France kule nkulungwane yama-20: iinkalo zophuhliso

Lifumana imvuselelo yezoqoqosho neyenkcubeko France kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngamafutshane, kwaba elinye iqela kwamagunya ebalaseleyo ehlabathini. Xa nkqubo angaphandle, yena waya rapprochement neBritani naseRashiya. Ekhaya, ngo-1900 - iminyaka 1914. eqhubekayo ukruthakruthwano phakathi wobusoshiyali kunye ngcathu. Eli xesha xa ngeziqu zabo phezulu yathi aneliseke imeko yazo yokusebenza. kwenkulungwane yama-20 baphela zokupapashwa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye umyalelo kwihlabathi elitshintsha.

umnotho

Ngokwemeko-kwezoqoqosho lwembono, France kwi-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20 zafumana ukwanda okubonakalayo. Yaba okufanayo kwi uninzi lonke elaseYurophu, eUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, e-France le nkqubo iye yafumana iimpawu ezizodwa. Kweefektri ezidolophini abazange ngokukhawuleza njengoko zeenkokeli eziphambili (ngokukodwa UK), kodwa waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa abasebenzi kunye noohlohlesakhe kuqhubeka ukomeleza amandla abo.

Ngowe-1896-1913 gg. kwakukho ebizwa ngokuba 'revolution mveliso yesibini ". Wamiswa yi kokuvela lombane kunye neemoto (naziphi na iinkampani Renault kunye nabazalwana Peugeot). Aviation wazalwa. France kule nkulungwane yama-20, ekugqibeleni fumene kwimimandla yonke mveliso. Rouen, Lyon kunye Lille na iziko elukiweyo, kunye Saint Etienne kunye Le Creusot - kwiindawo metallurgical. Motor beesimboli ukukhula wahlala noololiwe. Kuphucula umsebenzi womnatha yabo. Kololiwe zaba into mali yokukwamkela. Lula ukutshintshiselana kwempahla kunye norhwebo ngokuthi ukuphucula izithuthi kuye kwakhokelela ekukhuleni mveliso phambili.

kuhambe

amashishini amancinci ezigciniweyo. Phantse isinye kwisithathu lwabasebenzi belizwe wayesebenza ekhaya (ikakhulu abathungi). Ngomhla olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, uqoqosho French yayisekelwe lwemali yesizwe bomelele yaye zahluke kakhulu isakhono. Ngelo xesha kwakukho iziphene: kwimimandla ekumzantsi lizwe kwasilela ngasemva kuphuhliso woshishino ngasentla.

Ukuvuka iphenjelelwa ngamandla uluntu. France kule yama-20 ekhulwini kuseyimfuneko kwilizwe apho ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu (53%) bahlala kuloo lali, kodwa emzaneni okuqhubekayo ekunyukeni ukuphuma. Ukususela 1840 ukuya 1913. sabemi republic ithe fithi ukusuka 35 ukuya 39 million. Ngenxa yokulahlekelwa Alsace kunye Lorraine kwi imfazwe Prussia amashumi eminyaka waqhubeka yokushiywa yabemi kule mimandla kwilizwe lawo zembali.

ezithile ngokwezinga

Ubomi wahlala umsebenzi onzima. Noko ke, njengoko kwakunjalo kwamanye amazwe. Ngowe-1884, umthetho ligqithise leyo kwavumela ekudaleni wabazingeli (iimanyano zabasebenzi). Ngo-1902 kwakukho General Confederation emanyeneyo wezeMisebenzi. bahlela kwabasebenzi, phakathi kwabo mood revolution ezikhulayo. France kule nkulungwane yama-20 yayisahluka neemfuno zazo ngokunjalo.

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo yaba kukudala umthetho omtsha zentlalo (ngo-1910 kwakukho umthetho kumhlalaphantsi ukuba abasebenzi kunye nabalimi). Noko ke, amanyathelo urhulumente kwasilela kakhulu emva asebumelwaneni efanayo eJamani. Uphuhliso lwemizi yaseFransi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakhokelela ekwandiseni ulwazi lizwe, kodwa izibonelelo ziye zasasazwa edyokhweni. Abaninzi kubo bafumana naziphi na oohlohlesakhe kunye yabantu Paris. Ngo-1900 kwi-metro eyinkunzi kwavulwa, kwaye ngexesha elinye kubekho II Imidlalo Olimpiki yanamhlanje.

isiko

E French, elithi esamkelweyo Belle Époque - 'Belle Epoque. " Ngoko ke kamva yabizwa ngokuba ixesha ukususela ekupheleni phezulu ngenkulungwane XIX ku-1914 (ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi lokuQala). Yena yayiphawuleka nje kuphela ukukhula koqoqosho, izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu kunye nenkqubela, kodwa nokugqama benkcubeko eyenzeka eFransi. Paris ngeli walibiza 'ikomkhulu ihlabathi. "

Uluntu ngokubanzi wehlelwa yi umdla zamabali, zemiboniso Boulevard opperetam. Sasisebenza Impressionists kunye Cubists. Pablo uPicasso waba edumileyo ehlabathini phambi imfazwe. Nangona wazalwa indoda yaseSpain, bonke ubomi bakhe yendalo isebenzayo enxulumene ne-Paris.

