Iprosesa Quantum: inkcazo, isimiso yokusebenza

yekhompyutha Quantum, ubuncinane ngethiyori, ukukhankanya nje kumashumi ambalwa. iintlobo Modern koomatshini ezisebenzisa ubucukubhede non-classical lokusingatha ezinokuba izixa ezigidi data, baba nhlanganiso enkulu. Ngokutsho kubabhekisi phambili, ukuphunyezwa kwabo mhlawumbi ezixhobo othambe kwezo. iziqhubekisi Quantum asebenza kwizinga mba, apho uluntu ubaziyo iminyaka eli-100 kuphela eyadlulayo. Amathuba yobalo ezinjalo likhulu kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa iimpawu umyinge engaqhelekanga uya kukhawulezisa izibalo, imisebenzi emininzi kangangokuba okwangoku iikhompyutha classical awunako ukusonjululwa. Kwaye hayi kuphela endle neyezinto materials science. Wall Street naye ubonisa umdla.

Ukutyala kwixesha elizayo

CME Group utyale imali nenkampani Vancouver Information 1QB Technologies Inc., iphuhlisa software ngohlobo Quantum esixhasiweyo. Ngokutsho bezimali, ezi zibalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba babe negalelo elikhulu kushishino, kuzo imali ezinkulu ze data iso ixesha. Umzekelo abathengi ezinjalo amaziko zemali. Goldman Sachs lityale e-D-Wave Systems, kwaye inkampani In-Q-Tel ngemali yi CIA. Eyokuqala silwenza iimatshini ezenza okubizwa ngokuba "annealing quantum", okt. E. Ukwenza izigqibo ingxaki ekwinqanaba elisezantsi noun usebenzisa kumqhubekekisi quantum. Intel nayo ukwenza utyalo oku, nangona iqwalasela ukuphunyezwa yeshishini elizayo.

Kutheni na oko?

Isizathu sokuba computing quantum imnandi kangaka, ilele indibanisela yazo egqibeleleyo zokufunda machine. Okwangoku, kubalulekile ukuba isicelo esingundoqo izibalo ezinje. Okunye oku ngenxa ye ingcamango quantum kwikhompyutha - usebenzisa ngecebo elibonakalayo ukukhangela izisombululo. Ngamanye amaxesha le mfundiso wachaza mzekelo umdlalo Birds Angry. Ukuze akwazi impefumlelwano womxhuzulane izinto zingagilani CPU tablet usebenzisa zezibalo. Quantum Processors ukubeka le ndlela phezu kwentloko yayo. Bona "ukuphosa" a iintaka ezimbalwa, kwaye qaphela kwenzeka ntoni. Xa microchip ebhaliweyo umsebenzi: ibizwa intaka, lifake yintoni le ndlela ilungileyo? Wahlola zonke izisombululo kunokwenzeka, okanye ubuncinane indibaniselwano elikhulu kunene kubo, kwaye impendulo kunikwa. Xa inani computer iingxaki zisonjululwe hayi kwezezibalo, imithetho yomsebenzi physics endaweni.

Zisebenza njani?

Iibhloko basic zokwakha ihlabathi lethu - le umyinge-mechanical. Ukuba ukhangela molekyuli, isizathu apho ibunjiwe zizinze - intsebenziswano ye orbitals electron. Zonke izibalo kwenani-mechanical ziqulathwe ngamnye kubo. Inani labo lukhula ngokucacileyo kwandisa inani electron efanisiweyo. Umzekelo, 50 electron ukuba zikhona iindlela ezimbini isidanga-50. Oku phenomenally inani elikhulu, ngoko ke asikwazi ukubala namhlanje. Uxhulumaniso ulwazi theory physics ongasibonisa indlela zokusombulula iingxaki ezinjalo. 50 kubitovnomu computer ulenze.

