Yintoni ibimele ukuba oomama abangatshatanga: iinzuzo, iinzuzo, iinzuzo, iinkxaso

IRashiya yeRussia yindawo ejongene noluntu. Ukunyamekela abemi kuyona nto ibalulekileyo kubaphathi. Ngokugqithiseleyo ukuhlaziywa namhlanje kunomxholo wezinzuzo kwabasetyhini abangabantwana kunye nabantwana. Ziziphi ilungelo elibekwe ngumama ongatshatanga eRussia? Eli nqaku liza kunika impendulo enzulu kulo mbuzo.

Unina ongayedwa: ngubani lo ngokuya kumthetho?

Inani lezehlukaniso kwiRussia Federation iye yakhula kuphela ngexesha. Unokuqiqa kwaye uxele ixesha elide ukuba yintoni imbangela. Ingaba imeko engazinzileyo kwezoqoqosho kwilizwe, kwaye, mhlawumbi, utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lokuziphatha. Uninzi lweentsapho ezineentsapho eziphukileyo zinezingane. Njengomthetho, inkundla ishiya abantwana kunye nonina. Namhlanje, umama ongatshatanga akayinto engavamile. Ngelo xesha, ngokwemithetho, akubona bonke abafazi abaqhawulekileyo abanomntwana abanalo le meko. Kutheni oku kwenzekayo?

Ngokomthetho okhoyo, ukuqhawula umtshato kunye neqabane lakho alenzanga ukuba umfazi "ngumama onesizungu." Iimeko ezinjalo zijongwa kuphela ngaba bafazi ababelethe umntwana ngaphandle komtshato. Umama ongatshatanga waseRussia ngumntu ekubhekiselele kuwo oku kulandelayo:

• Akukho nkcazo edibeneyo yabazali bobabini;
• Kule nkcazo efanayo kukho idata kwigrafu yesibini;
• Ibhinqa lazala umntwana ngaphaya kweentsuku ezingama-300 emva kokuqhawula umtshato (kodwa kulo mzekelo kufuna ukuvuma kwisityhilelo sokuba umlingane wakhe owayengumlingane akayithandi umntwana);
• Umfazi owamkela umntwana, ngelixa engatshatanga.

Kwakhona, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ingqalelo ukuba ibhinqa elingenalo isimo "somama ongatshatanga" lenye yeendlela ezilandelayo:

• Umyeni wakhe wayelahlwe ngamalungelo omzali;
• Umyeni wakhe wafa;
• Utata lomntwana ufakwe, kwaye idatha yakhe ibhaliwe kumaphepha; Ngoxa yena ngokwakhe engekho iqabane lomfazi owabeletha umntwana;
• Ngesizathu esinye okanye esinye, unina akafumani i-alimony evela kumntwana womntwana.

Ngaloo ndlela, akubona bonke abafazi abangabhinqileyo abanomntwana abanakho ukufumana indawo esemthethweni yomama ongatshatanga.

Amalungelo omama abangabodwa

Abasetyhini abanemeko esemthethweni "boomama abangatshatanga" banamalungelo amaninzi okufuneka achongwe ngakumbi. Umthetho waseRussia ufunda ngale ndlela:

• Isibonelelo semali yesibonelelo seenyanga kubantwana abangabodwa bamele bahlawulwe ngexesha kunye ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle kokulibaziseka nezinye iingxaki. Ibhinqa kufuneka ifunde malunga nemali efunyenwe kwiSebe loKhuseleko loLuntu, elikuloo ndawo yokubhaliswa kwayo.
• Ukongeza kwisibonelelo esipheleleyo sombuso, elinye ibhinqa elinomntwana linelungelo lokufumana iintlawulo zendalo yengingqi. Uncedo olunjalo kumama ongatshatanga kufuneka luhlawulwe rhoqo.

• Ibhinqa eneli gunya linelungelo lokwenza umntwana kumanye amaziko angaphambi kwesikolo ngaphandle kokujika (kodwa akukho konke!). Nantsi kubalulekile ukuphawula iingeniso zokuhlawula ukugcina umntwana enkulisa.
• Izinzuzo, inkxaso kunye neentlawulo ezahlukeneyo zigcinwa kwintokazi nangona esatshata. Ilungelo leenzuzo eziza kwenziwa liza kulahleka kuphela xa iqabane elitsha liyamkela umntwana.
• Ukuba umama ongatshatanga uqeshwa ngokusemthethweni, unelungelo lokushiya nanini na elifanelekileyo.
• Umfazi ongatshatanga nomntwana akakwazi ukutsalwa kwixesha elingaphezu kwexesha ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.
• Ukutya kwesikolo, kunye nesethi yeencwadi zezifundo zomntwana ongumzali oyedwa uya kukhululeka.
• Unina ongatshatanga unelungelo lokufumana iintlawulo ezithile xa uthengela amayeza athile kumntwana; Umntwana unelungelo lokutyelela ngokukhululekileyo kwigumbi lokuxilisa kwi-polyclinic yendawo.

