OPEC: ziqonde nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi. Uluhlu lwa mazwe - amalungu OPEC

Ulwakhiwo ebizwa OPEC, ziqonde izifinyezo, leyo, umgaqo, eziqhelekileyo kwabangakanana idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezoshishino jikelele. Xa lo mbutho zadalwa? Zeziphi izinto ezingundoqo emva ukusekwa kwale isakhiwo ngamazwe? trend Namhlanje, nto leyo ebonisa ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-oyile, sisithi akonwabi kwaye ngoko phantsi kolawulo ngenxa abathumela namhlanje xa "igolide black"? Okanye amathuba aphezulu kumazwe OPEC - Ukuxhasa nomdlali kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi jikelele, kuyanyanzeleka ukuba Babengabalelani eziphambili bezinye iintlanga?

OPEC: ulwazi ngokubanzi

Yintoni OPEC? Ziqonde ezi izifinyezo ilula. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba wenze oko, kufuneka ibe kakuhle ekutayipheni ibe IsiNgesi - OPEC. Fumana - Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Okanye, i-Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Lo mbutho ngamazwe wadala amagunya ioli inkulu ngenjongo, ngokutsho abahlalutyi, ifuthe yokurhweba "zegolide abamnyama" kwi inkalo ye, ingakumbi, amaxabiso.

amalungu OPEC - 12 ithi. Phakathi kwazo kukho amazwe zoMbindi Mpuma - Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, i-UAE, amazwe amathathu ukusuka eAfrika - Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Libya kunye Venezuela kunye Ecuador, apho zifumaneka Umzantsi Melika. Ikomkhulu lombutho kulo mzekelo ibekwe kwikomkhulu Austria - eVienna. UMbutho of Petroleum Exporting Countries yasekwa ngo-1960. Ngu mzuzu lwangoku zamazwe OPEC ukulawula 40% kokuthunyelwa ihlabathi "ngegolide black".

History of OPEC

OPEC yasekwa kwisixeko capital Iraqi of Baghdad, ngoSeptemba 1960. Lwabasunguli indalo yayo yaba abathumela oli enkulu ehlabathini - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait kunye Venezuela. Njengoko mbali mihla ukukholwa, ixesha xa data karhulumente wenziwa inyathelo ahambelanayo ehambelana ixesha xa kukho inkqubo esebenzayo ongagungqiyo. imimandla Ababesakuba oxhomekeke bahlukaniswa kumazwe abo kunina kokubini kwezopolitiko ngokwalo kwezoqoqosho.

Imarike oyile lehlabathi ilawulwa iinkampani becala Western, ezifana Exxon, Chevron, Mobil. Kukho sisiganeko ezimbalini - imboni beenkampani ezinkulu, kuquka igama, wenza isigqibo ukunciphisa amaxabiso "ngegolide black". Oku kwakubangelwa imfuneko ukunciphisa iindleko kwerente oyile. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe ukuba ziseke OPEC wabeka usukelo - ukuze akwazi ukulawula izibonelelo zazo zendalo ngaphandle yempembelelo iinkampani ezinkulu ehlabathini. Ukongeza, kwiminyaka engama-60, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, uqoqosho ihlabathi lona kwabakho isinyanzeliso enjalo oyile - unikezelo lidlula imfuno. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi OPEC Zazenzelwe ukuthintela ukuhla kwamaxabiso zehlabathi "igolide black".

Inyathelo lokuqala yasekwa OPEC Secretariat. Yena "emiselweyo" eGeneva, eSwitzerland, kodwa ngowe-1965 "owahamba" eVienna. Ngowe-1968, intlanganiso OPEC, eyavuma i-Declaration on nkqubo oyile. Libonisa ilungelo States lokulawula imithombo yendalo yesizwe. Ngexesha lo mbutho wazibandakanya nabanye abathumela ezinkulu oli ehlabathini - Qatar, Libya, Indonesia kunye United Arab Emirates. Ngowe-1969, Algeria wajoyina OPEC.

Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, impembelelo OPEC ngalo orhwebo lwe-oyile zehlabathi ngokukodwa banda engama-70. Oku kwenzeke ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba ukulawula phezu imveliso oyile wathabatha phezu oorhulumente yamazwe zifakiwe kwi-Organisation. Njengoko abahlaziyi bathi, kuloo minyaka, OPEC ngokwenene ezinokuchaphazela ngqo ixabiso zehlabathi "ngegolide black". Ngowe-1976, i-OPEC Fund sele yenziwe, ophethe kuphuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe unemibuzo. Kwi-owuva ye-70 ukuya entlanganweni kuyo ijoyine amanye amazwe eziliqela - amabini Afrika (Nigeria, Gabon), omnye Umzantsi Melika - Ecuador.

