Commonwealth of Nations: kuluhlu lwamazwe

Commonwealth of Nations - Association of Independent States, ebandakanya iBritani ezininzi zizilawuli yalo yangaphambili, amathanga kunye ezaziphethwe. Amazwe besive Union, musa ukuba amandla ezopolitiko ngaphezu omnye komnye. isiseko kwayo ngo-1887, ngo-1926 amkela Balfour Declaration kumGaqo iwonga Commonwealth ngoDisemba 11, 1931 (yoMthetho Westminster). Emva koko i-Commonwealth lifana ezitshatileyo amazwe, zidibene ne-UK union lobuqu.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Isiseko sabekwa ngenkulungwane XIX kwaye banesifo yokuqala kwenkulungwane XX-th yamkelwa umthetho esicacisa amalungelo yeLungu State of the mbutho. Ngokutsho uxwebhu 1931, lo mlawuli UK nguye intloko yelizwe zonke ukuqaphela yoMthetho of Westminster kwaye ulilungu le-British Commonwealth of Nations.

Kwangaxeshanye, uxwebhu umisela ubume yomthetho zibubukhosi, kwakunye ziphosa kwindawo izisombululo iiNkomfa ka 1926 no 1930. Ngenxa yoko, ubukhosi awayexatyiswa de facto geqe, ngokulinganayo ngokupheleleyo neBritani, imithetho eNgilani kwaye alisebenzi kubo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Ngowe-1947, loo meko kunye inguqu-Indiya yaba lilizwe republic, kwaye ukusilela kwimpatho ukuqaphela intloko kumkani yaseBritani karhulumente kwakufuneka ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo izisekelo bombutho. Tshintsha igama nenjongo lombutho - iye yaba ephambili nemisebenzi yoluntu, neeprojekthi zemfundo, etc ...

Okwangoku zibandakanyiwe Commonwealth amazwe iintlanga (inombolo 53) ukubonisa indlela eyahlukileyo kulawulo lukarhulumente kulo. Kwezi, 16 kuphela - Commonwealth zoBukumkani, bona i British Queen Elizabeth II Head of State.

States ngaphakathi uyaqina

Indlela kwi imeko ekhoyo ngenkulungwane xxi iye elide. State uzibandakanya ephuma ubulungu kwimanyano lunqunyanyisiwe kwaye kuqaliswe (umzekelo ingakumbi fanekisela apha eFiji, ogama ubulungu imisiwe ngenxa yeengxaki umanyene idemokhrasi kweli lizwe) lakhe.

Noko kunjalo Process khona, ukwakha kunye nokutshintsha i-Commonwealth yanamhlanje. Kuluhlu lwamazwe unikwa ngokolwazi kwi website esemthethweni:

• Antigua and Barbuda;
• ishwar satya;
• Botswana;
• Canada;
• Fiji (wabuyiselwa njengelungu ngokupheleleyo ukususela ngoSeptemba 26, 2014);
• Guyana;
• Kenya;
• eMalawi;
• Malta;
• Namibia;
• Nigeria;
• Rwanda;
• Seychelles;
• Solomon Islands;
• Saint Kitts and Nevis;
• Tonga;
• Uganda;
• Vanuatu;
• Australia;
• Barbados;
• Brunei;
• Cyprus;
• Ghana;
• India;
• Kiribati;
• Malaysia;
• Mauritius;
• Nauru;
• Pakistan;
• St Lucia;
• Sierra Leone;
• South Africa;
• Saint Vincent and The Grenadines;
• Trinidad and Tobago;
• United Kingdom;
• Zambia;
• Bahamas;
• Belize;
• Cameroon;
• Dominica;
• Grenada;
• Jamaica;
• Lesotho;
• Maldives;
• eMozambique;
• New Zealand;
• Papua New Guinea;
• Samoa;
• Singapore;
• Sri Lanka;
• Swaziland;
• Tuvalu;
• Tanzania.

Okubandakanywe Commonwealth of Nations amanyene kuphela izivumelwano kunye nezixhobo, kodwa kwezenkcubeko yinto: kumazwe 11, IsiNgesi yenye iilwimi zaseburhulumenteni, kwaye kwezinye 11 - ulwimi kuphela olusemthethweni.

Government of the Commonwealth of Nations

Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi website esemthethweni, le umbutho ngokuzithandela amazwe kunye neenqobo eziqhelekileyo. Queen Elizabeth II ngokusesikweni yintloko British Commonwealth of Nations (kuluhlu lwamazwe ilungu lalo mbutho yenye nje enkulu ehlabathini), ulawulo lwangoku sesiGqeba sinika i Secretariat.