Russian kumabala emidlalo nani Sergei Diaghilev walungelelanisa kwikomkhulu French i "Seasons Russian," yonyaka eyaba yakhawuleza ehlabathini lonke uvule IsiRashiya ukuya basemzini. Ngelo ke eli xesha e Paris wathengisa ngaphandle iphambili "isiko Spring" yi Stravinsky, "Shaherazady" yi Rimsky-Korsakova I T. D. "namaXesha Russian" Diaghilev yaguqula fashion. Ngo-1903, eliphefumlelweyo yi ibhaleyi yesinxibo umyili Pol Puare wavula kukhawuleza lihlelo fashion indlu. Ngenxa kuye, corset iphelelwe. France e-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20 kuba ihlabathi lonke njengoko CTLI yenkcubeko.

angaphandle

Ngowe-1900, France, kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezininzi kwihlabathi inxaxheba kwezithandani le inboxer Imvukelo China buthathaka. Empire yasezulwini ngelo xesha ihamba ingxaki yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho. Eli lizwe lizele basemzini (kubandakanywa French), nto leyo kuthatha amanyathelo kubomi yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. Baba Abarhwebi kunye bevangeli zamaKristu. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi, China, kwabakho imvukelo amahlwempu ( "manqindi"), amaqembu kwamaJuda iikota amazwe. Le zaqalwa livunyelwe. Paris ifumene 15% ye imali enkulu million 450 liang.

nkqubo angaphandle yaseFransi kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayisekelwe kwimigaqo eziliqela. Okokuqala, lo lizwe amandla yobukoloniyali kunye inamashishini amaninzi e-Afrika, yaye kwakufuneka ukukhusela iimfuno zabo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Okwesibini, ukuba ngamaqhinga phakathi kwezinye amazwe anamandla aseYurophu, uzama ukufumana ally ixesha elide. EFrance ngemveli a strong anti-German ziimvakalelo (isekelwe kwi ngokoyiswa yi-Prussia kwimfazwe 1870-1871.). Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo aya rapprochement neBritani.

colonialism

Ngowe-1903, i-IsiNgesi iKing Edward VII watyelela Paris kutyelelo ozakuzo. Emva kotyelelo, isivumelwano sasayinwa, njengoko apho iBritani neFransi wahlula amanqwanqwa iimfuno zabo lwamathanga. Ngoko ke kwabonakala prerequisite yokuqala ukuya nokudalwa Entente. Isivumelwano yobukoloniyali eye wavumela France ukuba usebenze ngokukhululekileyo Morocco, kwaye United Kingdom - eYiputa.

AmaJamani bazama ukuxhathisa intuthuko abachasi bakhe Afrika. Ukuphendula, France waqhuba inkomfa Algiers apho amalungelo yayo kwezoqoqosho Maghreb eye yaqinisekiswa eNgilani, Russia, Spain Italy. Germany kangangexesha elithile bahlala bodwa. Loo ithuba kweziganeko iyahambelana ngokupheleleyo umlinganiselo anti-German, leyo France kwinkulungwane yama-20. nkqubo Foreign wawusalathiswa nxamnye eBerlin, nazo zonke ezinye iimpawu zayo amiselwa ngokungqinelana nale motif. The French wamisa Protectorate phezu Morocco ngo-1912. Emva koko, kwabakho i mvukelo, leyo zicinezelwa umkhosi phantsi Jikelele Yubera Liote.

Socialist

Naluphi uphawu France kwinkulungwane yama-20 akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuchaza impembelelo ekhulayo iingcamango leftist kwelo hlabathi. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngenxa ezidolophini kweli lizwe liye landa inani labasebenzi. Abasebenzi wawufuna ukumelwa zabo kurhulumente. Waqalisa enkosi wobusoshiyali.

Ngowe-1902, i-awodwa ngasekhohlo iphumelele unyulo olulandelayo ukuya Chamber of yamaSekela. Le manyano entsha iye yabamba iqela iinguqu ephathelele kukhuseleko loluntu, iimeko zokusebenza kunye nemfundo. ugwayimbo steel nikhetha. Ngowe-1904, yonke kumazantsi eFransi wayamkela ugwayimbo yimiphumela abasebenzi. Ngoko ke inkokheli French Socialist Zhan Zhores wadala iphephandaba odumileyo "L'Humanite". Lo bulumko kunye mbali hayi balwa kuphela ngamalungelo abasebenzi, kodwa akuchasa nekoloniyalizim nogonyamelo. yezopolitiko kwempambano ubuzwe wayebulewe ngosuku phambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Inani of Zhana Zhoresa wayengomnye pacifism ezinkulu ngamazwe kwaye banqwenela ukuba isimboli uxolo.

