Japan ephakathi. Inkcubeko Japan ephakathi

Ingakumbi Japan kunye nophuhliso yayo zembali ibonakala ngokucacileyo namhlanje. Eli lizwe yokuqala iye yakwazi ukwenza ukutyhubela iinkulungwane phantse inkcubeko ethile ayitshintshanga, ngeendlela emininzi esemagqabini nokuba intsukaphi kummandla yabamelwane ekufutshane. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale izithethe, okufana eJapan, okokuqala wabonakala kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Nditsho ke, ubugcisa yokuphuhlisa abantu yabalasela ngumnqweno ukufumana ukusondela kwindalo, ukuqonda ubuhle bayo kunye nemvisiswano.

iimeko

Ephakathi eJapan, ibekwe kwi siqithi, ekhuselweyo intrusion ngokwemvelo. Impembelelo yehlabathi ngaphandle kwi lizwe ikakhulu wabonakaliswa inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye nabemi Korea kunye Chinese. Yaye ke yaseJapan wokuqala wayesoloko esilwa, ngoxa yesibini kwakhona.

Uphuhliso lwangaphakathi lizwe kuye ezingenakwahlulwa kunye nendalo. Iziqithi ezincinane ngokwentelekiso phantse ndawo ukusuka zizaqhwithi ezoyikekayo kunye neenyikima. Ngoko, kwelinye icala, i yaseJapan bafuna ukuba singabi mthwalo zizinto ezingeyomfuneko ngokwakho, ukuba nanini na umzuzu ingakhuphela ngokulula kuqokelela zonke kakhulu eziyimfuneko baze basindiswe izinto olulwayo.

Kwelinye icala, ngenxa yokuba iimeko ezinjalo inkcubeko aphakathi Japanese bafumana iimpawu zalo. Abantu balapho babona amandla eziqalelo nento yabo nokungakwazi bachasane, baziva ngamandla ngexesha elifanayo xiviri wendalo. Kwaye wazama ukuba ukuphazamisa kuye. art medieval Japanese kujongwe imvelaphi ngamaShinto, esibe intliziyo unqulo woomoya eziqalelo, nobuBhuda, esamkela uvalo simbona kwihlabathi lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle.

State lokuqala

Ngomhla kummandla kwisiqithi Honshu kwi III-V iinkulungwane. kwasekwa umanyano yesizwe Yamato. Ngo IV ngekhulu kwi ineziseko zayo ezenziwa ngurhulumente wokuqala waseJapan headed Tenno (uKhesare). Ephakathi Japan kwelo xesha ityhila izazinzulu kuphononongo ngokuqulethwe amangcwaba Barrow. Xa isixhobo ngayo ingqiqo yabo ngokunxulumene uhlobo lwezakhiwo eli lizwe; esidulini ifana siqithi wayifulela imithi engqongwe umsele. Uya kungcwatywa ngokungcwatywa zibekwe Izinto ezahlukeneyo zekhaya, kunye nabanye umlawuli kade elimgcinayo Honeyview amanani ezibuhlazarha yodongwe, ibekwe phezu esidulini. Ezi imifanekiso amancinane abonisa indlela sineliso abaziinkosi Japanese: bona ibonisa abantu kunye nezilwanyana, utsaleleka ethile encinane, yaye bakwazi ukuba adlulisele imo nesimilo mpawu.

Unqulo yokuqala eJapan, ngamaShinto, abenziwe yonke imimoya indalo awayengabemi yonke imithi okanye emanzini. Neetempile zakhiwa kummandla weentaba kunye namaplanga eyenziwe ngomthi (material "live"). Sesakhiwo yayilula kakhulu kwaye kakhulu ezilungisele landscape ejikelezileyo. Iitempile waba imihombiso wakha ezifana kakuhle zaqhubeka zingena landscape. Inkcubeko Japan zamaxesha wafuna ukuhlanganisa indalo kunye nezakhiwo ezenziwe ngumntu. Kwaye neetempile ibonisa oku ngokucacileyo.

Formation of feudalism

Japan kumaXesha Aphakathi abolekwe kakhulu China kunye Korea: ingakumbi mthetho kunye nolawulo lomhlaba, ukubhala sisizwe esizimeleyo. Ngokusebenzisa abamelwane wangena lizwe nobuBhuda, nto leyo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yayo. Uye wanceda ukoyisa ukuqhekeka lwangaphakathi lizwe, ukumanyanisa izizwe, ezithi zahlulwe Japan. Asuka ixesha (552-645 gg.) Yaye Nara (645-794 gg.) Sibe ukuvela feudalism kunye nophuhliso inkcubeko yemveli ngokusekelwe izinto waboleka.

