Enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Sineva": iimpawu kunye nenkcazelo

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, lilinge lokuqala ukubeka ziye zathathwa izikhali ii nkwili. Le mbono bobabo injineli Russian K. A. Shilderu. Ngokutsho projekthi kwi Alexandrovsky Foundry ngoMatshi 1834 yayakhiwe "ngexabiso" ngwenya. Kodwa zange eyamkelwa yi-Russian Imperial Navy. Noko ke, ingcamango yokuba ihambisa imijukujelwa covertly inkwili yaphuhliswa kuphuhliso ezinye iinjineli zomkhosi. Ingakumbi umdla kule ngokombono umjukujelwa "Sineva".

isixhobo kwamanzi sizibambe

Kwakhona III Reich izame ukuphawula ingcamango uqala imijukujelwa ukusuka ngwenya in practice. Ngoko ke, kumbindi Peenemunde lasehlotyeni lika-1942 U-511 inkwili aguqulwa ukulungiselela le njongo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le rocket - imigodi noqhushumbiso ukuvuleka 280 mm kunye 210 mm - sele igqityiwe.

Kwakhona kuqhutywa iimvavanyo apho ukudubula lwaqhutywa kubunzulu eliphakathi 9 no-15 leemitha. Kulo mzekelo, uluhlu iphezulu enomjukujelwa yaba phakathi km 4.

iziphumo adubula yaba yimpumelelo kangangokuba kwingxelo yovavanyo iye yaphawula ithuba isicelo logwayimbo udada ngu lweenqanawa ezintywilayo aseJamani kunxweme American.

I 'Wave "

Xa umsebenzi awasungule imijukujelwa ukusuka lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo amacandelo amaninzi. Ezi ziquka:

• rocketry;
• imikhumbi kwamanzi;
• Ivule ukucima;
• ulawulo abaleka.

ukuhlangabezana nale mingeni le projekthi sele ifumene ikhowudi "Wave ', yaye ngo-Oktobha 1948 injineli V. Ganin sisisiwa isatifikethi i Umsunguli yakhe. Ziphawuleka ukukwazi ngokusesikweni imijukujelwa ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo:

• tyaba,
• mpo
• bethana.

Isiseko yonke imijukujelwa aba P-11 ehlabathini yokuqala yokusebenza-kwebhola. Waye eziliqela eziluncedo:

• Ukwazi isimo hluthani;
• ngamagama amancinane;
• kusetyenziswa amacandelo arhente oxidizing ngokusekelwe nitric acid.

Konke oku kuye kwamnceda ukuba lula ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezinjalo.

isiqalo kwamanzi, apho R-21 isicelo ngexabiso ulwelo yenzeka USSR. Kwaba ngo-1960. Kulo mzekelo, uqale imijukujelwa ngwenya kwaba yimpumelelo kunye ezinzulwini kwamanzi kweemitha ezingama-40 ukuya ku-50.

"Sineva"

It anazo iimpawu ezizodwa indlela P-29RM, nto leyo eyaziwa njenge enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "I blue".

It usombulula iingxaki ezininzi:

• Ikhosi ulungiso phezu maza-Hewana;
• flight indlela yatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kumgama;
• ukukwazi ukwabela lokungavinjwa ezase iinjongo ezahlukeneyo;
• ukusetyenziswa imijukujelwa kwi Arctic.

Ukuba nokwenzeka umlilo North Pole iye yabonisa ngoSeptemba abathwali enomjukujelwa 2006 "Yekaterinburg". enomjukujelwa "Sineva" lalisetyenziswa eqalweni-up.

Inkwili "Tula"

Ingcamango ngokubeka imijukujelwa ehlala ihleli phezu lweenqanawa ezintywilayo imiliselwe ngokupheleleyo kwi ngwenya zenyukliya "Tula".

Ukuze enomjukujelwa efakiweyo "Sineva" (P-29 RMU2), ukususela ngoJuni 2000 ukuya ku-Epreli 21, 2004 "Tula" wathabatha maxesha nzulu, nto leyo yanceda ukwandisa ngwenya lahlukile. Kuye ngcono izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Kwakhona ukwanda inkqubo inqanawa survivability, nto leyo ibandakanya ukhuseleko lwenyukliya.

"Tula" uye isantya kwamanzi amaqhina 24 (44 km / hr) kwi ukuntywiliselwa ubunzulu ubuninzi kweemitha 650. Ukuqhutywa izimele, kunokuba iintsuku ezingama-90 kunye liqembu yabantu 140.

Kwezikhali ngwenya okuqinileyo kakhulu. Ukongezelela enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Sineva" (P-29 RMU2) kunye izindululi 16 inkwili exhotyiswe netyhubhu inomzimba. Kwakhona kwi ebhodi MANPADS "Igla-1" (9K310).

Ukuze sinengcamango yokuba imilinganiselo zeklasi inkwili zenyukliya "Tula", kukhankanywa kunokwenziwa kwaye ubude kakhulu (phezu kwamanzi yoyilo) - 167,4 mitha! Ubude yasendle ibhola, umz, iimitha ezili-120.

Emva ekuphuculeni ngwenya "Tula" yazifeza enomjukujelwa launch "Sineva" kuLwandle Barents kwi ekujoliswe sentshinyela wePasifiki. Emva kokuba ndiyoyisile le ekujoliswe km 11.547 ihlaselwe ngempumelelo.

