Whaling Modern: inkcazelo, imbali kunye nokhuseleko

Yintoni whaling? Le whaling ukuze afumane inzuzo kwezoqoqosho, kunokuba ukutya. Ababelotyiwe kunye wasebenzisa inyama womnenga njengokutya yaqala kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX.

Products whaling

Namhlanje, yonke schoolchild uyazi ukuba whaling waqalisa kwimveliso Amafutha - oyile iminenga, esasisetyenziswa ekuqaleni sikhanyise, ekwenziweni jute kwaye izinto zokuthambisa. EJapan, Amafutha yayisetyenziswa zinambuzane nxamnye iinkumbi emasimini.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iteknoloji iye yatshintsha amanqatha inkonzo izinto omtsha. Amafutha ayisa esetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa okoko nje kukho separafini, kodwa yavelisa into efunekayo ekuveliseni isepha. Kwaye lusetyenziswe njengendlela kwisi kwamafutha imifuno i ekulungiseleleni imajarini. Glycerol, Isimanga, i eceleni kokususwa fatty ukusuka Amafutha.

ioli Whale ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa amakhandlela, izithambiso kunye amalungiselelo ezonyango kunye neendlela, iipensile ezinemibala, i-inki, ilinoliyam, ipeyinti.

inyama Whale ukuba isicatshulwa inyama zokupheka okanye bone powder for ukondla izilwanyana. Eyona engundoqo abathengi inyama womnenga ukutya - Japanese.

Bone powder isasetyenziswa nangoku nje isichumiso kwezolimo.

Ukutya benaso ebizwa ngokuba umhluzi inyama isisombululo emva unyango autoclaves, iimveliso ziiprotein esisityebi.

isikhumba unjengengwenya Japan ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II wasetyenziswa kwishishini nezihlangu i ngenxa nokuveliswa yamathe, Noko ke, ayikho lunamandla kulusu eqhelekileyo.

Blood umgubo ebikade isetyenziswa ngaphambili ngenxa isiqulatho ophezulu nitrogen nje isichumiso, kodwa ngenxa iimpawu Umatshini - njengoko iglu kwishishini zo- kusebenza ngayo.

Emzimbeni gelatin inyama whale olulungiswe kwesibindi - vitamin A, ukusuka yebhinqa - hormone adrenocorticotropic asemathunjini - baseAmbergris. Kangangexesha elide eJapan kwencindi pancreatic kufunxwa.

Kuba phantse ayisetyenziswa ngethambo, ngelo xesha elinye kwakufuneka ukuba nokuveliswa corsets, iiwigi eziphakamileyo, crinolines, yamaHindu, izinto zasekhitshini, ifanitshala kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi luncedo. De kube ngoku, kukho ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa ezivela amazinyo sperm whale, pilot weminenga neshumi killer.

Ngokufutshane, namhlanje neminenga zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo.

Imbali whaling

Kuzalwa whaling zisenokuthathwa eNorway. Sele imizobo esematyeni of zokuhlala abasusela kwiminyaka amawaka amane, kukho izigcawu yiminenga wokuzingela. Yaye ukusuka apho kuza ubungqina yokuqala lokuloba mnenga rhoqo eYurophu ngethuba leminyaka 800-1000 BC. e.

Kwinkulungwane XII oko laze kwi iminenga Basque kwi Bay of Biscay. Ukusuka apho, whaling waya emantla eGreenland. I Danes, ilandelwa yi iminenga British kwaye laze kwi amanzi Arctic. Kunxweme olusempuma North America sperm bafika ngenkulungwane XVII. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane mnye lokuloba enye isuka e-Japan.

Ngaloo mihla kwizithuthi uya. sailboats Whaling babesebancinane, kunye nokukhanya-umsebenzi kwaye yalwa kakhulu. Ngoko babezingela Iminenga bowhead kunye Biscay ngeenyembe rowboats ngesandla yaye kuxhelwa elwandle, ethatha kuphela Amafutha kunye ngethambo. Ngaphandle nje kokuba ezi izilwanyana ezincinane, abayi musa kurhaxwa, abulawe, zingakotshwa ebotshelelwe isikhephe kwaye mfutho elunxwemeni okanye iphenyane. i Japanese Kuphela ndiyayithabatha ukuya wayenothotho elwandle izikhephe ezincinane iminatha.