Art of ixesha kuhlangene ukwakha izakhiwo ukuba waba ukubaluleka engcwele. Umzekelo zobungangamela dha itempile -Horyudzi eli xesha, woonongendi, wakha ngeenxa Nara, ikomkhulu yokuqala ka-Japan. Ichaphazela zonke: umhombiso gorgeous ngaphakathi, isambuku Pagoda-storied ezintlanu, uphahla omkhulu lobume engundoqo, zixhaswa kwizibiyeli ezintsonkothileyo. Le sesakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu olunzima njengoko impembelelo izithethe lokwakha yaseTshayina neempawu original olwenze Japan kumaXesha Aphakathi. Akukho umda, iitempile uphawu yakhiwa kwi enkulu China. iitempile Japanese baba ngakumbi compact, nkqu.

Eyona onomtsalane iitempile zamaBhuda baqalisa ukuba zakhiwe ngenkulungwane VIII, xa kwasekwa karhulumente esembindini ephakathi. Japan kwakufuneka imali, waza waba Nara, ezakhiwe imodeli Chinese. Iitempile zibekwa ukuba ukutshatisa kwisikali mzi.

imikrolo

art Fine aphuhliswe kwakunye sesakhiwo - ukusuka bexelisa iinkosi Chinese ngendlela yokufumana yesazisi engakumbi. Ekuqaleni nabanye imilonde esemhlabeni oothixo bazaliswa yokuvakalisa uvakalelo kunye, abantu abayinqobo kunoko, abaqhelekileyo ngaphezu abemi zezulu.

ngenxa yokuqala sculpture ixesha - oqingqiweyo Buddha kwi-16 eemitha eziphakamileyo, ibekwe kwi Todaiji weemonki. Oku kubangelwa ukuhlanganisa ulwazi iindlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwixesha Nara Siphose abahle ngentlabo, bexhentsa, nasekuqiniseni. I omkhulu kunye eqaqambileyo, ifanelwe wonder of the World.

Ngelo xesha apho kunye eni oqingqiweyo abantu, uninzi lwabo abakhonzi zetempile. Izakhiwo zazihonjiswe kunye imizobo ebonisa imihlaba paradesi.

elilkunyeelayo

Utshintsho kwi inkcubeko Japan, oko yaqala ngenkulungwane IX, kunxulunyaniswa inkqubo yezopolitiko eli xesha. ezinkulu lizwe yafudukela Heian, eyaziwa namhlanje phantsi kwegama Kyoto. Ngu-kwenkulungwane kukho umgaqo-wedwa, ephakathi Japan enqatyiswe angabikho abamelwane akusekho kufumana izigidimi. Inkcubeko uye ngokwandileyo ukusuka Chinese.

ixesha Heian (kwinkulungwane IX-XII) - le zebhola ye izibongo odumileyo Japanese. Itanki (pyatistishiya) sikhatshwe Japanese rhoqo. Nje kwenzeka ukuba ixesha kuthiwa age yegolide kwimibongo Japanese. Mhlawumbi va kakhulu ngokupheleleyo isimo sengqondo abemi ilanga eliphumayo ehlabathini, ukuqonda kwakhe uxhulumaniso anzongonzongo phakathi komntu ngemvelo, ukukwazi ukuphawula ubuhle nokuba umntwana. Psychology nefilosofi imibongo ezizodwa etyhutyha yonke ubugcisa kwixesha Heian: lwezakhiwo, ukupeyinta, iprozi.

Iitempile kunye sezakhiwo

Iimpawu eJapan ngelo xesha kakhulu ezinxulumene ne ukuvela amahlelo dha, ukubumbana ngokwakhe kwiimfundiso Buddha no Shinto izithethe. Godlo neetempile kwakhona zibekwe ngaphandle kweendonga zesixeko - emahlathini kunye neentaba. Abazange babe isicwangciso ecacileyo, ngokungathi ithuba kwakukho imithi okanye neenduli. Decoration wakhonza ngokwemvelo, ibukeka isakhiwo ibe lula kangangoko kunokwenzeka. I-landscape kwabonakala ukuba kubekho ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo ngobugcisa. Godlo Akanangxaki indalo, nokuhambelanisa nayo.