Kuyasa samaxesha entsha

Ngokutsho Landon Downs, umongameli kunye nentsebenziswano umseki 1QBit, iprosesa quantum - kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa amandla processing yehlabathi eathom, kubalulekile ukufumana izinto ezintsha okanye nokudalwa amayeza amatsha. Kukho utshintsho ukusuka wenguqulo ye sixeko ixesha elitsha. Umzekelo, ikhompyutha quantum ingasetyenziswa kukhombisa ehlanganisa ezivumela ukufumana carbon kunye nitrogen emoyeni, yaye ngaloo ndlela kunceda uyeke kukufudumala okukhawulezayo kwehlabathi.

Phambili inkqubela

uluntu developers yale bugcisa mincili kakhulu kwaye umsebenzi busy. Amaqela emhlabeni wonke ekuqaleni-ups, iinkampani, iiyunivesithi kunye labs karhulumente ekwakheni imoto uhlanga, ezisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukileyo processing ulwazi quantum. qubits wadala qubit lokwakhiwa kunye neetships phezu ion kuthinjwa, kuquka abaphandi ukusuka University of Maryland kunye National Institute of Standards and Technology. Microsoft iphuhlisa indlela topological ekuthiwa Station Q, injongo yazo kukuba ukusebenzisa non-Abelian anion ubukho yayo ayenziwanga ngokuphelele ubungqina bokuba.

Unyaka ukuphumelela okwa-

Kwaye oku sisiqalo nje. Ekupheleni kuka May 2017 inani quantum-type iziqhubekisi zibekeke wenza into ngokukhawuleza okanye ngaphezu kokuba classical ikhompyutha, ngu zero. Lo mcimbi uza kumisa i "ukongama quantum", kodwa ke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho kwenzekile. Nangona kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kwenzeka kwangoko kulo nyaka. Inkoliso wangaphakathi wathi Google owuthandayo ecacileyo yeqela, ikhokelwa ngu-Professor of Physics, University of California e Santa Barbara, John Martin. injongo yawo - ukuphumeza computing ophezulu ngoncedo qubit-49 iprosesa. Ekupheleni kuka May 2017 iqela kuvavanywe ngempumelelo nj 22-qubit njengenyathelo eliphakathi ukuya sikhangelene supercomputer yamandulo.

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Ingcamango ngokusebenzisa ubuchwephetshe quantum ukuze processing ulwazi eminyaka. Enye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka ngowe-1981, xa IBM kunye MIT ngentsebenziswano inkomfa physics azo. Yamachiza odumileyo uRichard Feynman ecetywayo ukwakha quantum computer. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kuba Ukulinganisa ugqithisayo indlela yokulungisa quantum. Yaye iba ngumngeni omkhulu, kuba akakulandeli khangela lula kangaka. Xa iprosesa quantum isimiso ukusebenza isekelwe kwinani iipropati engaqhelekanga athom - superposition azibophelele. Kwisuntswana banokuba amazwe amabini ngaxeshanye. Noko ke, xa bethatha umlinganiselo kuya kuba omnye nje kuphela kubo. Kwaye ke akunakwenzeka ukuba baqikelele apho, ngaphandle ngokwembono kwithiyori lilonke. Isiphumo sale nto sisiseko eksperimenti ingcamango cat Schrödinger, yona kwibhokisi ngaxeshanye abafileyo yaye ephila nje mkhanyo akuthethi ukuba sneak abalozayo. Akukho usebenza kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngale ndlela. Noko ke, malunga 1 yezigidi-experimenti ezininzi kuqhutywa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kubonisa ukuba ikhona nokwakheka. Kwaye ke inyathelo elilandelayo kungona befunda indlela yokuzisebenzisa lo mbono.

