History of Arkhangelsk, izakhiwo zawo, izitalato, ezikhumbuzo

Arkhangelsk - sixeko sidala kweli Russian North, i izibuko ebalulekileyo kunye neziko nenkcubeko. Kukho amaxesha xa kucingwa enye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zeli lizwe. Kodwa ngoku, i-Route Sea Northern ayenziwanga irhoxisiwe, yaye isixeko iyaqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwayo. Imbali Enkulu iza kucocwa nqaku.

Isigodlo and Kholmogory

Imbali isahlakalo iNgelosi isixelela ukuba awazalelwa kuyo umzi ngokusesikweni Monastery Mihaila Arhangela, ibekwe kwi Cape leqashiso-Navolok. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ngokunxulumene 1419 (isizathu ukuba mnandi - umyalezo isixelela ngokoyiswa woonongendi yi-balwa). Kufutshane udonga, njengoko kwakusenziwa ngaloo mihla, likhaya kwiilali ezininzi - amafama kunye iimonki igcinwe kwaye asetyenziswe kwimeko esikhusela iinqaba weemonki. Kodwa buqapheleke kwaye ebalulekileyo ngaloo mihla kwilali Kholmogory (eyaziwa ngokuba khona M. V. Lomonosova), ekufuphi nalapho. De phakathi kwenkulungwane XVI, yaba mall yasekuhlaleni.

British, Ivan Grozny, hemp, iinkuni ...

Imbali Enkulu (iifoto kulo mzi mkhulu ungabona kwinqaku) uthi ngo-1553 elumelwaneni lwaloo Kholmogory wafika kuqala oomatiloshe IsiNgesi. The British baba banomdla ithuba ukuthenga imithi Russian kunye ngelaphu ukuze iiseyile kunye hemp ezintanjeni - yaba xesha sophuhliso ngokukhawuleza kwi British Navy. Kholmogory kodwa ezingafanelanga kakuhle ngenxa yale njongo - i North Dvina nzulu siphoswe iimpahla ezinkulu ulwandle-okokoko.

Ngoko ke, amaNgesi ukhethe indawo engqonge woonongendi - apho ingafundwa ngolwandle. Imfuno idala ubonelelo - ukuya kwindawo yentengiso inzuzo yempahla lafikelela abarhwebi Russian. Le yokuhlala beqala ukwanda, kwakukho mveliso kumazwe angaphandle kunye warehouses zabarhwebi. Le dolophu entsha kwathiwa Kholmogorov, ngelo xesha ke kwizibuko kuphela ngokupheleleyo-enobugcisa Russian.

Ngenxa yale Ivan Grozny, ogama ubudlelwane kunye eSweden akuyona indlela engcono, ndaya ekomelezeni iziko elitsha zorhwebo. oomantyi ezimbini bayalelwa ukuba ngokukhawuleza "ukwenza isixeko", oko kukuthi ukwakha eNew Kholmogory ukomeleza ekwaziyo ekukhuseleni ekukuhlaseleni kunokwenzeka ngenxa balwa. Uphikise lo kumkani ayikhuthazwa - iirhuluneli abanyamezela kangangonyaka, yaye ngowe-1584 e-Cape iPuri-Navolok kwakukho inqaba kunye ngokupheleleyo isikhondo, icandwe, neenqaba namasango. Ngaphantsi ukhuseleko zawo mveliso basemzini, ndakumandisa balapha Russian (ngamanye amaxesha ngokuzithandela nokunyanzeliswa). Kubonakele strelets kukhoyo ikampu ngokupheleleyo Posad.

ukuphila kwisixeko Active kuphela ngexesha yokukhangela xa abathengi athontelana apha eNgilani neHolland kunye nabathengisi abavela Vologda, eMoscow, Kholmogory. Trade umsengi - nkqu edume Frensis Dreyk, eli gosa Pirate, wavakalisa umbulelo ukuya abarhwebi Russian zohanjiso izixhobo iinqanawa ezimangalisayo yaseBritani. Ngo-1596 kwaqala imbali isixeko Arkhangelsk, ekubeni okokuqala kwi amaxwebhu akhankanywe igama lakhe (igama woonongendi, esalinikwayo isiseko isixeko). Ngowe-1613 igama saba ligosa.