Xa XVIII kunye XIX iinkulungwane, esimi ushishino whaling liye lwahluma, wasebenzisa elo inxalenye esemazantsi Atlantic, i-Pacific and Oceans Indiya, uMzantsi Afrika kunye Seychelles.
Xa emantla sperm baqalisa enithiyela bowhead neminenga tye, iminenga mnenga kunye, kamva, eGreenland, Devisovom Strait kunye kufuphi Spitsbergen, xa elwandle of Beaufort, wethu kunye Chukchi.

Lifikile ixesha xa harpoon kokusungulwa design entsha, leyo, kunye utshintsho ezincinane isekhona, nemipu harpoon. Ehlabathini ngexesha elifanayo iinqanawa ezo indawo umphunga, ngesantya esikhulu kwaye uphume kunye kakhulu ezinkulu. Kulo mzekelo, andinakuze ndilitshintshe kunye whaling. ngenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nophuhliso kobuchwepheshe kukhokelele kwanokupheliswa phantse epheleleyo yabemi anencasa bowhead whales, ukuze ekuqaleni kwinkulungwane elandelayo, bayeka ukuba whaling British kwi Arctic. iziko zokuzingela on nezilwanyana zaselwandle wafudukela lwePasifiki, ukuya Newfoundland and nentshona yonxweme Afrika.

Xa whaling kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini zafikelela kwiziqithi West Antarctic. Ezinkulu mveliso indiza zokupaka kukhuseke, neempahla kamva-zesibeleko, kunye kokufika sperm leyo ayisekho kuxhomekeke elunxwemeni, kukhokelele ekuyilweni ukusebenza, loo offshore. iindlela ezintsha yamafutha processing womnenga, apho impahla ekrwada ekwenziweni nitroglycerine ukuya dynamite, kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba iminenga ziye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iintlobo ekujoliswe qhinga.

Ngowe-1946, yaye yasekwa yi-International Whaling Commission, apho kamva yaba umzimba ukusebenza weNkomfa yaMazwe wokuLawula Whaling, leyo yadibana phantse onke amazwe, neminenga imigodi.

Ukususela ekuqaleni ilixa whaling yorhwebo de Second World War, iinkokeli kule ndawo baye eNorway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Emva kwemfazwe, kwafakwa yi Japan, ilandelwe yi-yiSoviet Union.

Ngeenyembe nemipu harpoon

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX ukuya imini whaling yorhwebo yangoku ayikho ngaphandle umpu harpoon.

whaler Norwegian Svend Foyn owavela umpu harpoon kunye noyilo elitsha kuyo. Yaba isixhobo onzima ubunzima-50 kg kwaye ubude kweemitha ezimbini, incula-isiqhushumbisi ekupheleni apho ziyaxhonywa imilenze, tsala-phantsi sele emzimbeni sentlanzi enkulu, uyigcine ibe ankile, ukuvimbela ukumka namanzi. Ibid ukakayi ibhokisi yentsimbi ngumgubo kunye isitya yeglasi sulphuric acid, apho waba fuse xa isiseko waqhekeza lokuveza kumakhamandela ngaphakathi isilwanyana longxwelerhiweyo. Kamva, isitya indawo yokuqhumisa ekude.

Njengoko ngaphambili, yaye ngoku ngeenyembe ezenziwe ngentsimbi ilastiki kakhulu Swedish, ukuba abathanga kuyaphula naxa uphakamisa zinamandla whale. Nge harpoon enxulumene tench elomeleleyo amakhulu eziliqela eemitha ubude.

