Biology. Ngendlela Group elilula

amaqela ahlukeneyo taxonomic ezilula (ifoto ezinye izinto eziphilayo zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku) zidibene izilwanyana elilodwa olunye-, ngoweqela of eukaryotes. Kuzo zonke ezinye eukaryotes, ukuba zahluke ukuba lidla ukuba iseli enye kuphela, nangona kusenokuba ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, izinga zeselula lo mbutho ukuba enyangweni. Amaqela taxonomic nje musa ziquka eziphilayo musa ukuhlangabezana nale mfuno. Phantse zonke Abameleli obungabonakaliyo ngobukhulu.

iimpawu morphological kunye nokomzimba

Ngokutsho inqanaba labo zahluke umahluko morphological kunye nokomzimba. Umzekelo, isakhiwo amoeba elula kakhulu (bona musa baba neenkalo zokunciphisa organelles, bamba eshukumayo kunye nolunye uhlobo lokutya.). Kwaye ukuba siye sithethe malunga ciliates, umbutho inzima kakhulu. Aba umphezulu pellikulyarnye kwecacileyo isakhiwo, kunye fibrils reference contractile, kwakunye organelles yokuhamba, ukhuseleko, bamba ukutya kunye t. D.). Zonke taxonomic amaqela lenyama luphawulwa uhlobo ultrastructure zeselula, ngokunjalo organelles njongo jikelele: lysosomes, ribosomes, izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria. Undoqo dvuhmembrannoy yabo ejikelezwe yi iqokobhe, apho kukho pores. Iqulethe nucleoli, karyoplasm kunye zofuzo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngumongo interphase ukuba despiralizovany).

inani eziphilayo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amaqela ezinkulu taxonomic wafunda lenyama. Kukho malunga 25-30 amawaka iintlobo. Kwaye kuphela ezo esafunyanwa zizazinzulu. Inani lokwenzeka ngokwendalo nje kufuneka ukuba ibe ngaphezu izihlandlo ezimbalwa, ngenxa yokuba ziphandwa ngenxa zobuchwepheshe kunye nobukhulu zabo ezincinane. Amakhulu uhlobo olutsha lenyama zichazwe qho ngonyaka. Bonke bephela zahlulwe iiklasi ezintlanu: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates kunye sarkodovyh. iimpawu zothelekiso kwamaqela nezakhiwo indlela ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe iimpawu zazo zithwala. On abaninzi kubo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Indima endalweni

Elibangela aqhelekile kwindalo. Asezikhundleni indawo ebalulekileyo ikhonkco lokutya, kwakunye kwi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila liphela. Abaninzi kubo (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizidalwa ezincinane zaselwandle. Ngokukhawuleza zanda, badla yokufikelela kwinani elikhulu. Ezi Cya - njengesakhi esibalulekileyo ezityiwa zooplankton zaselwandle, ingakumbi copepods. Amaxesha amaninzi esilula (ciliates, foraminifera) zifakiwe kwi-benthos zaselwandle, nto leyo siyafunyanwa kummandla kwamaza ukuya kubunzulu omkhulu kunene. A Inani ezincinane kukho amanzi yinxalenye benthic kwizidalwa. Species ukwakheka elilula eziphila emanzini aphilileyo, - uboniso saprobity, ngamanye ungcoliseko lwamanzi zizinto eziphilayo. Ukutya ezininzi kombungu intlanzi, kuquka ukuloba, ezinye, amaxesha amaninzi ciliates zilula.

uhlobo olwaye lwamfimfitha

Eli qela yokuphatha lenyama baninzi kakhulu. Ngokupheleleyo akhiwa iindidi ezimbini gazi - knidosporidii kunye sporozoans. Okubaluleke ngakumbi phakathi kwezi lenyama ikutyela oluntu, ezincancisayo zorhwebo kunye zasekhaya, intlanzi kunye neentaka. Ngokuba ludala izifo zabantu ziquka giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, imalariya. Eyona ngxaki yokuwa iinkomo izifo ezibangela nezinambuzane igazi - trypanosomiasis, piroplasmoses theileriosis.