Oku akuwona onke amalungelo ukuba umfazi ongatshatanga nomntwana onalo ngokomthetho. Yintoni ebangelwa oomama abangatshatanga ngaphandle kwayo yonke ingentla? Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kamva.

Ngokuphathelele ishedyuli yomsebenzi womama ongatshatanga

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umfazi ongashadile onomntwana osebenzayo, ukulawulwa kwamashishini makuhambelane neemfuno zeKhowudi yeMisebenzi. Yintoni le nto ithetha ngayo ngoomama abangatshatanga? Ukuba ngumbuzo weshedyuli yomsebenzi, apha kuyimfuneko ukwabela ezi zilandelayo zihlandlo:

• Umfazi ongatshatanga nomntwana oneminyaka engaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala unako ukusebenza ebusuku (22 ukuya ku-6 ekuseni) kuphela ukuba yena uyavuma, kwaye ukuba akanakho ukuphikisana nempilo. Umqeshi akanalo ilungelo lokuphoqa umama wedwa ukuya kutshintshi ebusuku (kuphela ukuba umsebenzi ngokwawo awubandakanyi inkonzo yebusuku - umzekelo, umsebenzi wokulinda ebusuku).
• Ukuba ibhinqa linomntwana ongazange afinyelele kwiminyaka emithathu, ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwishishini elisemthethweni kunye nomsebenzi ongaphezu kwexesha kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvume ebhaliweyo.
• Unina ongatshatanga umntwana oneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-14 ubudala okanye umntwana okhubazekileyo ongaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 uyakwazi ukufumana umsebenzi wexesha lesinye.
• Ibhinqa elinomntwana okhubazekileyo lingafaka iintsuku ezine ezongezelelweyo ngeenyanga.
• Umfazi okhulisa umntwana oneminyaka engaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-14 unokunikwa ikhefu elingabhawulwa ngeveki ezimbini kwixesha elifanelekileyo phantsi kwesivumelwano esihlangeneyo.

Umvuzo womama ongenamzali (ukuba akuyona umbuzo wezinzuzo) awukwazi ukunyuswa nje ngolu hlobo. Ibhinqa alikwazi ukufaka isicelo somthetho umvuzo okhethekileyo okanye ukunyuka kweeyure kuphela ngenxa yokuba unomntwana.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyimfuneko ukuxelela malunga nenkqubo yokuxothwa. Umfazi okhulisa umntwana oneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-14 ubudala, okanye umntwana okhubazekileyo ongaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18, akakwazi ukuxothwa ngokunciphisa. Iimviwo zingenziwa kuphela ngamatyala alandelayo:

• Umbutho upheliswe ngokupheleleyo;
• Ibhinqa ayigqibekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo, okanye yenza umsebenzi wakhe ongekho msebenzi;
• Ibhinqa lenze isenzo esiyingozi;
• Umqeshwa uphule imisebenzi yakhe (wayedla, wayiba, aphule ukukhuselwa kwabasebenzi, wachaza ukufihla kwezobugcisa, njl);
• Ibhinqa lafumana umsebenzi kumaxwebhu enkohliso.

Xa kwenzeka ukugxothwa ngokungekho mthethweni, umfazi angabuyiselwa kwindawo yomsebenzi okanye afune intlawulo kwinkundla.

Ukuncitshiswa kweRhafu

Yithini ukuncitshiswa kweerhafu? Iingcali zinika amagama alandelayo-eli lixa elisekelweyo yengeniso yabantu basebenzayo, apho irhafu yengeniso yodwa ingabuthwa. Ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kweerhafu, ubukhulu bomvuzo bunyukile.

Ukuncitshiswa kwentlawulo kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezithile zabemi, kuquka nabomama abangatshatanga. Ukutshatyalaliswa kusoloko kusemgangathweni kunye nokuzimeleyo kwintlalo yomntu. Ngoko, ngo-2017, amanani alandelayo kufuneka abhekiswe apha:

• Ii-ruble ezingama-2 800 zabantwana bokuqala ababini;
• Ii-ruble eziyi-6 zeesithathu kunye nomntwana olandelayo;
• Ii-ruble ezingamawaka ezingama-24 zomntwana onokukhubazeka.