Ngu 80 okuqala, amaxabiso e-oli ehlabathini ziye zafikelela amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ngowe-1986 baza baqalisa ukuhla. Amalungu OPEC for ixesha lifinyele isabelo yayo kwimarike yehlabathi "ngegolide black". Oku kwakhokelela, njengoko kuqatshelwe abanye abahlaziyi, ukuba iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe akwi ukuya entlanganweni. Noko ke, ekuqaleni '90, amaxabiso e-oli waphinda wavuka - ukuba malunga nesiqingatha umgangatho lifikelelwe ekuqaleni' 80s. Isabelo OPEC kwi kwicandelo yenzwelonke waqalisa ukukhula. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba nomphumela kuye ngenxa ubukhulu becala ekuqalisweni icandelwana loo nkqubo yezoqoqosho, ezifana abanokubuloba. Indlela yokunika amaxabiso isekwe kwi ebizwa ngokuba "Ingobozi OPEC" iye yaziswa ngokunjalo.

Kwiminyaka 90 of amaxabiso e-oli kumazwe ngamazwe nje uphela hayi, ngokutsho abahlalutyi abaninzi, ngaphantsi ezilindelekileyo kumazwe akwi kuMbutho kancinci. Ukungafani ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kweendleko "igolide abamnyama" uye waba nengxaki wezoqoqosho mpuma Asia ngo-1998-1999. Noko ke, ekupheleni nkcukacha 90 bamashishini abaninzi baqalisa ukufuna izibonelelo ioli ngaphezulu. Kwakukho Amashishini kakhulu-eneji olunzulu, iinkqubo jikelele baye baba kakhulu. Oku, ngokutsho neengcali, iye wadala ezinye iimeko amaxabiso oyile ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Qaphela ukuba ngo-1998 ubume mkhanyo kuOPEC wafumana Russia - kumazwe oyile, yeyona inkulu ngexesha abadlali ehlabathini yokurhweba "ngegolide black". Kule '90 ukusuka mbutho waya Gabon, kwaye wanqunyanyiswa okwexeshana imisebenzi yayo kubume-Ecuador, OPEC.

Xa kowama-2000, amaxabiso e-oli ehlabathini athi enyuka kancinci bezisoloko esitalini ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, kungekudala waqalisa ukukhula okukhawulezayo, ngubani ifikelele incopho ngo-2008. Ngexesha i-OPEC wangena Angola. Noko ke, ngo-2008, kabukhali waqinisa imiba ntlekele. Xa ekwindla ka-2008 amaxabiso "igolide abamnyama" wawa inqanaba kowama-2000. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha amaxabiso 2009-2010 kwakhona wavuka waza waqhubeka kwinqanaba ukuba abathumeli ezinkulu ioli, njengoko Osoqoqosho bathi, banelungelo kuqwalaselwa kakhulu bekhululekile. Ngo-2014, ngenxa oluntsonkothileyo izinto, amaxabiso e-oli ziye lehla kancinci ukuya inqanaba yoo-2000. OPEC kunjalo iqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kurhwebo lwehlabathi of "ngegolide black".

Iinjongo nemisebenzi OPEC

Njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, ekuqaleni ukudala OPEC ukuba ukumisela ulawulo phezu yesizwe, kunye nefuthe iintsingiselo zehlabathi eolini amaxabiso-ingxenye. Lokuba ngabahlahleli mihla ukukholwa, ngokwesiseko, le njongo iye ukususela atshintshiwe. Phakathi iingxaki njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi, zamadoda engundoqo, ukuya OPEC - infrastructure unikezelo oyile, ingeniso utyalo elungileyo evela ukuthunyelwa 'igolide black ".

OPEC abe ngumdlali kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi

amalungu OPEC amanyene isakhiwo ukuba unalo ubume kumbutho karhulumente. lokuba libhaliswe ngayo kwi-UN. Sele kwiminyaka yokuqala OPEC iye yaseka neentlobano zokwazana iBhunga UN kuqoqosho kunye noluntu, waba inxaxheba kwiNkomfa yoMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo kwi-Trade and Development. Amaxesha aliqela ngonyaka, zibanjwa inxaxheba kumazwe izithuba aphezulu eburhulumenteni yelo OPEC iintlanganiso. Olu hlobo iziganeko luyilwe ukusebenza ngaphandle isicwangciso edibeneyo umsebenzi wokwakha kurhwebo lwehlabathi.