Ngu izakhiwo umqondiso efanayo zadalwa nezehlabathi. Shinden, phambi Manor inkundla yenza isithuba esinye eyahlula screens, xa kukho imfuneko. isakhiwo ngasinye mfuneko ikhatshwe igadi, ngokufuthi ezincinane kakhulu, yaye ngamanye amaxesha, njengoko kwibhotwe mlawuli, baxhotyiswa kwamachibi, iibrorho zombukiso. Ezi izitiya ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa yonke ephakathi Asia. Japan, kwakhono abolekwe izimbo yaseTshayina kunye elements, wadala ngezakhiwo yayo, kuhlangene nendalo.

yokudweba

Atshintshileyo Umfanekiso: kukho imifanekiso ezintsha, iplastiki sele zintsonkotha ngakumbi kwaye multi-umbala. Noko ke, okubaluleke ngakumbi iimpawu yesizwe kubonakala ukupeyinta. Xa XI-XII eminyaka liqulunqe isimbo esitsha - Yamato-e. Ngokuba kuye, iipeyinti amanzi isetyenzisiwe. Okokuqala Yamato-e yasetyenziswa ukubonisa izicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo. Ngeli xesha ngenkuthalo ekuphuhliseni fiction, kwakukho imisongo-ibali, okanye emakimono, leyo kuthwelwe ihlabathi kwimibongo nentlonelo endalo, uphawu ephakathi Japanese. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi tekisi kunye nemifanekiso. Masters of Yamato-e bakwazi ukuba adlulisele ubuhle bendalo kunye namava zokomoya zabantu, esebenzisa imibala eyahlukileyo, ekufezekiseni isiphumo yokudanyaza kunye Translations.

reflection lwembongi yehlabathi yaye ngokukodwa xa lacquer bakuqiqa ixesha - iibhokisi ngokoqobo yigolide nezitya, izixhobo zomculo agudileyo, izifuba ihonjiswe.

Minamoto ubukhosi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII ngenxa yemfazwe feudal ikomkhulu Japan waphinda elinye ixesha. Wenza Minamoto clan noloyiso isixeko eziphambili Kamakura lizwe. umlawuli ilawulwe Entsha yonke ephakathi Japan. Ngokufutshane Kamakura thuba ingachazwa njengoko ixesha shogunate - ulawulo emkhosini. Yena lwahlala iinkulungwane eziliqela. Ukuze usebenzise le karhulumente baye baba amajoni - samurai. EJapan, beza igunya, waqala ukuba iimpawu omtsha wezenkcubeko. Endaweni izibongo itanki weza DGCPI - zobuciko zobugorha balizukisa inkalipho yamajoni. Unqulo baqala ukudlala indima enkulu Zen ubuBhuda, ababefundisa sisindiswe emhlabeni ngoncedo yoqeqesho emzimbeni, ukuzimisela zinzulu self-lwazi. Umhlomlo wayengekho ebalulekileyo, kwicala kwesithethe unqulo uthatha isihlalo umva.

Samurai eJapan wabeka inkcubeko ezikhethekileyo somoya, imbeko nokunyaniseka. Ubudoda namandla ezendeleyo kuzo, bawo bonke ubugcisa ukusuka bokwakha titoloveta. Godlo yayakhiwe ngaphandle pagodas kubo enyamalala wolungiso lwe ixesha Heian. Iitempile njengephempe elula, kutheni komeleza kuphela umanyano lwabo nendalo. Inani elikhulu portraits oqingqiweyo. Masters bafunda iindlela ezintsha ukudala imifanekiso kwabonakala uyaphila. Xa kwizikhundla, iimilo kunye nokwenziwa kulo lonke isibindi enye eqinile.

Emakimono eli xesha luphawulwa na abalinganiswa ngokwasemoyeni kunye nesakhiwo sebali eliguqukayo, ebalisa iimfazwe igazi phakathi zezindlu.

Garden - ukuqhubeka wendlu

Ngowe-1333 ikomkhulu babuyela ixesha Heian. Abalawuli omtsha waqalisa kangcono ubugcisa. Le sesakhiwo eli thuba badla umthendeleko namanje eduze nendalo. Eyabekwa kunye lula ukuba ahlalisane nama imibongo kunye nobuhle. Kwindawo yokuqala iimfundiso ihlelo Zen ukuba sacula ukuphakama ngokomoya ngokusebenzisa Eyokuqiqa endalo, imvisiswano naye.

Ngeli xesha, kwavela ubugcisa ikebana, nezindlu zakhiwa ngendlela yokuba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli khaya nako ndincome umyezo kwinkalo ngandlel 'ithile. A intwana encinane zendalo basoloko abazahluli ukusuka endlwini, omnye umbundu ke, kwafuneka luqhubeke yayo. Oku ephawuleka kakhulu ekwakheni Ginkakudzi ukuba yakhiwa ngasevarandeni, kakuhle angena egadini kunye sijinga phezu echibini. Le ndoda, lowo endlwini, wadala banenkolelo yokuba imida phakathi igumbi lokuhlala kunye namanzi kunye umyezo ayikho ukuba iinxalenye ezimbini lonke.