iprosesa Quantum: Inkcazo yomsebenzi

amasuntswana Classic babe ixabiso 0 okanye 1, kunokwenzeka ukuba phinda amanani, uzobe imifanekiso njalo N. Qubit nako. 0 ukuba miss umgca nge "ngamasango logic" (d. KUNYE, OKANYE, HAYI, njalo njalo), 1 okanye zombini. Ukuba, uthi, 2 qubit abanjwa, yenza kubo ngokugqibeleleyo neemeko. chwetheza iprosesa quantum Ungasebenzisa emasangweni logic. T. N. Hadamard esangweni, umzekelo, ibeka qubit kwindawo superposition kwimo ogqibeleleyo. Ukuba superposition azibophelele kudityaniswe emasangweni umyinge zezibhengezo entle, eqala isombuluka isakhono yobalo sub-atomic. 2 ukuvumela isifundo qubit 4 ithi: 00, 01, 10 no 11. Umsebenzi Umgaqo we quantum iprosesa lokuba uphumezo imisebenzi logic yenza kube lula ukusebenza zonke iindawo ngaxeshanye. Ke inani ithi olukhoyo 2 ukuya ngamandla inani qubits. Ngoko ke, ukuba uthe wenza-qubit 50 umyinge jikelele ikhompyutha, kunokwenzeka isondlo ukuhlola konke 1.125 quadrillion ezihamba ngexesha elinye.

Kudity

iprosesa Quantum eRashiya ubone ngokwahlukileyo kancinci. Izazinzulu ezivela MIPT kunye neziko umyinge Russian wadala "kudity" emele eziliqela qubits "enembonakalo yenyani" namaqondo "amandla" ezahlukahlukeneyo.

awo

chwetheza iprosesa quantum esinokusibambisa ukuba ubuchwephetshe quantum isekelwe phezu ngezantya. ngezantya kwenzeke ziyafana, kodwa ukuze nabo babe ezimbi, kunye neenombolo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufuna ukubala amathuba isiganeko, ungadibanisa zonke iintlobo awo ongakhetha zabo zophuhliso. Ingcamango computing quantum kukuzama ukuba ucwangcise indlela uphazamiseko kangangokuba ezinye iindlela iimpendulo engalunganga a awo entle, yaye abanye - a negative, ngoko ke babeya ukurhoxisa omnye. A indlela ekhokelela impendulo echanekileyo wayeza ngezantya ezo kwisigaba kunye nabanye. Kusiza ukuba kufuneka uqokelele zonke, ngaphandle kokwazi kwangaphambili ukuba yintoni na impendulo echanekileyo. ithi quantum kangaka kubekho zidityaniswe kunye isakhono uphazamiseko phakathi ngezantya ezintle nezimbi inzuzo yalo hlobo ikhompyutha.

algorithm Shor kaThixo

Kukho imisebenzi emininzi ikhompyutha akakwazi ukusombulula. Ezifana encryption. Ingxaki kukuba akukho lula ukufumana izinto yinkulumbuso inani elinemivo 200. Nokuba laptop isebenza kunye software kakhulu, kusenokufuneka alinde iminyaka ukuze ufumane impendulo. Ngoko ke, esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo computing quantum iye algorithm epapashwe yi-Peter Shore ngo-1994, ngoku unjingalwazi wezibalo mit. indlela yakhe ukufumana izinto yenani elikhulu ngokusebenzisa quantum ikhompyutha, nto leyo engazange ayisekho okwangoku. Enyanisweni, lo algorithm owenza lo msebenzi, nto leyo ebonisa lo mmandla impendulo echanekileyo. Kunyaka olandelayo, Shore wafumanisa indlela kolungiso lwemposiso quantum. Emva koko, abaninzi baye baqonda ukuba - enye indlela yokubala, leyo kwezinye iimeko kunokuba namandla ngakumbi. Emva koko kulandele banomdla ukusuka zesayensi ukudala qubits namasango logic phakathi kwabo. Kwaye ngoku, engamashumi amabini kamva, abantu phezu kumqukumbelo yokudala ikhompyutha yinxalenye quantum.