Oil reserves kuOPEC

amalungu OPEC ukuba oovimba zizonke yeoli liqikelelwa kwi ngaphezu kwama 1,199 ezigidi nemigqomo. Kumalunga 60-70% zolondolozo zehlabathi. Ngelo xesha, njengokuba ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, kuphela Venezuela ifikelele kwincopho kwimveliso ye-oyile. Amanye amazwe ezivela OPEC usenokuba ukwandisa intsebenzo yabo. Noko ke, ngokoluvo leengcaphephe amahle ukukhula kwimveliso mihla le "igolide abamnyama" amazwe Organization bebodwa. Abanye bathi ukuba lithi eziyinxalenye OPEC, kuya kufuna ukuba kwandisa izikhombisi efanelekileyo - ukuze zigcine indawo yangoku kurhwebo lwehlabathi.

Isibakala sokuba ngoku US - Petroleum Exporting Countries (ubukhulu becala enxulumene uhlobo oyile shale), apho unakho ukubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwi amazwe OPEC ehlabathini. Ezinye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba ukwanda kwemveliso na kumazwe engeluncedo lwanto besive zoMbutho - ukwanda unikezelo ngomhla kwimarike zehlisa amaxabiso "igolide black".

isakhiwo solawulo

Into umdla ukufundisisa OPEC - iimpawu mbutho kweenkqubo zolawulo. Ukukhokela umzimba OPEC kaThixo lolawulo - kwinkomfa yelungu ithi. Wabiza ke idla amaxesha 2 ngonyaka. kwintlanganiso OPEC kwi ifomathi yenkomfa iya kubandakanya iingxoxo ngemiba enxulumene uthatha phezu lombutho ngamazwe amatsha, ukwamkelwa lwabiwo-mali, ukuqeshwa kwabasebenzi. izihloko Hot ukuba iNkomfa ngokuqulunqa, njengoko umthetho, iBhodi leeRhuluneli. Esi sakhiwo kwakhona kulawula ukuphunyezwa kwezisombululo ezivunyiweyo. Ubume bale Bhodi ye leeRhuluneli - amanye amasebe ophetheyo uluhlu elikhethekileyo kwemiba.

Yintoni i "ingobozi" kwamaxabiso e-oyile?

Ngaphezu ke wathi omnye ekujoliswe ixabiso ngenxa amazwe Organization yenza ebizwa ngokuba "ingobozi". Yintoni na? Ngaba arithmetic kuthetha phakathi eziliqela iibrand yamafutha kufunxwa kumazwe ezahlukeneyo OPEC. Ziqonde amagama abo badla ezinxulumene ne uphawu - "ukukhanya" okanye "enzima", kwakunye nguRhulumente lemvelaphi. Umzekelo, kukho igama Arab Ukukhanya - oyile ukukhanya okuveliswa e Saudi Arabia. Kukho Iran Heavy - enzima oyile Iranian imvelaphi. Kukho iintlobo ezifana Kuwait Export, Qatar Marine. Elona xabiso liphezulu le "ibhaskiti" ngo Julayi 2008 - 140.73 zeerandi.

quotas

Sibonile ukuba kulo mkhuba yoMbutho langoku quota. Yintoni na? Esi sithintelo kwimveliso ye-oyile imihla ngasinye amazwe. isayizi yazo ingahluka ngenxa yeentlanganiso ezifanelekileyo zolawulo ezikhoyo. Ngokubanzi, xa enciphisa quota kukho isizathu esibangela ukuba ulindele yokunqongophala unikezelo ngomhla kwimarike yehlabathi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba umda ehambelana kuhlala ingatshintshanga okanye ukuphuculwa, amaxabiso "igolide black" zingabangela ukuba bunciphe.

OPEC neRashiya

Njengoko yaziwa, loo abathumela eziphambili oli ehlabathini - ayikho kuphela lizwe OPEC. Kwelinye mpahla inkulu kwihlabathi "igolide black" Russia yenye kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Kukholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka ethile phakathi kwilizwe lethu kunye noMbutho ziye ubudlelwane impikiswano. Umzekelo, OPEC ibango kwakwenziwa iyelenqe eMoscow ngo-2002 - ukunciphisa imveliso oyile, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo kwimarike zehlabathi. Noko ke, njengoko oko kungqinwa manani oluntu, ukuthunyelwa 'igolide abamnyama "ye Russian Federation ukususela ekudalweni ngokubonakalayo hayi zancitshiswa, kodwa koko, uye wakhula.

