Hellenism - is ... iNkcubeko kunye bulumko kwexesha lamaGrike

Ithuba entsha kwimbali isiGrike komjikelo ukuya ngasempuma umlawuli odumileyo Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ngenxa kwiimfazwe ezininzi, kwabakho umbuso omkhulu, eyayize ukususela kwimida yeJiputa kuye kuthi mihla Central Asia. Yaba ngeli xesha kunye xesha Hellenism. Phantsi kufuneka kuthetha ukusasazeka inkcubeko ZesiGrike yonke imimandla woyisa Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Yintoni Singathini Hellenism?

Ngenxa yokuba kukho kokudityaniswa kwiinkcubeko zamaGrike nasekuhlaleni, kwabakho Hellenism. Le Isiphumo cross-loke ekulondolozweni kwenkcubeko eziqhelekileyo States eziliqela emva kokuwa bukhosi.

Yintoni ukuthini a Hellenism? Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kwangoko ukuba yena emasikizi, okoko kwasekwa le nkcubeko yaba sisiphumo kwiimfazwe ezininzi. Hellenism negalelo kumanyano kwehlabathi yamaGrike kunye eMpuma yamandulo, phambi kokuba sazivelela kumacala ahlukeneyo. Isiphumo yimeko enamandla kunye isakhiwo enye kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, Hellenism - uhlobo lwe Yindibanisela izinto ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko. It ingabonwa ukusuka kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwelinye icala, ukuvela Hellenism nempembelelo uphuhliso yoluntu yamaGrike kunye ntlekele polis Greek. Kwelinye icala, xa lasungulwa wadlala indima imibutho Oriental bamandulo, oko kukuthi isakhiwo yabo endala kunye amavila kwezentlalo.

Izizathu eziphembelele ukuvela Hellenism

Imfuneko kokudityaniswa yeenkcubeko ezininzi yavela ngenxa yokuba polis yamaGrike baqalisa ngokuthe ngcembe isantya inkqubela zembali, akuba ngamandla onke amathuba ayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto sifo yaqala ukuvela phakathi kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo, umzabalazo lwentlalo phakathi oligarchy kunye nedemokhrasi. Ukuqhekeka wenza imfazwe phakathi imizi ngamnye. Kwaye ngoko ke imbali karhulumente akayekanga, kwakudingeka ukuba bamanyane emacaleni alwayo.

Nangona kunjalo, oku akusosizathu kuphela ukuvela inkcubeko entsha. kwavela ithuba yamaGrike ngokunxulumene nengxaki ye zeenkqubo zamandulo Oriental yezopolitiko. Xa BC ngenkulungwane IV ihlabathi lamandulo zasempumalanga, nto leyo esele yaba yinxalenye uBukhosi basePersi, waba hayi xesha lifanelekileyo. Ngenxa kuqoqosho amileyo ayikwazanga ukubazi ilizwe elikhulu ungalinywanga. Ukongeza, ookumkani basePersi akazange ukunika imvume ngenxa ukwakhiwa kwiidolophu ezintsha, akazange ukuxhasa urhwebo yaye akazange avunyelwe ukuba oovimba ezinkulu ngentsimbi lonaniso lwangaphandle elele angaphantsi zabo. Ukuba Greece kwi BC ngenkulungwane IV ubunzima ngenxa nandzu komsebenzi ngokugqithisileyo inkqubo yezopolitiko, wengxinano kunye nezibonelelo encinane, imeko umva iye iqatshelwe neNgonyama wasePersi.

Kulo mba, bekukho ingxaki umbutho abayinqobo kuye, kuyondelelaniswe kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezihlobeneyo. Ngamanye amazwi, kwabakho imfuneko yokuba inkcubeko efana Hellenism. Oku kwenzeka emva kokuba ukuwa amandla wakha Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Ukuhlanganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo

Zeziphi iindawo kumacandelo njini yobomi layigubungela njengenxalenye ithi zamaGrike nasempumalanga? Kukho neembono ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye izazinzulu phantsi Hellenism waqonda ukudibanisa izinto eziliqela uphawu inkcubeko kunye nonqulo. mbali zasekhaya kudityaniswa ochazwe ngokwembono le indibanisela kunye nentsebenziswano zoqoqosho, iklasi, amacandelo kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokutsho kwabo, Hellenism - linyathelo okuqhubekayo, nto leyo eyabangela ngamandla bayahlelwa uluntu isiGrike lwaseMpuma.

Le ezwi izakhi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo inkqubela ngokwahlukileyo. Kwezinye States ukuba kakhulu ngakumbi kwabanye - ngaphantsi. Kwezinye izixeko, indima ebalulekileyo wabelwa izinto ezendeleyo inkcubeko yamaGrike namandla kwezinye imvelaphi yamandulo Oriental. Umahluko onjalo abanawo ngokunxulumene iimpawu ezithile yembali uluntu kunye nemizi.

Development of the Hellenic Society

ixesha yamaGrike siphazamise ubungakanani zemfundo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu, ukusuka yeSisili emazantsi eItali, ziphethe ntshonalanga India (ukususela kwimida akumazantsi kuLwandle Aral kunye cataract yokuqala loMlambo umNayile). Ngamanye amazwi, njengoko inxalenye yoluntu yamaGrike baba classical Greece kunye East. Ngaba engafakwanga ndawo, India kuphela kunye neTshayina.

imimandla eliqela zingahlukaniswa, obubonakala ngokuba neempawu ezifana:

1. Egypt kunye noMbindi Mpuma.
2. Middle East.
3. Balkan Greece, inxalenye osentshona Asia Minor, Macedonia.
4. Great Greece yoLwandle Black.