Window eYurophu

Ewe, kuba wayekho ndingekabikho Peter I (oko kukuthi, kunoko, kwenziwe kulo eYurophu efanayo ayikho i window, namasango kabini), bakhonza bona ngqo Arkhangelsk. Kwinkulungwane XVII isixeko yanikezelwa-60% ye-turnover langaphandle yorhwebo Russia. Njengoko lizwe wachitha nkqubo kanisa, ngo-1667 isixeko wavakaliswa kuphela indawo apho avunyelwe ukuya iinqanawa zabarhwebi amazwe. Kwakungekho de Petrine kwexesha.

ukumkani eNamandla batyelela kabini isixeko baza bahlala ixesha elide. In Arkhangelsk Peter kuqala wenza waya elwandle, apho iqale ukwakha yokuqala Russian urhwebo "kumpanstv". Ukumkani nayo "uyise" ye Arkhangelsk imikhumbi - ndamcaphukisa ukuba zonke ezithunyelwa Russian baye phesheya iinqanawa zangaphandle. imizamo yakhe kwilizwe beza kuqala uze zalapho lokuqala zabucala eli lizwe. Nayo imikhombe waqala into ngaphandle - ngokuzithandela yaye inani ebalulekileyo yathengwa basemzini. Kwakhona baba iimfuno kwiBaltic Fleet oselula.

Ngokusebenzisa le 'Ncwadi "umnyango eYurophu" siye saba kunye nabo baseRashiya zange uyamenywa - ingakumbi, i balwa. Ekubeni Northern War, uPetros abayinyamekelayo ukhuseleko uyezibuko yorhwebo emantla. Ngoko ke kwabonakala ilitye lokuqala kwezi ndawo rhoqo Novodvinsk inqaba. Ngowe-1708, uPetros Arkhangelsk ubume iziko lephondo (kunye namaphondo ngelo xesha 8 ukuya lonke ilizwe). Noko ke, ngo-1722 ukumkani wanikela urhwebo Arkhangelsk for St. Petersburg - akuvumelekile ukuba urhwebe ngaphandle nge iNgelosi ezahlukeneyo kwempahla.

Northern Way

Kodwa isiphelo sale sigqibo wayengekho. Imbali kwisixeko Arkhangelsk yaqhubeka. Ezinye iimveliso ayikwazanga mazisoloko neziphumayo. Ngenkuthalo wasebenza Petrine Solombalskaya zalapho ukwakha iinqanawa iimfuno zelizwe, kunye ezithengiswayo. Ngowe-1762 uCatherine II iye isuswe izithintelo kurhwebo. Endleleni, ukuphuhlisa ishishini ehlathini processing iinkuni (ngaphandle ngexesha kwafuneka nto lokucinga malunga imikhumbi). Ngokukhawuleza ukubonga UNapoleon Bonaparte - babangela ukuba "kwafa lizwekazi" of England, kakhulu, iye negalelo kuphuhliso kurhwebo. Arkhangelsk yaba liziko ebalulekileyo yolawulo, kwabonakala into yokwenza umthambo, indawo yemiboniso, kunye imyuziyam lokuqala lweli lizwe.

Kwakhona ukuba iziko lophando - yiyo baba oomatiloshe mkhankaso efuna ithuba uhambe ecaleni Arctic kunxweme eRussia. Chichagov Rusanov Pakhtusov, Sedov - ngaphezulu kwe-200 zobuntlola zaye zathunyelwa zivela Arkhangelsk ukufunda Russian North. Nangona ukususela 1916 ixabiso kwizibuko iNgelosi wawa (kwabakho, umsebenzisi-friendly ice-ezamahala izibuko elitsha ngaphezulu - Murmansk) waya icebreaker "A moya, kodwa apha ngo-1932 Siberians ", ngubani ikwazile ukungqina ukuba Route Sea Northern udlula kwisithuba ngexesha elinye yokukhangela.

Siye kuhlolwa Enkulu, ogama imbali umdla kubemi balo, kunye namahlakani ye-USSR ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Kuba ixesha elide isixeko enyanisweni kuphela (ngenxa imeko enzima e Murmansk) kwizibuko ekwaziyo kunokwamkela "convoys Arctic" - a butho of impahla kunye neenqanawa zomkhosi kuziswa izixhobo eSoviet yomkhosi kunye nezinye iimpahla phantsi Faka-Lease. Enye ezibuko abaphathi ukufumana convoys wayedlala umkhenkethi odumileyo Arctic ID Papanin.