RANGE adubula umpu kunye ubude Umphanda malunga enye yemitha kanye ububanzi of 75-90 channel mm yafikelela-25 eemitha. Le kude ngokwaneleyo, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo inqanawa yaya umnenga cishe. gun Okokuqala wabekwa icala umgqomo, kodwa design fyabo msi wompu atshintshileyo yaba isigxina breech. Nge gun design harpoon akukho kwahluka i zokudubula zesiqhelo abalibona ezilula kunye nendlela senyanga, umgangatho nokusebenza emlilweni ngaphambili, yaye ngoku kuxhomekeke wobuchule harpooner.

whaler

Ukususela kusakhiwa zomphunga yokuqala kwanokunikezela zombini zomphunga idiesel sperm, nangona nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe, imigaqo esisiseko ziye ayikatshintshi. whaler zesiqhelo isaphetha buthuntu ungqongqo, i lwawela ngokubanzi cheekbones ivili uhlobo balance, ngokubonelela uphume ukwanda, kwicala ephantsi kakhulu kwaye forecastle phezulu, liphuhlisa ngesantya amaqhina 20 (umhlaba 37 km / h). Umphunga okanye isityalo amandla diesel imalunga 5 amawaka. L. a. Inqanawa mayixhotyiswe navigation kunye nezixhobo search.

Le kwezikhali iquka imipu harpoon, sokutsala into ngentambo iminenga ukuba okuwisa ukuya kwicala isiguquli ngenxa efutha isidumbu ukuqinisekisa ukubagcina layo, nkqu Foynom wasungula inkqubo ukunqunyanyiswa kunye imithombo coil kunye pulleys ukuthintela komsipha ngexesha lin harpooned uphakamisa zezilwanyana.

sperm umsebenzi

Utshintsho kwiimeko lokuzingela ezincancisayo yolwandle, kunye nengcebiso nokhuseleko ebonakala whaling akufuneki. Kodwa akunjalo.

Whaling kwenzeka elwandle emantla kangangamakhulu eekhilomitha ukusuka kunxweme okanye isiseko phenyane, ngokufuthi xa kukho uqhwithela.

Big izikhephe Isantya enamandla uzingela iminenga ezinkulu. ukuthatha Kuphela umnenga blue whaler mihla - izakhono sele omkhulu. Kwaye ngoku, phezu kwazo izixhobo search, ehleli phezu lwemasti kwi "indlwane unomyayi wakhe" sentinel, kwaye harpooner kufuneka ukuthelekelela ulwalathiso intshukumo isilwanyana omkhulu kwaye ukuqhelana nesantya wakhe, bemi umqhubi. An lizingela nakho ukuqondisa umkhumbi ukuze umnenga intloko vynyrnuvshego ukuginya umoya likufutshane impumlo nokomninimkhombe kufutshane ukuze ukwazi ukujonga efutha isilwanyana enkulu leyo. Kweli nqanaba, i harpooner edlulisela ephethe steering kwaye isebenza ukususela ibhulorho ukuya umpu. Emva koko iqwalasela kuphela iintshukumo wenkomo, kodwa iyalela ukuba ingaya ngakhona.

Xa umnenga zaglotnuv umoya, zehlisa intloko yakhe phantsi kwamanzi, phezu kobuso ebonisa emva kwakhe, kule nje harpooner kunye namasebe, ukuthatha ngenyameko injongo. Ngesiqhelo hit akwanelanga, lo vyvazhivayut iminenga iintlanzi, inqanawa sisondela kuye, aze alandele shot entsha.

Isidumbu sokutsala into ngentambo watsala ukuya kumphezulu, ngenxa ithumbu olunyuswe ngomoya kuziqhusheka kwipali kunye pennant okanye isefu, nto leyo ifakwe kwi sixhobo, ndinqumle eziphelweni nesisila, wonqanyulwa, eluswini inani lezibuko ne ekhohlo ukuze akhukuliswe.