Iziqalelo ezininzi iimpawu azalwa Hellenism, wazingqina ukuba isebenze ngokupheleleyo eYiputa kunye noMbindi Mpuma. Kule nkalo, le mimandla zingathathwa njengendawo kubungqwangangqwili apho weklasiki Hellenism.

Greece, njengezinye imimandla, kwafuneka becala umahluko kwi amanqanaba ezentlalo nezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko nenkcubeko. Sinako nithi Greece kuyondelelaniswe yamandulo kwaye njengoko enjalo ayisekho ntoni. Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile oko bathi ezi imimandla yaba kwinkqubo lamaGrike kweli lizwe.

Uphuhliso inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi

inkcubeko yamaGrike nempembelelo yokuduka uphawu kwexesha yamandulo, umsantsa phakathi ubuchwepheshe kunye nenzululwazi, nangezenzo. Oku kunokubonwa imisebenzi noArchimedes, eyafumana umthetho hydraulic. Kuye wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso neteknoloji yokuyila nempompo Screw kwaye kuliwe catapults ngemipu ukuzithethelela.

Ukudalwa izixeko ezintsha kunye nenkqubela kwiindawo ezifana navigation kunye nobugcisa emkhosini, ziye zanegalelo ekwandeni kwezinye Sciences. Kwezi, izibalo unako bodwa, ubucukubhede, ngeenkwenkwezi, ngendawo. indima ebalulekileyo kule ebidlalwe kunye Euclid. Waba ngunozala we geometry sabaqalayo. Eratosthenes ukujonga ubungakanani lokwenyaniso zomhlaba, Aristarh Samossky wabonisa ukuba iplanethi yethu lijikeleza phezu axis yayo ihamba phakathi ilanga. Uphuhliso ngempumelelo behamba zenzululwazi zendalo, kunye namayeza.

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko kwaphumela imfuneko ukugcina ulwazi. Kulo mba, amathala eencwadi ziye zakhiwa kwezinye izixeko.

Ukuthetha ngento nga ezichongiweyo iimpawu Hellenism kufuneka, kufuneka athi malunga nophuhliso ushishino oluqhelekileyo olutsha - philology. Kuye ihlawulwe kwigrama, ukugxekwa njalo njalo. A indima enkulu wabelwa ezikolweni. Uncwadi sele isiya isohluka nangakumbi, kodwa nangoku waqhubeka ukuthobela izinto yamandulo. intlekele Epic nibe banokuqonda, ukususela erudition ziza virtuosity isimbo Ukuntsonkotha.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngo bulumko?

LamaGrike Philosophy Kwakhona wafumana ezinye iiyantlukwano. Eyanciphisa inkolelo oothixo. Baqala ke ukuba kuvela emahlelweni ezintsha. ngcembe melana Civic yadlula ngasendleleni, unika indawo entsha exabisekileyo. Kunokuba kwavela zoluntu ukungakhathali, nabantu kwimiba enxulumene ngemvelaphi yesizwe woMntu. Yiloo nto ke imeko yentlalo yaba yeyona iphambili kubomi babantu. Kwintanda-bulumko ngexesha lamaGrike kwaye kuphuhliswa ngakumbi ngokusekwa kwizikolo ezininzi: AbaGxeki, kwimimangaliso, amaStoyike, AmaEpikure peripatetic.

Zobulumko baqala kancinci bayeke ingcamango indawo. ingqalelo Greater yahlawulwa umntu kwisikhundla sokuba iyunithi ethile liqulathwe-ngokwalo. Kwi isicwangciso yesibini waya siseko oluntu kunye yoluntu.

Kufuneka unike up onke amancedo impucuko

A indima enkulu kuphuhliso Hellenism wadlala Diogen Sinopsky, owamela iqela labaGxeki. Akazange ukubhala iincwadi, kodwa nje ukuze baphile. Sobulumko ngomzekelo uzame ukubonisa indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba ukulandela inyaniso, ngokwembono yakhe, iinjongo. Yena ngelithi ukuba zonke senkcubeko yoluntu kunye wayila ayikho elungele ulonwabo, ukuba ngolunya. Ubutyebi, amandla, uzuko - konke oku amazwi alambathayo. Wayehlala umphanda, waza wahamba amadlavu.

Ulonwabo kufuneka abe ngaphandle ngamampunge

bulumko yamaGrike iye yazuza lukhulu ngenxa uEpicurus, nguye owaseka yesikolo "Garden". Isifundo, wanyula ulonwabo ingxaki yomntu. UEpicurus wayekholelwa ukuba uyolo mkhulu zingafumaneka kuphela kwimeko yokurhoxiswa iminqweno ezinxulumene ingamampunge. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kuyimfuneko ukuba nizole, kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukususela neenkanuko, xa lamabutho kuphole.

kwanamazwi maqela

Kwintanda-bulumko ngexesha lamaGrike yayina. A indima enkulu kakhulu ekubumbeni kwinkangeleko kwezentlalo iye yaba kwisikolo yamaStoyike. Waye ayabandakanyeka kule ngxaki ulonwabo lwabantu. Ucacisa oku kulandelayo: ngenxa yokuba ezahlukeneyo iingxaki aziyi kuba nako ukuphuma kunjalo, kufuneka ukuba isetyenziswe kubo. Oku usindiso nembono yamaStoyike. Kuyimfuneko ukuba aququzelele ihlabathi zabo ngaphakathi. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, akukho ngxaki zangaphandle aziyi kuba nako ukuphazamisa. Kufuneka ube ngaphezu ezenzeka ngaphandle.

isiphelo

Hellenism wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Yonke impumelelo kweli thuba isiseko izimvo zobugcisa eziye zavela kunye nezinye zaphawula. bulumko yamaGrike baba ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso wezakwalizwi ephakathi. Intsomi kunye neencwadi iyaqhubeka ithandwa yaye ngoku.