Arkhangelsk, imbali leyo sasingumba kwakhona wethu, uhlala kwelinye lamaziko ezibalulekileyo iNorthern Sea Route ukuya namhlanje. Kumaxesha Soviet, umzi ngononophelo Wakhula, izakhiwo ezandisiweyo nezakutshanje kwiimeko wasentla.

uboyisa ububi

Ngelishwa, ukususela izakhiwo yamandulo isixeko kuhlala encinane kakhulu. Isizathu sokuba loo yakhiwe becala kweenkuni. Isifundo umsebenzi elifanayo kwindawo yokuqala, kakhulu, waba umthi, ngokunjalo ngelinen kunye hemp - izinto ezinokutsha kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo zemililo egqugqisileyo e Arkhangelsk baba nezolo. Ngokukodwa, ngo-1667, yona itshiswe ngumlilo phantsi kwaye woonongendi, esalinikwayo isixeko igama layo. Njengeziko kamva abuyiselwe, kodwa kwindawo entsha, kude kumbindi wedolophu wembali (kwi-Cape ngoku neendleko kuphela Ilitye zokubhiyizela ukukhumbula indawo awazalelwa kuyo isixeko).

Noko ke, woonongendi Babanika umzi hayi igama kuphela, imbali olwaqala ngo Arkhangelsk imifanekiso. Woonongendi Yayikukuzinikela Mihailu Arhangelu, eyaziwa ngokuba kokoyisa kwakhe phezu ngumtyholi. Eli bali kunye kubonisiwe kwi imifanekiso. Kuba okokuqala umfanekiso enjalo azifumaneki kwiirekhodi zakho kaPetros - yena yaba umzobo Arkhangelogorodskaya umgangatho webutho. Ukususela 1722 le ingubo iingalo esetyenziswa yi umzi, kodwa ngaphandle kwemvume (ekuqaleni Michael baboniswa yi isithsaba, kodwa kamva waba 'ungxamile "). Ingxelo esisemthethweni yinxalenye yotshintsho yephondo Catherine ngo-1780.

Kumaxesha Soviet, Arkhangelsk waye ingubo lwesizwe kunye nomfanekiso enqanaweni - abangcwele apha abazange elungileyo. Kodwa ngo-1989 ke labuyiselwa ingubo yokuqala ingalo. UMikayeli ingubo emsi namnyama woyisa umtyholi iboniswe endle etyheli. I ingubo iingalo -sibonisa ngokoyisa okulungileyo ngaphezu kobubi.

Sesayensi ukubaza

Eyona idumileyo amangcwaba Arkhangelsk imifanekiso M. V. Lomonosova kunye Tsar uPetros. Zombini - imisebenzi ngababhali abadumileyo (Ivan Martos kunye Antokolsky ngokulandelelana). Bona babeke phambi kokuba revolution (ngo-1832 no-1914). UMikhail iveza Kwangale zakudala, imbongi phantse ongumRoma. Kodwa Arkhangelsk uPetros kwahlukile ukusuka 'abazalwana' babo. Le asinto nguzwilakhe, kungekhona uphumeleleyo, hayi umlawuli, "owamvusayo eRashiya ngenxa buck," yaye "UPetros Umchweli zaandamsky" buqu ixhasa etshaya emkhombeni kraca ogqityiweyo.

Iindwendwe ezivela elidlulileyo

Buqala i Petrine ngexesha amagqabi kunye nembali izakhiwo Arkhangelsk. Owayemdala ezi ibandla ayeze ngomthi Zaostrovye (ngenkulungwane XVII emva kwexesha) isakhiwo ingaqhelekanga cubic. Ngoku yento ebuyiselwayo; umsebenzi ehlotyeni kufuneka izaliswe. It kungabonakala iintsalela ye Novodvinsk Fortress, apho 1701 ikampu phantsi umyalelo njengeweyitala oselula uSylvester Ievleva wamelana uhlaselo balwa. Lo ser siganeko. "Young Russia" enikelwe kwi leSoviet.

Wasinda izakhiwo eziliqela umdla amaxesha kamva - Emnye Church (. Phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII), Isakhiwo Admiralty (1820), iCawa Martina Ispovednika kwi siqithi Solombala (1803). Apho phakathi komzi kunye izindlu ezimbalwa ubudala somthi, apho abantu baphile. Phakathi ezikhumbuzo kwimbali Arkhangelsk - Surskoe kwefama, ukwakha ibandla yamaLuthere kunye nendlu somthi yonke yomrhwebi Shavrina, apho namhlanje ikuyo loo Youth Theatre. Yenkcubeko elite Arkhangelsk iwonga ezi zakhiwo umhombiso umzi.