Kule meko, irhafu yengeniso yomntu iya kuhlawulwa kwisiganeko sokuba ummi uya kufumana amawaka angama-350 ngonyaka (malunga newaka-30 ngamawaka ngenyanga). Ichaphazela lo mgaqo kunye nesimo somntu "njengomama ongatshatanga". Umntwana wesibini apha, ngelanga, akayi kudlala nayiphi na indima. Ngokuxhomekeke kumaninzi omnye umama ofumanayo, kwaye i-state tax tax deduction iya kuxhomekeka.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyimfuneko ukuxelela malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka njani ukufumana ilungelo kwiholo lakho lomvuzo. Wonke amaxwebhu kufuneka angeniswe kwindawo yomsebenzi. Ingxelo ibhaliwe ukuba umqeshi uza kunika; La maxwebhu alandelayo afakwe kuwo:

• Isatifiketi sokuzalwa somntwana;
• Isiqinisekiso esivela kwiofisi yezindlu malunga nokuhlala;
• Umqulu ovela kwi-ofisi yokubhalisa ngokungabikho kobawo;
• Ipasipoti;
• Ukuba kuyimfuneko - isatifikethi sokukhubazeka komntwana okanye isatifikethi esikolweni.

Zonke iinqununu ziya kunikwa ngumqeshi.

Ngokunyamekela esibhedlele

Yintoni ofunekayo oomama abangabodwa xa befumana ikhefu lokugula? Ngokumangalisayo, akukho nto ekhethekileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba akukho namalungelo akhethekileyo ekufumaneni iphepha lokugula lokunyuka koomama abangatshatanga. Kule meko yonke into iyafana nakwimeko yabasetyhini abasetyhini; Ingxoxo malunga naziphi na izinto eziphambili kunye "nokungabikho kwemigca" ayiyi kuba ngaphezu kwamahemuhemu. Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuthobela ingqalelo kwesi sihloko.

I-FZ "Kwi-inshurensi yoluntu enyanzelekileyo," oko kukuthi, inqaku layo lesithandathu, lilungisa le mithetho elandelayo yokufumana uluhlu lokugula:

• Ukuba umntwana akaneminyaka engama-7 ubudala, ikhefu lonyango kufuneka lingadluli iintsuku ezingama-60 ngonyaka (ngomntwana othile). Ukuba eso sifo sibi kakhulu, i-term of the list-sick lists can be up to 90 days.
• Ukuba umntwana uneminyaka engama-7 ukuya kwe-15 ubudala, ixesha lesibhedlele kumama alukwazi ukudlulela iintsuku ezili-15 ngonyaka.
• Ukuba umntwana uneminyaka engama-15 no-18 ubudala, unina unokuthatha ikhefu lokugula kungekho ngaphezu kweentsuku ezi-3 (angadlulela kwiveki enye).

Ngaba inkxaso yebhedlele ejoliswe kubomama abangatshatanga? Umthetho uchaza iintlawulo kwiinkathalo zonyango. Ngaloo ndlela, isixa somama ongenamzali kulo mzekelo sinoku:

• I-100% yemali engenayo kunye namava asebenzayo angaphezu kweminyaka eyisibhozo;
• I-80% yomvuzo omyinge wokuba ngumdala ukususela kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwimibhozo;
• I-60% yemyinge ephakathi kunye namava angaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu.

Ngaloo ndlela, umbuzo wento ebangelwa oomama abangatshatanga xa bethatha isibhedlele, unokucingwa njengevaliwe. Impendulo ilula: ayikho nto; Nantsi yonke imithetho efanayo iyasebenza njengabanye abantu.

Ukwamkelwa kwi-kindergarten: Ziziphi iinzuzo ezibekwa ngumama ongatshatanga?

Njengoko kuyaziwa, umsebenzi wezilwane zase-kindergartens eRussian Federation ulawulwa kumgangatho kamasipala. Oku kuthetha into eyodwa kuphela: iimeko kunye neempawu zokwamkelwa kwabantwana kumaziko anjalo zinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kummandla.

Ziziphi ilungelo elinikezwa ngumama ongatshatanga xa umntwana wakhe ebhaliswe kwi-kindergarten? Kuze kubekho u-2008 isincomo sezomthetho kweli lizwe ukwenzela ukuthotyelwa koomama abangatshatanga ngaphandle kwemiqolo. Kamva esi sikhundla sasuswa. Ngesizathu esithile, abanye abemi nakwiminyaka elishumi kamva bayaqiniseka ukuba kusekho izinzuzo ezingamnye apha. Oku, kunjalo, akunjalo. Ngomhla ka-2017, akukho zipholozo zoomama abangatshatanga kule ndawo, ngelanga. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye i-kindergartens ziyakwazi ukwamukela amaqela abantu ngaphandle komgca. Oku kwenziwa, njengommiselo, ngenjongo yokuziphakamisa okanye ukuphucula ukulinganiswa.