Ngowe-1905, beza ndawonye wobusoshiyali French waza wadala Section French of International Workers '. iinkokeli zayo engundoqo Zhan Zhores and Jules Guesde. Socialist kwafuneka lijongane kunye nabasebenzi ngakumbi ungonelisekanga. Ngowe-1907, i mvukelo walitshisa Languedoc-abalimi aneliseke ukungeniswa iwayini cheap Algeria. Umkhosi, urhulumente lazise ukuba iphelise yombhodamo, wala ukuba adubule abantu.

inkolo

iimpawu ezininzi French kwinkulungwane yama-20, wajika ngokupheleleyo kuluntu yaseFransi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1905 oko yamkela umthetho ukwahlulwa ecaweni kunye karhulumente. Waba kwebala agqibileyo-nkqubo anti-zoomabhalana loo minyaka.

Umthetho ububhangisile Napoleonic IsiVumelwano, leyo wakhululwa emva ngo-1801. Waye wamkelwa ayiveli karhulumente kunye iziqinisekiso inkululeko yesazela. Akukho nasinye amaqela zonqulo akaba saba nako ukubala kwi ukusekelwa karhulumente. Kungekudala emva kokuba umthetho begxeka yi Pope (uninzi isiFrentshi zazibhalwe namaKatolika).

Science and Technology

Uphuhliso lwenzululwazi France kwinkulungwane yama-20 yabalasela iBhaso Nobel e Physics ngo-1903, apho kwafunyanwa radioactivity zendalo iityuwa uranium wafumana Antuan Anri Bekkerl, Per Kyuri kunye Marie Sklodowska-Curie (kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva naye wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel Chemistry). Impumelelo kunye nokudala ingcibi entsha moya technology. Ngowe-1909, Louis Bleriot kuqala labhabha ngaphesheya IsiNgesi Channel.

wesithathu Republic

Democratic France kule nkulungwane yama-20 wayehlala ngexesha weRiphabliki yesiThathu. Ngeli xesha intloko karhulumente ubenabongameli ezininzi Emil sawo (1899-1906), Arman Faler (1906-1913) kunye Raymon Puankare (1913-1920). Yintoni inkumbulo yabo, bashiya kwimbali France? Emil sawo wangumlawuli phakathi ungquzulwano lwentlalo oluqale ehlabathini ityala aphezulu Alfreda Dreyfusa. Le zomkhosi (umYuda njengokuba umphathi) watyholwa ngoontamnani eJamani. Loubet isusiwe kwimeko wamndulula indlela yakhe. France, elingumthombo, afumana nokulatyuza anti-kwamaJuda. Sekunjalo, Dreyfus ecaleni kwimo.

Arman Faler ngokubonakalayo kwaqinisa Entente. Phantsi kwakhe France, ngathi lonke elaseYurophu, bengaqondanga ulungiselela imfazwe ezayo. Raymon Puankare wamiswa anti-German. Yena wachitha lenguqulelo umkhosi landise ixesha eli ngumphefumlo wayo ukususela kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu.

Entente

Nokuba ngo-1907, Great Britain, Russia, France sele zigqityiwe umfelandawonye emkhosini. I Entente kwasekwa ukuphendula nokomelezwa eJamani. BaseJamani, Austrians kwaye baseItali Obumbe Triple Alliance ngo-1882. Ngaloo ndlela, iYurophu wohlukana kwiinkampu amabini ezikhohlakeleyo. karhulumente ngasinye ungacelanga ulungiselela imfazwe, ndithembe ukuba usebenzise ukuze bandise umda wabo ukulungisa zabo zokuhlala ngamandla amakhulu.

28 Julayi 1914 terrorist Serbian Gavrilo wayengazi yabulala umthetheli yaseOstriya kunye yindlalifa Franz uFerdinand. Sarajevo ntlekele saba ibhaxa kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Austria bahlasela Serbia, iRashiya wema ngenxa Serbia kunye naye ungquzulwano kwanya amalungu Entente, kuquka France. Italy, equka Triple Alliance, wala ukuxhasa iJamani kunye Habsburg. Waba njengehlakani France kunye yonke Entente ngo-1915. Ngelo xesha e-Austria kunye iJamani wazibandakanya Ottoman kunye Bulgaria (ukusukela aseka kane Alliance). The First World War aphelise kwi "Belle Epoque."