Iimpawu "Sineva"

-Sigaba Three enomjukujelwa, akhiwa wesekethe etywiniweyo apho zicwangciswe ngokwezigaba ngokulandelelana. Okunika "uqhoqhoqho" kwi LRE iitanki indibano eyodwa edibeneyo apho inkqubo tank-ekwabelwana.

Xa ubunzima 40,3 ubude m kweemitha 14.8 ngezikhali. Kuba ukubhala shaft ukuqala PL ubukhulu yancitshiswa ku-1.9 m, ubunzima kuphela iqela loqobo alinjalo ilingana no 2.8 m.

Enye iimpawu rocket le iyintloko inxalenye yayo engundoqo, nto leyo ubunjwe iibhloko ezine ezilishumi. Ngenxa yoko, ngamnye kubo nkongomiso ngamnye.

Ukuba izikhali ziyasetyenziswa kungquzulwano non-nuclear, i-inxalenye intloko ifakwe iziqhushumbisi ukuzaliswa eqhekekileyo warhead ophezulu, nto leyo inobunzima malunga 2 iitoni. Ezi zixhobo i inkalo ezizodwa - high-ngqo ukutshatyalaliswa iithagethi.

Missile "Sineva", iimpawu esinokucinga ukuze mayixhotyiswe warhead nuclear ubungakanani ultrasmall ( TNT elingana iitoni ezingama-50). Oku kukuvumela ukuba isicelo uqhankqalazo zotyando kwindawo ethile.

"Abalibona" uluhlu badubula

enomjukujelwa Intercontinental "I blue" zibandakanyiwe imijukujelwa D-9RM. Bona bexhobe lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya 667BRDM projekthi (NATO Ukuhlelwa Delta-IV).

Le ngokwayo complex wathabatha kwi promvooruzhenie ngo-1986. Kodwa ukususela ngowe-1996 ukuya 1999, umba imijukujelwa bayeka. Kwaye ngo 1999 imveliso yabo uqalwe kwakhona uguqulelo maxesha.

Kunye kuphuculo uluhlu umjukujelwa "Sineva" ladlula izalathi si zokunikwa iinkqubo US kule klasi ( "Ababhali-2"), nto leyo onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo we amawaka 11 km. A Reserve umgama alinayo nayiphi na enomjukujelwa enye ehlabathini.

Ngelo xesha wavuma ngokusesikweni ukuba uluhlu "Sineva" ngu 8300 km. Ekubeni xa izikhephe yenziwa enomjukujelwa lusaziswa oluhlaza?

Commander in eyiNtloko Russian Navy Vladimir Vysotsky yaxelelwa ukuba le kwako imijukujelwa axhobe lweenqanawa ezintywilayo nuclear osebenza ukulwa umsebenzi elwandle. kuphela 7 yeprojekthi enomjukujelwa afunyenwe Russian lwaphela.

"Bulava"

enomjukujelwa Intercontinental ballistic "Bulava" ibimele ukuxhobisa uhlobo ngwenya "Northwind", efumanekayo zefula imizili 12.

Le nkqubo yokusebenza standardised kunye izakhiwo enomjukujelwa esekelwe emhlabeni-"Topol-M". Kulo mzekelo, "Bulava" kwirediyasi yeflayithi ifikelela 8000 km, xa ubunzima iitoni 36.8 of ezivuthayo. zikhali uye ezase ezininzi. isiqalo uthambekele kuvumela isiqalo kwamanzi "yiya."

Ngokutsho yayo iimpawu enomjukujelwa "Bulava" yaye "Sineva 'efanayo kakhulu zahluke kuphela uhlobo injini basafunda. Xa "Bulava" Yena eqinileyo, kwaye "Sineva" - ulwelo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwisigaba sokugqibela umjukujelwa moya "iNtonga" lisetyenziswa motor fluidic, kubonelelwe ngamathuba ezongezelelweyo ukuze kuzakwandisa isantya kwaye eqondisa.

izicelo Peaceful izikhali weave

inkqubo Conversion injini imijukujelwa ballistic aba isiseko kuyilo iziphathi ezifana "Wave" yaye "Zolani".

Kakade ke, bayakuyeka ngayo imisebenzi yabo, "Union" yaye "Proton", kodwa nendawo kakuhle kakhulu kunikezelo iziphekepheke ibe Earth orbit eliphantsi.

Ezi izakhiwo ngokuthi "Zolani" kunye "Wave" yaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba zadalwa ngokusekelwe R-29R (enomjukujelwa "Sineva").

Ngowe-1991-1993, ngwenya Russian kwenziwa iqala ezintathu mijukujelwa ukuba necala eya suborbital.

Yiyiphi enye umdla ukuqaphela? uhlobo Conversion evuthayo "Sineva" wada wangena kule ncwadi Guinness World Records njengoko ekhule-imeyile.

Juni 7, 1995 ngoncedo ophethe irula R-29R neqela izixhobo yenzululwazi yaphehlelelwa yi yenyukliya-enikwe icebreaker Russian "Ryazan". Kwibhodi yaye kananjalo abeke e-mail ngembalelwano. Emva kwemizuzu engama-20, eziphaphazelayo 9000 km, leli philisi sindise eKamchatka ngempumelelo.