History of Glass kwimbali yoluntu. Kusungulwa kunye nokuveliswa yeglasi

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iglasi sisebenzisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla - kukho izinto ngumntu. Kodwa yena a analogu yendalo - obsidian. It is a material ekhenkcezisiweyo udaka rock mlilo okanye ndininyibilikise. It obsidian yasetyenziswa ngabantu bakudala ukwenza izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukusika, ngokunjalo izacholo.

iglasi Man-eyenziwe, imbali ngemvelaphi eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, kwi ezahlukeneyo kuqala kancinane ukusuka zendalo. Oku ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa nayiphi na ubuhle okanye ukucaciselwa.

Imbali wayila zeglasi: Amabali conjectures

Umphengululi Antique Pliniy Starshy kwiincwadi zakhe inika ulwazi ivele ingca eyenziweyo enkosi abahambi, abo babelungiselela ukutya elunxwemeni oyisanti, yaye ukuze axhase kwibhoyila usebenzisa soda zendalo. Ngosuku olulandelayo, amaxolo iglasi kwafunyaniswa phezu kweendonga zangaphandle kwibhoyila. UPliny hypothesis ke, wawancamisa ekuhleni kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20. Izazinzulu ababonise ukuba bayinyibilikisa iglasi umlilo evulekileyo akunakwenzeka. Nakuba kunjalo, amawaka aliqela eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu eYiputa mandulo kunye eMesopotamiya wafunda ukunyibilika iglasi kuloo mihadi. Lobushushu kula ezikweni abangekaphuhli liphezulu ngokwaneleyo kwisanti, ikalika kunye alkalis kwasekwa izinto ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, le iglasi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu, mhlawumbi ngokwenene wadalwa ngengozi kwinkqubo yemveliso zodongwe.

technology yamandulo

History of Glass kwi kwimbali yoluntu uneminyaka engaphezu kwama-4 amawaka. Images ziyalungiswa ezifumaneka namangcwaba koFaro, ukunika ingcinga yokuba iindlela zindala kwimveliso kunye nokukhethwa isongo amaYiputa. Ngoko ke, lo iglasi esasifudula njenge njengeceba for zomdongwe. Kwakhona kuba wenza amaso, iibhotile kunye namacici. AmaYiputa, ngokungafaniyo nabemi kweMilambo ekhethwayo yeglasi ngaphaya kwawo. oxides yayo metal anegazi ngemisonto emsi nemfusa, omthubi kunye nezinye imibala. Kuphela ngamagosa yaye abantu abathile begazi akwazi ukuthenga iimveliso zeglasi. izinto ezincinane elalenziwe le ndlela ilandelayo: a intonga yesinyithi obekwe kwi engundoqo yodongwe, leyo isilonda kwiglasi eshushu.

Enkulu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-eyayisakuba ibekwe esinobunzima zeglasi kunye wajika. Glass umaleko obhityileyo mayifakwe kwi ngasezindongeni eqina, kwaye ngoko ke ifom isusiwe.

Kwemvelo kwimveliso. lidala

Imbali isahlakalo kweglasi (ngesandla-eyenziwe, kunjalo) lubonakala ziimyuziyam ezininzi. Ukuqwalasela nokuqokelelwa zakudala zaseYiputa, sinokugqiba ukuba iimveliso ezindala zingatsalelwa esintsonkothileyo. Iinkcukacha zanyibilika ngokwahlukeneyo, ninamathele umqulu engundoqo. AmaYiputa kwakwenziwa lemveliso mosaic (nokushicilela) iglasi, nto leyo iye yasetyenziswa ukuhombisa ifanitshala. Le ndlela amakhulu ambalwa zamkelwe kwaye lugqibelele ngamaRoma. Ukongeza, nje phambi kokuba ekuqaleni iingcibi zethu era evela Alexandria basungula blowpipe. Ngayo, ubunzima kwiqamza ebomvu-eshushu afuthe yaye ngokuthe ngcembe wawunika uhlobo Unezixhobo ezininzi ezizodwa. Ngaphandle makazichaze free, lwandile kudala uthule isizalo. Maxa wambi baziinkosi wasebenzisa yonke uthotho lweentlobo ngeentlobo, ezithi ke ngoko ziqokelelwe kwimveliso ogqityiweyo. Le ndlela ivumela ukuvelisa izakhiwo ezimbaxa iglasi. Ngaphezu koko, amaRoma afunda Injengokubengezela iifestile. Antique iglasi window pretty enamafu mncane kakhulu uphose (yezizathu) ibe imilo flat.

