Ukuphehlelelwa yokuqala rocket emajukujukwini. uqala imizili yakutshanje. Izibalo Space Launch

Namhlanje, zonke sungula irula, nto leyo uxoxwa iindaba, kubonakala kuyinxalenye yobomi. Inzala kwi inxalenye abantu abaqhelekileyo, njengoko umthetho, kuvela kuphela xa kufikwa iiprojekthi ezukileyo ukuba ukuhlolwa okanye kwimeko yengozi kakhulu. Noko ke, akunjalo kwakudala, ekuqaleni kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela, zonke ukuqala wenza imijukujelwa ngexesha ngumkhenkce lonke eli lizwe, kuba impumelelo kunye nokusilela wayebukele yonke into. Kwakhona kwi ekuqaleni nangobudala kwisithuba kunye US, kwaza ke esikhundleni sakhe onke amazwe apho inkqubo ziphaphazela xha ukuze iinkwenkwezi. Nantso impumelelo kunye nokusilela kuloo minyaka wabeka isiseko phezu okunyuke inzululwazi rocket, kwaye nalo ke sites lokwazisa, kunye noomatshini nobunzima kakhulu oko. Ngokufutshane, umjukujelwa kunye ngembali yaso, isakhiwo, iimpawu kunye amanani elingene ingqalelo.

Into esemqoka-nkqubo ithi

Okunika yi eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe multistage enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa, esinenjongo ekupheliseni iimpahla ezithile kwisithuba. Kuxhomekeka mission osuswe izixhobo irula fikisa it a orbit geocentric, okanye ukwenza unikezelo ukubaleka zone womxhuzulane Yomhlaba.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, yokuqalisa irula kungenxa kwindawo yayo tye. kunqabile kakhulu ukusebenzisa uhlobo isiqalo umoya xa matshini kuqala nge-moya okanye esinye isixhobo esifanayo ukuya ubude ethile, uze ukubaleka.

multistage

Enye indlela lokuhlela imijukujelwa - inani kumabakala enqila. Izixhobo kuquka omnye kuphela kwinqanaba enjalo, kwaye ngexesha elinye esikwaziyo ekuthumeleni payload emajukujukwini, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ahlale iphupha kuphela abayili kunye iinjineli. Ophambili kwi launch ihlabathi - kukho izixhobo multi-eqongeni. Enyanisweni, le nkqubo ibandakanya imijukujelwa eziliqela oqhagamshelwano phakathi ulandelelwano iquka sendiza Nqamla uxhulumaniso xa kugqitywe umsebenzi wayo.

Imfuneko ilungiselelo elinjalo ke kunzima yokulwa womxhuzulane komhlaba. Umjukujelwa kufuneka ukhipha ukusuka kumphezulu ubunzima bayo, oquka ikakhulu ngetoni zepetroli kunye isimiso, kunye nobunzima payload. NgokoMthetho ipesenti, le yokugqibela yi% 1.5-2 kuphela ubunzima ngokusesikweni irula. Ukuphuma qeda ngohambo amanyathelo lula umsebenzi ihlala kwaye wenze moya kakuhle ngakumbi. Xa enjalo yokwakha kukho Icala: yenza neemfuno ezizodwa ukuya cosmodrome. Funa indawo simahla abantu, apho wachitha nqanaba luya kuwa.

Reusability

Kuyaqondakala ukuba isakhiwo enjalo, esi somelezi ayikwazi ingasetyenziswa ngaphezu kanye. Noko ke, oosonzululwazi njalo sisebenzela ukuba ukudala iiprojekthi efanayo. Ngokupheleleyo irula ngebhegi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikho ngenxa imfuneko yokusebenzisa phezulu-zobugcisa, Aningabantu ingekafumaneki. Noko ke, kukho into liphumeze inkqubo inkqubo ngokungaphelelanga ngebhegi - i "Space Shuttle" yaseMelika. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba esinye sezizathu ababhekisi ezizama ukwenza rocket ngebhegi - ngumnqweno ukunciphisa iindleko zezithuthi sungula. Nangona kunjalo, i "Space Shuttle" hayi obangele iziphumo ezilindelekileyo kule ngqiqo.

Yokuqalisa irula yokuqala

Ukuba uye emva kwimbali ingxaki, imbonakalo imijukujelwa kanye ngaphambi nokudalwa mijukujelwa weave. Omnye wabo, ke isiJamani "V-2" lalisetyenziswa ukuba iinzame kuqala ukuba "sifikelele" ukuze yonke abaseMelika. Kwanangaphambi kokuba imfazwe, ekuqaleni kuka-1944, inani lee-runs nkqo bathwalwa phandle. Rocket bafikelela ezinobude km 188.

Iziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezithe zafumana emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Bekukho lokwazisa enomjukujelwa kwi US kwi kwiinda White Sands. Kwakugcwele izigaba ezimbini: evuthayo "V-2" kunye "WAC-Kokubetha" yaye bakwazi ukufikelela kubude km 402.

Okunika wokuqala

Noko ke, ekuqaleni nangobudala kwisithuba uthathwa ukuba ube 1957. Emva koko ndaqala ke elokuqala yonke into rocket carrier, iSoviet "-zandla ekutayipheni". Le sungula lwaqhutywa kwi Baikonur Cosmodrome. Rocket iye bahlangabezana ngokuphumelelayo lo msebenzi - usibeke orbit le yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu Earth satellite.

Le launch "zwi" nokulungalungiswa yayo 'zwi-3 "luvelise elipheleleyo izihlandlo ezine, ezintathu kuzo zaba yimpumelelo. Emva koko, ngenxa yale yunithi yenziwe yonke intsapho kwezithuthi sokuqaliswa, luphawulwa amaxabiso aphezulu amandla kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Ukuphehlelelwa emajukujukwini, yenziwe-1957, kukho isiganeko yimbalasane ngeendlela ezininzi. Oku kwaphawula sisiqalo nqanaba entsha ukuhlola abantu kwindawo ezingqongileyo, eneneni wavula era isithuba, balatha amathuba kunye neentsilelo ubuchule ixesha, kwaye wanika USSR inzuzo enkulu phezu Melika kugqatso emajukujukwini.

Wesimanje Isigaba

Namhlanje ingqalelo imijukujelwa lokomeleza kakhulu ezinamandla "Proton-M" eveliswa eRashiya, i-US "Delta-IV Heavy», kwakunye yaseYurophu "esandi 5". Ukuqaliswa kwalo hlobo sikuvumela ukuba ubone rocket nezijikeleza, ubuxoki kwintaba ephakame 200 km kunye payload ebunzima ukuya kwiitoni-25. Phambi geopromezhutochnoy orbit zixhobo ezinako ukukulumkisela malunga 6-10 iitoni ukuba orbit - kwiitoni 3-6.

Iyafuna yokuhlala kwizomelezi "Proton". ESoviet kunye Russian ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, wayedlala indima ebalulekileyo. It sasetyenziswa ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo isithuba, kuquka ukuthumela i iimodyuli zesikhululo isithuba "Mir". Ngoncedo kwayo isithuba ziye zasiwa "Dawn" yaye "Inkwenkwezi", iiyunithi zibalulekileyo MKS. Nangona yokuba ingengabo bonke kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ezintsha imijukujelwa yolu hlobo zibe yimpumelelo na, "Proton" isekhona isindululi kakhulu ethandwa: ngonyaka uvelisa malunga 10-12 iqala.

nabo kwamanye amazwe

"Esandi-5" i-analogue of "Proton". Le irula lineqela umahluko ukusuka eRashiya, ingakumbi, iqaliswa kubiza kakhulu ngakumbi, kodwa ngaba inobunzima umthwalo enkulu. On emzileni geopromezhutochnuyu "esandi-5" uyakwazi ukuzisa Hewana ezimbini kwangoko. Yaba ukuphehlelelwa rocket isithuba hlobo yaba sisiqalo ukuphunyezwa "Rosetta" mission wayibhiyozela uphenyo, emva kweminyaka elishumi yokusabela waba yisathelayithi nonomgca Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

"Delta-IV» waqala "umsebenzi" ngo-2002. Enye zokuguqulwa zayo, Delta IV Heavy, ngokwedatha-2012 waba payload inkulu phakathi izithuthi lokwazisa ehlabathini.

amacandelo impumelelo

A sungula enomjukujelwa uphumelele nje isekelwe phezu esizithandayo zobugcisa device. Kuxhomekeka ezikhethiweyo pad lomphehlelelo. Indawo Baikonur idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo uthumo osuswe isixhobo.