Ziziphi iidolophu ezenza i-kindergartens zamkela abantwana kwiintsapho ezingapheliyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, idatha ingatshintsha; Kodwa ngo-2017 lo yiMoscow (ngokwemiyalelo yeNombolo 1310), Ekaterinburg, Angarsk, kwingingqi yase-Irkutsk nakweminye imimandla.

Sisiphi isigqibo esinokubanjwa apha? Amasentendeni namhlanje asebenzi phantsi kwemigaqo efanayo. Nokuba "umama ongenasweleko onokukhubazeka" akakwazi ukubanga naziphi na iingeniso ukuba azinakunyulwa kwingingqi. Ukuhlawulelwa kwintanga yesibini kunye noomama abangatshatanga naye akavunyelwanga - konke oku kusele kudlulileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kukho indlela enye yokuphuma: ukufumanisa ukuba kukho iingeniso ekufunyeneni kwindawo ethile, kwintlobo ethile yesibini.

Ukufumana indlu ngumama ongatshatanga

Ngaba ixabiso elincinci okanye elikhululekile lezindlu zoomama abangatshatanga? Ngokungaqhelekanga apha, ngelanga, ayisebenzi. Iqala ngokubaluleke kakhulu: ayikho amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye nemithetho yokufumana ikhaya labomama abangatshatanga baseRashiya. Kukho ithuba lokukhwela kwigumbi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zenkxaso-mali kaRhulumente-kodwa akukho. Inkqubo yonke yokufumana izindlu iya kuba ngokufanayo kunye neentsapho eziqhelekileyo, ezipheleleyo.

Okwangoku, inkqubo ethi "iNtsapho yaseLutsha" isebenza kweli lizwe, ngokubhekiselele apho ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2020 urhulumente uya kubhatala abemi nabantwana malunga ne-35% yeendleko ezipheleleyo zezindlu ezithengiweyo. Iinkcukacha zeprogram, njengesiqhelo, ziya kuxhomekeka kummandla.

Yintoni ebangelwa oomama abangatshatanga kwiprogram efakiwe? Yonke into iyafana neentsapho eziqhelekileyo. Ukufumana ikhaya ngokwemiqathango ye "Intsapho Yintsapho" kuyimfuneko:

• Ukuba ngummi waseRussia;
• Ukubonakalisa ukungabikho kwamanye amakhaya;
• Faka isicelo kulawulo lwesithili kwindawo yokuhlala;
• Ngena kumgca wezindlu eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuba intsapho ifuna ukuphucula izimo zezindlu, ngoko urhulumente uya kuqwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ummandla wendawo yokuhlala yangoku ungaphantsi kwemigangatho yemimandla;
• Ukuhlala kwindawo yokuhlala akuhambisani nemigangatho yokucoceka nococeko;
• Intsapho ihlala kwindlu yokuhlala;
• Kwintsapho kukho umntu ogulayo, ehlala ecaleni kwinto enokuyingozi kwimpilo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, kufuneka uqaphele ingeniso yowesifazane. Ngoko, kuxhomekeke kumaninzi angamkelekanga, umgangatho welizwe uya kubalwa.

I zongezelelweyo iintlawulo

Ummiselo woRhulumente weMoscow No. 816-PP unikezela ukuhlawulwa rhoqo kwezibonelelo kubomama abangabomnye abavela kwi-budget ye sixeko. Ngoko, elinye ibhinqa elinomntwana linelungelo lokufumana inkxaso-mali elandelayo:

• Ama-ruble ama-300 ngenyanga malunga nabantwana abangaphantsi kwe-16;
• Ii-ruble ezingama-675 ngenyanga zibangelwa oomama, kunye nabazali abatshatileyo abatshatileyo abayihlawula inkxaso yabantwana kwabangaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu;
• Ii-ruble ezingamawaka ezili-6 ngenyanga zibangelwa ngumama ongatshatanga okanye utata ongeyena umntwana oneminyaka eyi-18 kwaye ukhubaziwe ngamaqela angama-1 okanye ama-2. Ukuba umntwana oqeshweyo, iintlawulo zipheliswa.

