Conference Genoa

ENgilani, ukuba bafune indlela yokuphuma kule ntlekele, kwafuneka sibuyele naseRussia njengohlobo kumthengi kwimarike yehlabathi. Conference Genoa wanika ithuba. British Prime Minister Lloyd George uye wavuma ukuba kokubizwa kule nkomfa, leyo kunye eBulgaria, eJamani, Hungary kunye Austria babemenyiwe nabo ngabameli Russia.

Nangona kunjalo, esi sigqibo kwabangela ukusabela kwi kwizangqa woqhankqalazo ezibukhali eFransi. sengqondo kuchaphazeleke kwaye uxabene malunga entsha, eSoviet, Russian, kunye nokoyika recovery German. IKhabhinethi Briard kwafuneka ukuba bawe. Post yinkulumbuso yaba Puankre. ukungabinako ukuthetha ngokuchasene nkomfa icetywayo buvuleleke (sivumelwano babedibana lanikwa), wagqiba ekubeni elinye umhla, wayefuna ithuba ukuphuma ukuwa lokugqibela.

E London imemorandam kwathunyelwa ingxelo malunga nokwenzeka inxaxheba France kuphela xa kuthe Russia zonke iimeko sigqibo Cannes kunye nokuphelisa utshintsho kwizivumelwano ne Germany kunye namanye amazwe boyiswa. Russia kwafuneka avume onke amatyala zangaphambili, ukubeka amalungelo abantu basemzini abangena ze uvumele ongxowankulu amazwe ukuba baqhube imisebenzi simahla kwi nommandla wayo. Enyanisweni, kwaba ngayo ngokubeka eRashiya ( "intlango, eyasekwa yi liBhunga") anikezele urhulumente.

zenzeke ozakuzo yimpumelelo. Izangqa zinkuni waseNgilani babesoyika thethwano ezizimeleyo phakathi eRashiya kunye neFransi, imvume. Kwi isigqibo ochaphazelekayo ndacela yokuhlala ngokukhawuleza le meko kuMbindi Mpuma: amaGrike, zixhaswa yi eBritani, woyisiwe ngokucacileyo.

LeNkomfa e eli, eyayinge-25.02.1922, ichazwa umphelo: Conference Genoa kunyanyezelwa. Okwangoku, eLondon wabiza intlanganiso yeengcali ukuba baxoxe ngemiba yobugcisa, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Yaba kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo front obumanyeneyo iBritani France nxamnye qumrhu.

Kodwa bokuphathisana French akazange afune ukuba bahleli iminyinyiva eNgilani. Emva injongo yalo ukudala phambi anti-yiSoviet kumazwe eBaltic. 17 Matshi phakathi Estonia, Latvia, Finland kunye Poland ityikityiwe esinye isivumelwano. umongo wayo wawungekho ukugqiba izivumelwano enokuthi sibhekiswe elinye lamazwe lomsayini, yaye isaziso namahlakani kwi ukuqukumbela izivumelwano kunye namanye amazwe (ukuya kwisicatshulwa kwezi zivumelwano). Kakade ke, saphinda saya eRashiya.

Kodwa France akwanelanga. Xana iNkomfa Genoa ayibanjwanga phambi iyunithi anti-eSoviet iya bathelele nabo ke Little Entente?

E Belgrade, wamisela omnye intlanganiso yokuqala, emva koko umphathiswa yeCzechoslovakia Behnisch liya kuqala eParis uze emva koko London, ingxelo ukuqatshelwa inika Puankre, njengoko apho kwiNkomfa ka Genoa akuthethi ukuxoxa imiba izibonelelo kunye nezivumelwano uxolo, yaye ukongezelela, bucala ukuqatshelwa urhulumente waseSoviet. Noko ke, Belgrade ixhasa umnqweno Lloyd George ukubuyisela neentlobano yorhwebo ne-Russia, nceda uyeke kuhlaselo ndlongondlongo. Emva iingxoxo elide, kwavunyelwana.