ifilosofi tea

In XV-XVI kwiinkulungwane eJapan yaqala ukubonakala teahouses. ubumnandi ngenyameko ubungqina ndisele abo savela China yonke yezithethe. indlu tea wakhumbuza hermitages. Baye ixhotyiswe ngendlela yokuba nxaxheba kulenkonzo nga bazive lwahlulwe ihlabathi ngaphandle. Ubukhulu encinane endlini avale iifestile iphepha kudala umoya okhethekileyo lwesenzi. Yonke - endleleni ilitye cobbled rough ekhokelela emnyango, ukuya ngodongwe elula kunye nesandi ukuba ubilise amanzi - wazaliswa kwimibongo bulumko yoxolo.

ezinombala painting

Ngaxeshanye kunye vutshila iigadi kufuywe kumsitho tea zazivelela nokupeyinta. Imbali Japan zamaxesha aphakathi kunye nenkcubeko yawo kwi XIV-XV eminyaka. kuphawulwa ukuvela suyboku-ha - inki ukupeyinta. Imifanekiso uhlobo amatsha imizobo landscape ezinombala, nto leyo ukwakweli misongo. Masters suyboku-ha, kwamkelwe iimpawu womzobo Chinese, ngokukhawuleza ibingaziswa ukupeyinta yesazisi Japanese. Ziye zafunda indlela yokudlulisela ubuhle bendalo, imo yawo, ubungangamsha kunye mfihlakalo. Ekuqaleni le ndlela ngenkulungwane XVI suyboku-hectare ngokulungelelanisiweyo udityaniswe Yamato-e ubuchule, ngokudala isimbo esitsha yokudweba.

Abanemvume Late

imephu Zamaxesha Japan ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI Uyekile ukwenza i "Quilt Ukuxokonyezelelwa" lempahla zorhwebo zezindlu ezahlukeneyo. Yaqala nokumanyanisa ilizwe. Baqala ke ukuba ukuseka abafowunelwa kunye ithi Koloni. A indima ebonakalayo ngoku udlalwa bokwakha yehlabathi. Shoguns iinqaba ezinkulu ngexesha ezingxandeni zentsimbi World ezihonjiswe ngoxolo engcwele. Izixhobo akhawulwe sliding izahlulelo, waziqaba kwaye ihonjiswe ngokukodwa agcwayele ukukhanya, ukuyila imeko-bume festive.

Kano iinkosi ukupeyinta yesikolo, awathi ngeli xesha onke kuphela ikhusi, kodwa kwakhona iindonga zeengxande. Imizobo Ehle imibala ecacileyo adlulisela nokuvelela elimisiweyo indalo. Kukho amabali amatsha -The imifanekiso yobomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaqhelekileyo. Waye ekhona kule amabhotwe ezinombala ukupeyinta, bafumana imizwa okhethekileyo.

Amaninzi, ezinombala painting ihonjiswe izindlu iti, apho kukho umoya yoxolo, yayintsha elimisiweyo kwamagumbi nqaba. Compound lula kwaye igcwala iqhayiya inkcubeko lonke ixesha Edo (ngenkulungwane XVII-XIX.). Ngeli xesha, i-Japan aphakathi kwakhona waphum nkqubo yodwa. Kukho iintlobo ezintsha zobugcisa, ukuveza isimo sengqondo ethile ye-Japanese: Kabuki theatre, anemifanekiso, novellas.

ixesha Edo luphawulwa kufutshane nohombisoa zobungangamela iinqaba izindlu tea ezindilisekileyo, izithethe Yamato-e iindlela ukupeyinta kunye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Udibaniso imisinga ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa yezandla ibonakala ngokucacileyo imikrolo. kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Master kaninzi basebenza kunye, enyanisweni, maxa wambi enye umzobi efanayo apeyintiweyo wakhonza iifeni izikrini, kwakunye kushicilelwa kunye caskets.

Abanemvume emva kwexesha luphawulwa ngokwanda ingqalelo kwinjongo kokugcwaliswa yobomi; kukho amalaphu ezitsha kusetyenziswa imveliso yephondo, utshintsho yesinxibo. Ekubeni ezinxulumene yokugqibela ukuya zisenzeka netske emele amaqhosha encinane uhlobo okanye brelochki. Baye baba ngenxa ngqo kuphuhliso imikrolo Japan.

inkcubeko Japanese kunzima ukuba siphambanise ne neziphumo ingqondo zabanye abantu. yesazisi sakhe yaphuhliswa phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo. Kufutshane rhoqo ukuya izinto yezilingo zavelisa bulumko ekhethekileyo ukulwela ngokuvumelana, abonisa ngokwayo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobugcisa kunye nokuyenza.