Imilo lonikezelo yolawulo ngaphakathi Union ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 32 nahambele republic, 5 - neNgonyama yesizwe, 16 ingqalelo intloko British Queen, bemelwe yi iRhuluneli General kwilizwe ngalinye. Noko ke, loo nto ayenzi ukwenza nayiphi na imisebenzi okanye imisebenzi.

Business

Besenza Commonwealth of Nations kumazwe uluhlu ayiphucukanga - urhulumente yahlulwe izigaba ezine ezahlukeneyo, ngokutsho ulwahlulohlulo World Bank (zodidi ukuhlaziywa qho ngonyaka ukuze zibonise ezizenzekelayo ngamnye ingeniso ngamnye kunyaka ophelileyo). Kwezi, 11 komvuzo ophezulu, 14 - ndandiyinxalenye yeengcungcu ingeniso, 18 - ngezantsi avareji, yaye-10 - i ephantsi-IRR.

amazwe Union e abakhokelayo amashishini ezininzi ehlabathini lonke: phakathi imizekelo - bezemigodi amatye anqabileyo nesinyithi, ulwazi ngobuxhakaxhaka beekhompyutha kunye nokhenketho.

ukubunjwa the Commonwealth

Amazwe yokuqala, amalungu lombutho kwakukho United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa. Abhalisa Commonwealth of Nations 1931. Pakistan ne India abaye bangenela le Union ngo 1947. Sri Lanka - ngo-1948. Bobabini, bakha uluhlu lwamazwe - lamalungu amadala bombutho.

Ngowe-1957 zangamawele, zithabathela yi eGhana.

Xa gqira, amaBritane Commonwealth of Nations lifumene Ukongeza omtsha: umanyano ujoyine Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone kunye Tanzania (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), Zambia (1964 ). Okulandelayo - Guyana, Botswana kunye Lesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968)

Bangladesh wajoyina umbutho ngo-1972, Papua New Guinea - 1975

Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, lizalisa uluhlu lwe amazwe Namibia (1990), Mozambique kunye Cameroon (1995), Rwanda (2009)

labantu

Ngokwemiqathango kubemi Commonwealth of Nations abantu billion 2.2. Expectedly kukhokelela India - 1236,7 million. Makube ngasemva kulo malunga kwinqanaba elifanayo, Pakistan, Bangladesh kunye Nigeria - 179,2 yezigidi kwaye 168,8 yezigidi kunye 154,7 yezigidi ngokulandelelanayo. Kwindawo yesine, Isimanga, i-United Kingdom (onke amanani kunye data zithathwa website esemthethweni ye-Commonwealth) - inani yayo iyenze manani zakutshanje abantu million 62,8.

Huge kwi ndawo Canada eyayikuyo yonke 34,8 million, kwaye sisuka Australia ungumnini abantu abazizigidi 23.1.

Impilo kunye nobomi ekulindeleke ukuba

Kodwa entsimini impilo-ntle bonke ukuba kulindeleke - i-avareji iphezulu kweminyaka yokuphila e-Australia kunye Singapore (82), Canada kunye New Zealand (kunyaka 81), i-UK, aseSipro Malta (iminyaka engama-80). Ekugqibeleni Sierra Leone - kwiminyaka nje 45 (ngo-2012).

Lizwe kukhokelela kwinqanaba zabantwana kunye nokufa kweentsana, kwakunye oomama (ngo-2010-2012.). Nangona Sierra Leone - ilizwe omnye owona mlinganiselo uphakamileyo ukuzalwa kwi Commonwealth.

Mozambique and Rwanda

Amashumi eminyaka, sithathe izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye iindawo namanye amaxwebhu elawula imisebenzi lombutho ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ungakwazi. A uxwebhu olunye, kunye ne-siseko, akukho. Isiseko entry ubudlelwane kunye United Kingdom - indlela eya ubulungu kwi Commonwealth buvuleleke amathanga zangaphambili, ezaziphethwe kunye ubukhosi. Lo mgaqo, Noko ke, bakho abalwamkelayo ezimbini: Mozambique, owayesakuba lithanga Portuguese, kunye Rwanda, ithanga owayesakuba eBelgium Germany.

Eyokuqala kuzo - enye kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini. Mozambique - isimo ilungu le-Commonwealth of Nations "kungekhona ilungelo, kodwa lubabalo." Wenyuka waya kubo ukulawula emva bonke abamelwane, amalungu lombutho ziye wacela eMozambique (oku yenye indlela ekuthiwa).