INkomfa Genoa ekugqibeleni ezicwangciselwe Aprili 10, kwaqhubeka de-19 Meyi xa kukho abameli kumazwe 29: Union of South Africa, New Zealand, India, Austria, Canada, Estonia, eJapan, eSwitzerland, eSweden, eCzechoslovakia, Finland, France, uBukumkani Slovenes, Croats nama, Romania, Portugal, Poland, eNetherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Italy, Finland, eFransi, eGrisi, eJamani, Denmark, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Austria kunye Russian Federation (umsebenzi ekhokelwa nguLenin kunye neSekela Chi Yerin). I-United States wala ukuba nenxaxheba.

Kodwa ke inkomfa e Genoa waya njengoko kulindelekile "Kwelinye icala," le ngaphambili ozakuzo. Icala eSoviet ibhengeze ukuba luphawula intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho, kodwa akayi ukutshintsha imigaqo kobuKomanisi. Russia wathabatha inqaku kunye, umgaqo, wabona isigqibo Cannes, kodwa wafuna sinelungelo ukwenza izilungiso kutshintshiselwano ngokunika zeminyinyiva bazizityebi ongxowankulu ukuba amazwe, esalatha ngexesha elifanayo nakwenzeka yokubuyisela uqoqosho kweemeko alenga isisongelo imfazwe. Made yi kwicala yiSoviet ngesiphakamiso esingalindelekanga izixhobo yabangela ukudideka.

Pati obala ingxabano. Abanye abameli, kubonakala ukuba ngokukhetha ingcamango, esoyika ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. France eyedwa.

iingxabano Long kunye nemeko kunokuba emaxongo banyanzelisa labathunywa waseJamani ukutshintshatshintsha. Esoyika amathuba isivumelwano phakathi Russia kunye Entente, Germany ugqibe ukuba basayine Rapallo iSivumelwano, ukuze ndibutshitshise ebengumsesane ngeenxa zonke kwafa Russian kwezoqoqosho. Sizana basabela ukunganeliseki ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba igqiza waseJamani ayebabongoza eRashiya ukubuyisela isivumelwano esatyikitywa, kodwa, kakade, saliwe.

Ngaphezu koko, yi iSoviet yafumana isicelo ingqalelo kwamatyala pre-mfazwe ngenxa ukurhoxiswa kwamatyala yamajoni (kunye nenzala), kunye nokubonelela koncedo lwezimali eRashiya.

Ngexesha ingxoxo yezinto ezihamba Soviet lisaqhuba umlo kweqonga phakathi bodwa oyile alwayo - American Anglo-Dutch, isiphumo leyo iba imemorandam kunye neemfuno Russian isiphelo ubuxoki anti-nkulu (bubuxoki anti-Soviet cwaka); asithathi cala ungquzulwano Greek-Turkish; ukuqaphela konke kodwa ityala wamajoni; yomonakalo emva nokudliwa.

Belgium and France ziye ingqalelo iimeko ezimalunga nememorandam akwamkelekanga okuthambileyo wenqaba ukusayina.

I Amaqumrhu basabela ngememorandam kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, esithi ukwala ngomoya omnye ze ntoni alunakulungela naye. Ukongeza, eRashiya ukhumbula eyandisiweyo umnikelo wayo ukuba nibabize beze nkomfa mmeli Turkey ezichaphazela imeko Asia. Ngokubhekiselele ematyaleni komhlaba, kukho icala Russian wasala emi yedwa. Ngaphezu koko, isindululo kwenziwa ngenxa yokusekwa uthumo joint, esizokwenza ukusombulula imiba etshisa ibunzi.

Genoa Conference of 1922 wayesondele ukusilela ngenxa intransigence le Entente. Lloyd George, esoyika namacala ukuphazamisa nkomfa, wabamba indawo yokugqibela ezimalunga nememorandam waseSoviet banyusa kodwa ukuba lityumbe ikomiti, nto leyo eza kuqwalasela umahluko asakhulayo. ixesha elisondeleyo of acquisition thumo ezimbini (ukusuka Russian and non-Russian) waqeshwa ngoJuni 1922. De kube lelo xesha, kwacetyiswa ukuba phindo bonke ukuhlaselwa kunye nezenzo uchuku. Ekwenzeni le sigqibo, iNgqungquthela Genoa naphezu.