ukusetyenziswa Energy zokususa komzila satellite uncipha xa engile utyekelo kunxibelelana lokuphakama iindawo apho ekuqaleni luyenziwa. Yeyona ingqalelo ibalulekileyo zeenketho ukuqala oomatshini, zisiwe orbit geosynchronous. Le ndawo ukuqala ngathi rocket - ukuba ikhweyitha. I degree ecaleni kwiziphumo ikhweyitha kwi imfuneko ukumisela isantya kwi-100 m / s enkulu. Ngesi parameter phakathi ngaphezulu kwama-20 sites lokwazisa ihlabathi indawo nenzuzo ahlala European Kuru ibekwe kwi ekwizibanzi 5º, Brazilian Alcantara (2,2º), kwakunye Sea Launch, ezidadayo launch kokuba ikhono isebenze ngqo rocket evela-ikhweyitha.

focus ukubalwa

Enye ingongoma buhlobene ukujikeleza umhlaba ukuze ujikeleze kakuhle. Qala ukusuka rocket ikhweyitha nangoko ukufumana i kakhulu isantya ezihamba kwicala lasempuma, nto leyo ehambisana nje njengokujikeleza Yomhlaba. Ngokumalunga noku, onke indlela moya, njengoko umthetho, ziqhutywa kwicala lasempuma. Akukho lucky kule nkalo, uSirayeli. Uye ukukhokela enomjukujelwa ukuya ngasentshona, benza umgudu okhethekileyo boyise ukujikeleza umhlaba, njengoko ukuya ngasempumalanga lizwe ibekwe zikarhulumente ezikhohlakeleyo.

endle lweziganeko

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, wachitha zigaba ngexabiso kuwa Emhlabeni, ngoko kufuphi spaceport kufuneka ibekwe efanelekileyo kule ndawo. Zikhethe ngobuchule - amanzi olwandle. Uninzi lamaziko isithuba kwaye ke ngoko ibekwe kunxweme. Umzekelo onguwo - le launch Cape Canaveral kunye US iposelwe apha.

launch Russian

Spaceports lizwe lethu badalwa ngexesha IMfazwe, yaye ke ngoko ayikwazanga alifumanekanga kwi North Caucasus kunye East Far. Into yokuqala ngokubhengezwa imijukujelwa baba Cosmodrome, elise Kazakhstan. Apha kukho umsebenzi osezantsi wenyikima, imozulu elungileyo elininzi lonyaka. Kunokwenzeka izinto yokukhubazeka imijukujelwa e Asia kunempembelelo ethile kwisiza umsebenzi. Baikonur kukho imfuneko abeke ngenyameko umendo ukubalekela zeemoto sigaba ayengekho kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye imijukujelwa musani awele elibala of China.

cosmodrome Free, ibekwe kwiMpuma Ekude, na ukubekwa iyimpumelelo ukuwa amasimi; liwe olwandle. Enye launch, apho ukulibona bekusungulwa rocket - Plesetsk. Ibekwe ukuya emantla zonke ezinye iindawo ezifana yehlabathi yaye ilungele ukuthumela izithuthi orbit polar.

Izibalo imizili uqala

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yomsebenzi kwindawo bekusungulwa Ihlabathi lonakele kakhulu. Xa sithelekisa mazwe mabini ephambili kweli candelo, eUnited States neRashiya, kunyaka wokuqala uvelisa uqala kakhulu ngaphantsi kuneyesibini. Kweli thuba ukususela ngo-2004 ukuya ngo-2010 ebandakanya wonke, kunye Melika cosmodrome sungula imijukujelwa 102 abagqibe ngempumelelo umsebenzi wabo. Ukongezelela, kwakukho uqala e ezintlanu akuphumelelanga. Kwilizwe lethu abagqibe ngempumelelo iqala 166, lo gama ezisibhozo yasilela.

engozini "Proton-M" Phakathi kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo akuphumelelanga izixhobo ukuqalisa ku eRashiya. Kweli thuba ukususela 2010 ukuya ku-2014 ngenxa lokungaphumeleli baye balahlekelwa kuphela zizomelezi, kodwa kananjalo Hewana ezimbalwa Russian, kwakunye noncedo enye amazwe. Kanye imeko enye isithuthi sungula ezona unamandla ziye zaphawulwa: ababegxothiwe amagosa achaphazelekayo ukwenzeka kwezi leempumelelo, siqalisile ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi ukuze uphucule ishishini isithuba kweli lizwe lethu.

Namhlanje, njengoko kwiminyaka 40-50 eyadlulayo, abantu babenomdla ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. I yangoku Inqanaba yethuba yokusebenzisana ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo luyaqaliswa ngempumelelo kwiprojekthi ISS. Nangona kunjalo, imiba emininzi kufuneka luphuculwe, zanyuselwa okanye ezihlaziyiweyo. Ndifuna ukuba ukusungulwa manani kolwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe start-ups ezintsha ziya kuba kuvuya ngakumbi.