ngxabano Russian nale isakhiwo ngamazwe, abahlalutyi bathi, uye wayeka ngexesha ukukhula ngokukhawuleza amaxabiso yeoli kwiminyaka yoo-2000. Ukususela ngoko, phakathi eRashiya kunye noMbutho liphela kukho umkhwa ukuba bazibandakanye ngendlela eyakhayo - kokubini kwinqanaba uthethwano phakathi koorhulumente kunye nentsebenziswano kule inkalo kwishishini le oyile. OPEC and Russia - abathumela "ngegolide black". Ngokubanzi, kusengqiqweni ukuba iimfuno zabo ngobuchule umdlalo kwibala jikelele.

amathuba

Liyintoni ithemba kubambiswano engaphezulu phakathi koorhulumente, non-OPEC? Kokuhlaziya le nezishunqulelo ukuba usinike ngawo kanye ekuqaleni kweli nqaku bathi ukuba isiseko iimfuno kwamazwe endiwumisileyo siqhubeke ukuxhasa ukusebenza lombutho - ingakumbi ukuthunyelwa 'igolide black ". Ngelo xesha, njengoko abanye abahlalutyi mihla, ukuze ukwandisa ngakumbi izicwangciso zoshishino, uhamba kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezepolitiki kazwelonke kumazwe akwi kwi Umbutho kule minyaka izayo uya kuba emsebenzini kunye izimvo kumazwe oyile ngaphakathi. Waba yintoni elidityaniswe kuyo?

Okokuqala, into yokuba umntu ongenisa ioli entofontofo kumazwe ekufuneka ukuba - ngumqathango uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho zabo. Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yesizwe yezoqoqosho, ukukhula kwimveliso - amaxabiso neoli akayi kuwa ngezantsi eksperterov abalulekileyo "igolide black" uphawu. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso zokuvelisa, apho ubukhulu becala kwenzeka ngenxa yeendleko amafutha ngokugqithisileyo, kunye amathuba aphezulu kuya kukhokelela nokuvalwa kwamaziko-eneji olunzulu, yotshintsho zabo wakhetha ukubandakanyeka eminye imithombo yamandla. Ngenxa yoko - Amaxabiso e-oli ehlabathini ungala. Ngoko ke, lo leitmotif ephambili yophuhliso ngakumbi amazwe OPEC, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi - oku kwizibhambathiso elifanelekileyo phakathi ukufezekiswa kweemfuno zalo wesizwe kunye nendawo kumazwe afaka i "igolide black".

Kukho omnye umbono. Ngokutsho kwakhe, neoli akayi kuba engenye iminyaka embalwa ezayo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba imibutho zelizwe lonke ithuba ukomeleza indawo yayo kwezoshishino lwehlabathi, kwaye ngokungalindelekanga kananjalo ukufumana okuthile kule nkalo ekufezekiseni iminqweno kwezopolitiko. Ngokubanzi, kunye zomnotho elifutshane kunokwenzeka, amaxabiso e-oli uya kusoloko uphezulu ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno Injongo elinemveliso uqoqosho, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, uphuhliso olucothayo kakhulu yesibambiso ezintsha. Isiphakamiso iminyaka ethile kwaye ayaphela kweemfuno.

Kukho kwakhona kwindawo yesithathu ngayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwindawo ngcono inokuba nje kumazwe efanayo oyile ngaphakathi. Isibakala sokuba amanani zangoku ixabiso "igolide black", ngokutsho abahlalutyi, ukuba ndingahlangani umba uchaphazelekayo phantse ngumyinge ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi - are elawulekayo. Ixabiso-olusebenzayo ixabiso loshishino ioli kwezinye iinkampani - 25 zeerandi. Oku lingaphantsi kakhulu ngakumbi ixabiso yangoku of "igolide black" kusenokwenzeka kakubi mali yamazwe amaninzi amazwe. Kwaye kuba lo mbutho kweli lizwe kwi-sikhokelo yengqiqo eyenziwa ezinye iingcali kudlala indima umdlali ongakwaziyo umnyanzele ngokwemiqathango yawo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ubukhulu ethile ixhomekeke eziphambili zopolitiko kumazwe amaninzi oyile ngaphakathi.

Qaphela ukuba ingongoma nganye ezintathu imbono ibonisa kuphela Ingqikelelo theory avakalisa ziingcali ezahlukeneyo. I-oyile market - omnye kakhulu engalindelekanga. Iingqikelelo malunga ixabiso "zegolide abamnyama" bazibeka iingcali phambili ezahlukeneyo, kungaba ayaba ngokupheleleyo.