Wesiqalo ngulo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: emva kokuzimela geqe ngowe-1975, iinguqu ezinkulu ziye yenziwa zapheliswa uninzi kwabemi isiPhuthukezi. imfazwe yamakhaya, ephelekwa ngxwelerha kakhulu phakathi kwabemi kunye yokufuduka amanani amakhulu iimbacu.

Imfazwe yaphela ngo-1992 - akumangalisi ukuba lizwe waba ukuhla. Ubulungu kwi-Commonwealth liphela kuluncedo ukuba urhulumente - oku kuyinyaniso ucelele eRwanda, nayo leyo ikwazile ukusinda amaxesha kunzima (kuquka kohlanga).

Indima neenjongo ngokuphathelele kumalungu ayo

Namhlanje, amalungu British Commonwealth of Nations zisebenza kumacala amabini - ukukhuthaza imithetho-siseko kunye nezithethe yedemokhrasi kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso. Yeyona yesibini ngobukhulu, emva iZizwe eziManyeneyo, umfelandawonye ngamazwe. IsiNgesi idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu sigqibo esalimanyanisa, ingakumbi ngoku ukuba ulwimi sele indlela yonxibelelwano ishishini.

Ulinganiso lweenkcukacha kunye namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo ziya kwenziwa sikhokelo lamaphulo yoluntu ezahlukeneyo Union, inkxaso ngokwezimali kunye nezinye iinkalo. Nangona ngokusesikweni zonke Commonwealth angamalungu ezizimeleyo, uncedo loo kunegalelo nefuthe benikela it kwabo baludingayo.

Indima ye-UK ngaphakathi Union

Ukutyhubela imbali, ukususela ukuyilwa imibutho kunye, indima UK kunye nesimo sengqondo kule Union yatshintsha. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala XX-th ngenkulungwane, lalisisiwa kungekuphela nje uBukhosi British. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izinto eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo itshintshele kwicala EU, walunguza ethembisa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa uphuhliso lwakutsha nje EU, ingcamango ekomelezeni kunye nophuhliso kungase khangela ngakumbi nomtsalane, banikwe lungkanani uluhlu kusekwe i-Commonwealth States.

Ukuxhasa esi sifundo mawutolikwe yokuziphatha yaseBritani ukuya Australia. Kweli lizwe, abaxhasi uhlobo republic karhulumente isikhundla onamandla kunene, uze uthethe kukuyeka isandi Commonwealth rhoqo.

Utyelelo Australia amalungu entsapho yasebukhosini yaseBritani, kwakunye kumtshato 2011 ePrince William kunye Keyt Middlton badlale indima ekukhuliseni iwonga le Windsor ubukhosi. Ixilongo kwi iingxelo 2011 oonozakuzaku baseBritani, la matyelelo aye ayenza yahexa ithuba ajike Australia ibe republic kwixesha elizayo.

Visit of Queen Elizabeth II kunye ePrince William, kwakunye mtshato wasebukhosini kusincede sifeze umdla Australia, Noko ke, amagosa batsho uluntu Australian kwixesha elizayo iza kuzama ukufumana kude amandla ukumkanikazi nokuba la mandla yokomfuziselo kuphela,.

Xa inkcazo, i FCO lowu utshintsho demographic kweli lizwe kwakhokelela ekuthotyweni kwenani ngabemi ngandlel va uqhagamshelo lwabo eNgilani. Ngelo xesha, ipesenti enkulu yabantu ukholelwa ukuba ukusekwa kwiriphabliki - esemqoka weqonga ekubunjweni karhulumente.

Ezinye yamanye amazwe ye-Commonwealth of Nations, Noko ke, ukuxhasa ingcamango wentsebenziswano ngakumbi. izindululo ezinjalo sele ngayo, kodwa akazange afumane inkxaso uninzi ngenxa yokukhathazeka phambi amabhongo ombuso i-United Kingdom.

Amathuba Ukuhlanganiswa lisephantsi - level ezahlukeneyo ekukhuleni Akalinyusi imveliso complementarity iphuhlisiwe, amazwe amaninzi kumgangatho osezantsi, ukukhuphisana, njengoko Avelisa impahla enye okanye efanayo. Kunjalo, kuba inkxaso yingenelo ukusuka phambili ngakumbi. A ethile ozimiseleyo Commonwealth, Noko ke, ingqalelo ukuba akanayo iindlela ezinamandla ukuphembelela amalungu ayo - kuphela ukhetho i kukunqunyanyiswa kobulungu entlanganweni.