Ngokwahlukileyo, kulungile ukuthetha ngeentlawulo kubasetyhini abanomvuzo ongaphantsi kwezinga lokuhlala. Umthetho ufundwa ngale ndlela:

• Isixa sesibonelelo somama ongenamzali oneminyaka engaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-16 ubudala kufuneka sibe ngama-ruble angama-750 ngenyanga;
• Ii-ruble ezi-2 500 zabelwe oomama abangabodwa abangabantwana abangazange bafikelele kwiminyaka eyi-1.5, okanye abaneminyaka yabo yobudala ukususela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwe-18;
• Ii-ruble ezingama-4 500 zihlawulelwa kumama abangabodwa abangabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-1.5 ukuya kwe-3.

Ukuze zonke iintlawulo ezithunyelweyo zifumaneke ngokukhawuleza kwaye zizaliswe, zonke iinyanga ezintathu kufuneka uhambise isatifiketi semali engenayo kumagunya okukhusela uluntu. Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokufakela ingxelo enjalo iya kuba yinye apho ingeniso engapheliyo iya kungena kwiintlawulo zokubeletha.

Uxwebhu olufunekayo

Unina ongenamzali unokuqinisekisa njani isimo sakhe? Ziziphi iifom ezifuneka ziqokelelwe kule nto? Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaphepha ziya kufuneka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemeko. Konke kuxhomekeke kukuphi uhlobo lweenkxaso kunye neenzuzo omnye umfazi oyifunayo ngomntwana.

Into yokuqala kunye ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba umama ongatshatanga kufuneka abe nayo isatifiketi sokuzalwa komntwana onomdatha kwikholam malunga noyise. Kuphela ngoncedo lwalo xwebhu kuya kuthi umfazi akwazi ukuqinisekisa isimo sakhe njengomama ongatshatanga. Ukuba isatifikethi sisenolwazi malunga nobazali be-biological, kodwa ngamazwi kamama, kuya kufuneka ufumane inombolo ekhethekileyo yenombolo 25. Bawufaka isicelo, njengomthetho, kwi-ofisi yokubhalisa. Kulapho kuya kufuneka kuzaliswe. Emva kokufumana isatifiketi sokunikezela ngesimo "somama ongatshatanga", umfazi umthabatha kwiSebe lezithili zokhuselo lwasekuhlaleni.

Nguwuphi na amaxwebhu afunekayo umama ukuba athole inzuzo yenyanga yenyanga? Umthetho kweli phepha ulawula ezi zilandelayo:

• Ipasipoti;
• Isibhengezo malunga nesimo "somama ongatshatanga";
• Isatifiketi sokuzalwa somntwana;
• Isitampu kwipasipoti yomama malunga nobuzwe bomntwana;
• ISatifikethi esivela kwi-Ofisi yeZindlu malunga nokubunjwa kweentsapho (kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba unina uhlala nomntwana);
• Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ifom ye-25 kwi-Ofisi ye-Registry;
• Inkcazo yengeniso yomama (iphepha elivela kwinkonzo yengqesho, okanye incwadi yokurekhoda yomsebenzi rhoqo).

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngalinye amaxwebhu angeniswe kufuneka iikopi zayo kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe apha kule iphakheji esisiseko.

ngenxa

Kufuneka shwankathela konke oku kungasentla, tezisno kubonisa zonke iintlobo eziphambili izibonelelo koomama abangatshatanga. Xa kuziwa iinzuzo zentlalo, ngoko oko kwakubekwe ezixabisa:

• Iiseti ikhazi abantwana ukuba umntwana osanda;
• amazinga imbuyekezo yeemveliso nezondlo zabantwana (ukuba umntwana akanawo iminyaka emithathu);
• inzuzo elolunye uhlobo iminyaka emithathu, iye bengekafiki umntwana;
• ithuba ukungahlawuli ZhEKu zokulahla inkunkuma yaye zicoceke, ukuba umama abe umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka enye enesiqingatha;
• amayeza Free ukuba umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu ubudala.

Ukuba sithetha iinzuzo zengqesho, kukho ivelele:

• ukungakwazi uchithe umninimzi ababhinqileyo kunye nokunciphisa;
• iingenelo oomama olulodwa ukutshona umbutho;
• imali ngokupheleleyo abagulayo, ukuba umqeshwa asingomntwana iminyaka esixhenxe;
• ilungelo lokufumana ikhefu extra kancinane;
• unelungelo lokuseka Ngosuku engaphelelanga (ukuba umntwana akakho-14 iminyaka);
• ukungakwazi ukwala umama olunye yengqesho (ngenye indlela, ukungaphumeleli unobangela iza kuchazwa iinkcukacha kwaba).

Kakade ke, zikho nezinye iingenelo. Noko ke, bonke zixhomekeke kummandla kunye uhlobo lweshishini (kwezemfundo, kokuya esikolweni, yenkcubeko, njalo njalo. D.).