Iindwendwe ukusuka kwixesha elizayo

izakhiwo Modern alufane ifumana yokuncoma, kodwa ndabulaleka. Ewe, abantu abaninzi abanganelisekanga ukukhonya kwamaziko zokuthenga imbonakalo "zala". Kodwa izitrato ezibanzi kunye ensembles yokuhlala leSoviet ziye wajika waba uphawu yesixeko, kwakunye nezakhiwo ezindala. Ngokukodwa, sithetha esitratweni lomculo Resurrection. Bendawo bathi ukuba akufuneki bagxeke nakubugcisa eSoviet (ni emhlophe "ikhandlela" sele kuthiwa "ingelosi ezidolophini"), kwaye sibeke ecaleni ezintsha, ukuphucula iipaki zenu, lwefacade icocekile kwaye lifake enkukumeni amalaphu anomyalezo zentengiso ezingabonakaliyo. Emva koko ke izakhiwo Soviet kwakhona ukuba uyamthobela sekratshi baloo dolophu.

Iyazigatya ingqalelo ulwakhiwo isikhululo baselwandle - kumhlophe isakhiwo mihla kwi zemveli ngenxa yale njongo eluhlaza kunye nemibala ezimhlophe. Kodwa edumileyo isakhiwo mihla kwi Arkhangelsk - "intengiso egqiba iphepha" kwi imigangatho-24. Kuba New York okanye Chicago na aphakame kakhulu encinane, kodwa abazange bakhelwe oluntsonkothileyo kwimihlaba wasentla. Eyakhiwe "intengiso egqiba" ngo-1984 kunye zentengiso kunokuba ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile. Noko ke, wagcinwa iinkampani uyilo eziliqela, yaye ngoku isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa njengeziko ofisi kunye kwikomkhulu kwizikhululo Arkhangelsk.

Egameni ezintathu

izitrato ibali elinika umdla Arkhangelsk. Ezinye zazo (okanye mandithi kumagama abo) isiphelo nzima zezinga. Amagama Historical zibonisa nokuba urhulumente komlawuli abaci yonqulo, okanye iinkalo ezithile zobomi yasekuhlaleni. Ngako oko, lo mzi waba uvuko, Emnye, amaPolisa, Bread Street. Bekukho isiFrentshi, Scottish, amaLuthere, Norwegian, Kirochnaya (ukusuka elithi "yamaLuthere") - la magama abhalwe kwi ubukho kweekota merchant langaphandle.

abaninzi kakhulu ezitratweni isixeko ndoqhayisa uluhlu yonke lwamagama 4-5. Bayitshintsha nje kuphela ngenxa yezizathu enzululwazi yeengcinga (yoVuko kumaxesha Soviet kwaba igama Engels ', kunye Emnye - Vinogradov, ilungu kuhlaselwa lakwaWinter, injengele Severodvinsk lomlambo lwezithuthi), kodwa kwakhona ngokunxulumene ngokutsha kunye wokulungisa (kucacile ukuba ukuvela Kuznechevskaya chain - Perm - Suvorov esingenakucaciswa luqwalaselo yobukomanisi).

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union, ezinye esitratweni got igama zembali umva. Amaninzi ngoku Arkhangelsk namazwi abo bafuna epheleleyo 'de-communization "aloo mzi, kunye nokuphelisa Karla Marksa Cards, Rosa eLuxemburg, Chelyuskintsev kunye Uritsky. Kodwa ke uninzi lwabemi wayengazifuni. elide Kuye akukho ngaphezu kwabo lowo amagama endala bazalelwe kuloo mihla Archangelsk, baqhele emibuzo neememo Chumbarova-Lucinschi (ngasendleleni, le indawo yokuhamba-hamba, isitalato ngeenyawo) akayiqondi isizathu sokuba kufuneka ajike abe Meschanskuyu enkulu okanye Middle Avenue. Kwaye yiloo nto ukukhankanya into yokuba zokuthiywa edidekile iindlela zothutho kunye namaxwebhu inkqubo yobhaliso (e, amalungelo ingakumbi izindlu kunye namaxwebhu nokubhaliswa amashishini kunye nemibutho).

inyathelo elifanelekileyo

Kwezi meko, Arkhangelsk mbali baye babonisa bafanelwe intlonipho kunye phulo ulinganiselo. Ngomhla ezinye izakhiwo emi ezitratweni zembali, baye apha nendawo ezongezelelweyo ukuba ezi emigaqweni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Akukho mpendulo yezolawulo, le miqondiso akulindelekanga, kodwa ukunceda ukugcina uze uzise ingqalelo yabantu baloo dolophu memory amagama endaweni endala Arkhangelsk.

A ubhedu Pavlin Vinogradov kwaye umi esitratweni Emnye ... Kulungile, eli isitalato ezintle mihla, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo ebekuthanda oomatiloshe revolution ...

Ngoko uyazi ukuba ibali kwisixeko Arkhangelsk (ngokufutshane). Kwaye ngoku uyazi ukuba yonke xesha isixeko wayesazi amathamsanqa lizukileyo kunye nenkxwaleko, kwaye omkhulu ...