Abanemvume ne Renaissance. impumelelo Venetians

AmaRoma negalelo ekusasazekeni glassmaking eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, (ingakumbi Cologne) imveliso yengingqi enasilela kumgangatho ukuya ngasempuma, kodwa iinkosi German owavela iglasi edadayo. Kumafa, akukho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka mihla. Masters yaseVenice iye yenza. History of Glass kwimbali abantu akunakucingelwa ngaphandle igalelo lalowo Venetians. Baya ngenjongo basebenza ukuphucula iimpawu eziphathekayo wayenza elubala ezizodwa. Into yokuZenzekelayo malunga yemveliso yengingqi azale iziqhamo: yikristale sendawo kakhulu ethathwa eYurophu.

Kwakhona izitya kunye negilasi sheet, iingcibi yelo zenziwe iilensi intlekisa nezibuko. Phantse isiqingatha sabantu sixeko wayenza kwiglasi. Ucweyo wada wasiwa kwisiqithi okuhlola ukwenzela ukuthintela imililo zasezidolophini kunye evuzayo. Kakade ke, lo Venetians baba sikhuphisana, ikakhulu iingcibi ngamaRoma. Kodwa isifaniso yeglasi okuhlola yayifunyenwe i eliNgesi John Ravenkroftom kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17.

Ibali iglasi eRashiya. uphuhliso yezandla

Rus kwafika eli izinto zexabiso ezivela Byzantium. E Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, abembi baye bafumana zocweyo glassmakers ezinxulumene ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kodwa iimveliso aseleyo zalahleka isakhono iimfihlelo kancinane. Ngoko ke kunzima ukuba ukucebisa ukuba imbali Russian yeglasi. Ngokufuthi oko kwenzeka kwimbali yabantu, ukuze izinto ezininzi kwafuneka uzakhe. Crafts Ukuvuselelwa kwenzeka kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17 (ngo-1639), xa Swede Yu Koyet wakha kufuphi kwisityalo imali ukuvelisa iglasi window kunye avumba limnandi izitya. kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamva, Izmailovo mveliso yasekwa. Kwakukho langabom nobunewunewu, ikakhulu lowu heleleke "funny" kwi imodeli neendebe yelo xesha.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 glassworks ezininzi efunyenwe kummandla St Petersburg. Kuye kwakhona ceba anemibala. Products ayiqabe igolide nesilivere, ezihonjiswe enamels ngaphaya yaye zimnyama.

glassmaking lwangoku

Kwiinkulungwane 18-19 imbali iglasi kwimbali uluntu zilawulwe revolution yezoshishino. Lonke elaseYurophu, ukuba ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yemveliso khona. Kwakukho eziko entsha, ukutshintsha iteknoloji kukunaba nokulungiswa weight. Yakha mveliso, imveliso swi le ndoda ezitratweni, kungekhona abantu olawulayo. Ngamanye amazwi, iglasi iye yalungiselelwa. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni kumbindi eRashiya wasebenza amashishini amaninzi amancinane, ukuvelisa tableware kunye negilasi flat. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo: umthamo wempahla wahlala phezulu.

Ngowe-1959, iinjineli baseBritani aye aqamba indlela entsha olule ukuyondelelanisa iglasi a webhate etotini otyhidiweyo. Yayibizwa ngokuba "indlela edadayo". Obu bugcisa, ngakumbi kuhlengahlengiswa, kwaye esetyenziswa iimveliso mihla.