Ekupheleni ezingela zonke izidumbu ukududulwa ukhethiwe, kwaye mfutho ukuya umkhombe-isibeleko okanye kunxweme station.

izikhululo Coast

Isikhululo Unxweme luqokelelane ngeenxa isiliphu enkulu sokutsala into ngentambo enamandla apho iminenga bayavuka ukusika ukugawulwa neemela. Kumacala omabini boilers akhiwe: kwelinye icala - lokunikezela Amafutha, enye - ukuba unyango ingcinezelo kwenyama bone. Xa kilns bone kunye namanqatha inyama emva ekunikeleni omisiweyo batyumkileyo imixokelelwane enzima kweziporo zikaloliwe, leyo ebhatalwa ngaphakathi ezikweni zezindlu, ze emva koko ukusilwa ku ngumgubo ematyeni ezikhethekileyo yaye zipakishwe ngengxowa. iimveliso Kugqityiwe zigcinwe izitora namatanki. On esisodwa eselunxwemeni-enyusiweyo mihla nkqo kunye kilns rotary.

ULawulo Process and analysis Amafutha lwaqhutywa kwiilebhu michiza.

ifektri lencopho

Ngexesha abenzi bemilingo le mveliso ezidadayo, enizityelweyo ngoku ziyafa, ekuqaleni ezisetyenziswa imikhumbi emikhulu ethwala zorhwebo okanye kuguquka.

Isidumbu elixholwe emanzini, yakhwela phezu ebhodini kuphela umaleko olunamafutha peretaplivalsya ebhodini, kwaye nezidumbu zabo uphoseke elwandle ukuba ityiwa iintlanzi. Coal reserves kwakushokoxekile, hayi sithuba ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke izixhobo ukuvelisa izichumisi kwi iinkundla akazange afake. Izidumbu asetyenziswa ezingenangqondo, kodwa mveliso ezidadayo waba iingenelo ezininzi. Okokuqala, ayizange ukuba ukuqesha umhlaba kwisikhululo yonxweme. Okwesibini, nokushukumisa mveliso ivumela ukunikezela Amafutha ukuya kuyo zabo ngenqanawa enye, akukho zokumpompa lamatanki eselunxwemeni.

Sele kwinkulungwane XX waqala ukwakha iinqanawa whaling ocean athe nezixhotyiswe ngeteknoloji entsha, ukuba igcinwe isitokhwe ezinkulu zepetroli kunye amanzi okusela. Bona-zesibeleko ezitsheni, kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa azinakulawuleka whaling amancinci.

Inkqubo uzobe olwenziwe kusikwe nokulungiswa kwamafutha kwimikhumbi ezinjalo, nangona umahluko nezixhobo, kwaba malunga efanayo njengoko kwizikhululo zonxweme.

mveliso ezininzi ukukhenkcisa inyama whale izixhobo inkciyo, nto leyo esetyenziswa ukutya.

Modern whaling uhambo

whaling Modern anqongophele ngenxa kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zokubambisa yaye ngalo lonke ixesha lonyaka kuzingela, leyo, Noko ke, akazange akwenze lonke ilizwe.

Ubume hambo nqanawa whaling ongena wesibeleko, kunye nezinye iinqanawa whaling mihla, kwakunye neenkonde bazibandakanya izidumbu ethwele idada iifektri kunye nokuziswa ukutya, amafutha kunye namanzi ukusuka iziseko ngeenqanawa abazibandakanya uphendlo adubula whales.

Kwazanywa ukuba ukukhangela iminenga evela emoyeni. Isisombululo esihle ukusebenzisa ntaka umhlaba kumgangatho yenqanawa enkulu, njengoko wenzayo eJapan.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iminenga baba kumbindi uvelwano loluntu ingqalelo, kwaye inani iintlobo ezininzi ngenxa overhunting iye yaqhubeka ukwehla. Kwaye oku nangona sele phantse zonke iintlobo zeemveliso whaling zikhona ethutyana ngumntu.

Ngezixa ezincinane, uyaqhubeka whaling eNorway, ngaphakathi catch bemveli - eGreenland, eIceland, Canada, eUnited States, Grenada, Dominica ne St Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling e Japan

EJapan, ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye amazwe, wakha abandakanyeke whaling, inyama iminenga ingakumbi aziswa, Amafutha kunye koko kuphela.

Ubume be-matutu whaling Japanese mihla ngokuyimfuneko ziquka isitya esahlukileyo, ifriji, nto leyo lumiswa geni okanye bathenga ukusuka sperm zenyama yaseYurophu.

