela iipropati ukuba archaea uncharacteristic.

Phambi ukufunyanwa iimikroskopu electron kwiminyaka 50 kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, isakhiwo iseli ziibhakteriya kuye kwaba imfihlelo zesayensi. Okunye ncam, le ntsholongwane aqondwe nje ngokuba 'isuntswana iiprothini kunye lipids. " Ubume yeseli ziibhakteriya iye yaba yinto yokufunda kuphela emva kokuba yafunyanwa ihlabathi obufihlakeleyo iintlobo zincinane ebomini.

Ngaphandle iintlobo ezi-4 iintsholongwane ngokumila: cocci ungqukuva, iintsholongwane filamentous, inegciwane, inegciwane coli kunye spirilla kwalula. Ubukhulu encinane iseli ziibhakteriya ulunika inzuzo kwindaleko, kuba umlinganiselo komhlaba indawo / umqulu kunokuba omkhulu, nto leyo evumela iiseli iintsholongwane ukuziqhelanisa kokusingqongileyo ngempumelelo, iinkqubo zotshintshiselwano ezi ngokukhawuleza kwaye linge.

inwebu Cytoplasmic eyohlula imixholo yangaphakathi yeseli yebhaktiriya. Kodwa ke kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba igalelo layo nokugcinwa engqongileyo rhoqo lwangaphakathi, ngokuba ngenxa yoxinzelelo osmotic iinkqubo abakwazi ukuya kwicala elifanelekileyo, kwaye inwebu, umelene le nqubo yemvelo. Eyona unique ukuba lisoloko okhankanywe, ethetha isakhiwo iseli ziibhakteriya kukho udonga iseli, nto leyo sakhiwa into ebizwa peptidoglycan. Kuyinto misindo kwaye ivumela izisombululo abaninzi ndizayo. Ezinye udonga yeseli yebhaktiriya bengengabo (mycoplasma), kodwa oku umnyinyiva. Ngoko ke, amachiza penicillin kunye nemithi-breaking cephalosporin iseli udonga amagama ziyasebenza ekulweni igciwane. Bona, azichatshazelwa iiseli mammalian kuba owokugqibela mfuneko eludongeni yeseli. A intsholongwane ngaphandle lungakwazi uphila - oko exoskeleton zabo umqobo kwiimpembelelo eziyingozi.

Kuxhomekeka kwinkcaso bala yi indlela iintsholongwane Igram yahlulwe gram-HIV (umbala oluhlaza emva luyawudyobha) kunye ezingalunganga-Igram (epinki). Xa peptidoglycan ziibhakteriya gram-HIV ibe ezininzi izakhiwo polysaccharide, ngoxa umaleko negative-Igram ibhityile kakhulu, nangaphandle kukho iqokobhe engaphandle phospholipids.

Ntsholongwane, i kernel awabelwa ukuba inwebu, zonke iinkqubo lokwanda DNA, umbhalo kanye translation ziyenzeka ngqo phakathi kwezinye organelles. DNA ayenziwanga elibhalwe ngokuqhelekileyo nge histones, yaye zigcinwe ngendlela elide qembu supercoiled. Kwakhona kwi ukutshintshwa genetic material wawuhlanganisa plasmid ukubunjwa okhethekileyo kukho icytoplasm. They are iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, kodwa kunika ithuba ku kumnini. Idluliselwe kwi yokuzala tye. Ngamafutshane, ababeza kufumana xa iseli iyahlula zibe mbini - yaye oko nethamsanqa.

Iseli kwakhona uqulathe ribosome, nto leyo zonke iiseli eziphilayo nokulungelelanisa protini. Kule nkalo, le ntsholongwane - akukho ngaphandle. Ubume bale iiseli iintsholongwane nazo luphawulwa into yokuba uninzi bacterium akukho inwebu yangaphakathi, eya delimit lamagumbi iseli ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle - ezinye phototrophs neebhaktiriya oxidize methane.

Iintsholongwane egcinwe ngohlobo carbon glycogen, sulphur ngokohlobo granules ne-nitrogen ngohlobo nitrate. Kwakhona bacterium ahlala emanzini, kunye amaqamza igesi kukuba ukuvumela ukuba ahlale phezu komhlaba. Kwezinye iintlobo, kukho organelles ezikhethekileyo - Carboxysome (ukulungisa esesibhakabhakeni carbon dioxide) kunye magnetosomes - hlengisa ezi bacteria imagnethi (kuba yintoni - iqhina).

Unique protein ekhethekileyo lwangaphandle iintsholongwane zemfundo - kioi, apho ibhaktiriya uzijonga indawo. Kwakhona misila umdla eziya kubavumela ukuba esithubeni.

Ihlabathi ilinde ukwazi abahloli iintsholongwane. Kwaye enye ayisekho uxakwe umsebenzi: "Chaza isakhiwo yeseli yebhaktiriya."