Sebenzisa ngeenyembe ukuzingela iminenga baqalisa yaseJapan ekuyeni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, nokwandisa umthamo catch ngamaxesha kunye nokunabisa lokuloba kuphela kwi ngakuLwandle eJapan, kodwa kwakhona emantla-mpuma kunxweme ye-Pacific Ocean.

whaling Modern eJapan de kutshanje zigxile kakhulu kwi Antarctic.

Whaling wayenothotho kumazwe awahlukeneyo eli nani likhulu izixhobo zenzululwazi. Sonar ibonisa umgama ukuya weminenga neshumi kwicala kwayo. ubushushu Electrical ibhaqa ngokuzenzekelayo utshintsho lobushushu kwiingcamba phezu kwaloo manzi. Nge bathythermograph amisele iimpawu kwabo amanzi kunye nokusasazwa nkqo lobushushu amanzi.

Enjalo isixa izixhobo mihla kwenza kube lula ukuzithethelela Japanese whaling ixabiso data yenzululwazi kunye tifihla ukuzingelwa lakuphelisa International Whaling Commission ukuya iintlobo zorhwebo wokubambisa.

Imibutho emininzi engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ehlabathini jikelele, ingakumbi i-US kunye Australia, abachasene eJapan ukuba ukukhusela engozini ezinqabileyo iintlobo whales.

Australia ikwazile izigqibo ze-International Court, othintela Japan ukuba aqhube whaling kwi Antarctic.

Japan uzingela Iminenga kunye neebhanki zabo, echaza nezithethe kwiilali unxweme yabemi. Kodwa ukuloba bemveli kuvumelekile abantu kuphela ukuba lowo inyama whale yenye iintlobo eziphambili ukutya.

Whaling eRussia

Pre-mbuso eRashiya wayengekho phakathi kwabalawuli whaling. Iminenga abalithimbayo Pomors abangene, abemi Kola Peninsula kunye Chukotka abantu bemveli.

Whaling kwi USSR ixesha elide, ukususela 1932, kuye buzinze kwiMpuma Ekude. I wayenothotho lokuqala whaling "baseAleut" yayibandakanya kitobazy emithathu sperm. Emva kwemfazwe kwi Pacific owawusebenza 22 isitya whaling kunye ezintlanu ukusika iziseko konxweme, kunye 60s -. Kitobazy "East Far" yaye "Vladivostok"

Ngowe-1947, waya kunxweme zithuthi whaling "Uzuko" Antarctic, leyo yafunyanwa eJamani on yokulungisa umonakalo. ukwakhiwa kwayo lokuqhubeka yokothula enqanaweni kunye sperm-8.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XX kummandla ndiqalile wayenothotho whaling "Soviet Ukraine" yaye "Soviet Russia", yaye kamva kancinci i "Yury Dolgoruky" kunye neziseko ezidadayo inkulu ehlabathini, yenzelwe ukuphonononga ukuya ku 75 iminenga ngosuku.

Kude whaling yiSoviet Union yaphela ngo-1987. Emva kokuba Union epapashwe data kwi ukunyhashwa azinakulawuleka Soviet Izabelo IWC.

Namhlanje, njengenxalenye wezokuloba yemveli kwi Chukotka Ukuzilawula District olwenziwe quota lonxweme ukuveliswa iminenga engwevu neminenga ukutya kwi-mvume IWC ekhutshwe Rosrybolovstvo.

isiphelo

Xa ukuvalwa lokuloba, sele iqalile kwakhona inani Izifombo neminenga blue kwezinye iindawo kwezilwandle.
Kodwa abemi iminenga tye kumntla ikhweyitha kusekho phantsi isisongelo yokutshabalala. Inkxalabo efanayo iminenga bowhead koLwandle Okhotsk kunye iminenga ezingwevu kwi ntshona Pacific Ocean. Isenokuba kakhulu emva kwexesha ukuyeka ukutshatyalaliswa okungenaluzsini ezi nezilwanyana zaselwandle.