Eli qela ngendlela isicelo nje eninzi umonakalo kunye neenkukhu (coccidiosis). Kwezifo protozoal wokulima intlanzi unesifo iintlanzi ikakhulu namantshontsho zorhwebo. Ngokukodwa, Ichthyophthirius, ciliate ekumfimfitheni (ingasentla) kunokubangela ukufa Qhotsa. Inxalenye enkulu knidosporidii iklasi iqulathe gazi zentlanzi kunye nezinambuzane luncedo - silkworms neenyosi. Namhlanje, iindlela zokusebenzisa ezi elula, oko kukuthi, microsporidia, yokulwa lezinambuzane. iziphumo ezithembisayo ziye zathengwa kweli cala.

lenyama marine

Eli qela elilula ngendlela wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kumatye awenziwa ludaka. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa radiolarians kunye foraminifera. iidipozithi ezininzi chalky, limestones kunye nezinye kumatye awenziwa ludaka luyasekwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zejoloji kwi amadama kolwandle, amathambo eyakhiwe ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo (siliceous okanye calcareous) lenyama ngeefosili anqongophele. ngoko Uhlalutyo Micropaleontological oluqhutywa phaya ukuhlola yedeskthopi, ingakumbi ukuhlola oyile.

Ukusebenzisa waselebhu

Ekusebenzeni laboratory esetyenziswa kakhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lenyama (ciliates, amoeba) ukwenzela uphando eziphilayo, iimfuzo iingxaki cytological. neenkcubeko Technique laboratory yenzelwe kakuhle. Protistology - isayensi ejongene ekufundweni zilula.

microanatomy

It is a isakhiwo iseli elula, kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kwindlela yobomi kwezinto eziphilayo, kwakunye yayo naphaya nokomzimba. Qaphela ukuba kusoloko kukho umphakathi enye okanye ngaphezulu engqongwe inwebu kabini. Esi sigqibo eye wavumela izazinzulu ukwenza uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo ngendlela amaqela lenyama. Xa ngumongo izinto zofuzo. Ubukho babo isisinyanzelo kuwo onke iintlobo nabo bancedisa ukuchonga iimpawu othelekiso zohlaza lenyama. Photo ciliates ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

ciliates abayingxenye ngokubanzi kweyela iintlobo ezimbini: micronuclei enye okanye ngaphezulu amancinane macronucleus enye enkulu. Iiseli ukusuka ezinye elula multi-core. Amaqela ezinkulu taxonomic luphawulwa ubukho vacuoles lenyama. Esi sithuba siyahlukana abanye ndizayo kukho icytoplasm. Ahluke iimpawu kunye nobukhulu. Vacuoles ezinikwa ukwetyisa ukutya, kunye nokwanda nokulahlwa iimveliso eqinileyo kunye lulwelo emzimbeni. Ukongeza, ukuba zingasetyenziswa zokusonjululwa lisiza, ethi ibonelele abanini, oko kukuthi izinto zilula umBoniso organic. Le vacuoles kunye icytoplasm kwezinye iintlobo ziqulathe granules ebala. Ukongeza, ubume eziyinikiweyo plastids - izakhiwo ezizodwa intracellular eziqulathe zombala ezinxulumene ukuphunyezwa photosynthesis. Inani labo kunye imilo zixhomekeke iintlobo, oko kukuthi, ziphantsi criteria yokuhlela. Phantsi ezithile ekstrusomy elula inwebu engaphandle luhle, "ukudubula" organelle. Oku, umzekelo, yencindi secreting mukotsisty kunye trichocysts, idangatya nemisontwana obhityileyo. Mhlawumbi baya kwenzelwa ukukhusela. Senza nje benze misila. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo zinokuba ukusuka kwelinye ukuya abaninzi. Le weentshukumo intambo-ezifana organelles inkqubo oluntsonkothileyo microtubules longitudinal lwangaphakathi. Ngokutsho kumgaqo umsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo sayo, ahluke kakhulu ukusuka misila iintsholongwane. Ingakumbi, ukuba uphawu flagellates. Masithi amagama ambalwa ngawo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Flagellate misila esisetyenziswayo ukwenza imisinga yamanzi kunye / okanye ukuhamba, ukuze bafumane ukutya. Eli qela elilula ngendlela kuquka nobuninzi lweentshulube ezifana kunye neefom ezamahala-zokuphila eziphila zezilwanyana. Kukho single-ezineseli polienergidnye monoenergidnye kunye nefom, kwakunye multicellular kunye lobukoloniyali. Kuba flagellates ngokubanzi anento osmotrofnomu isondlo kunye neeseli ezincinane ubukhulu. Nangona kukho phakathi kwabo fagotrofnye iifom ezinkulu kakhulu.

Isiliya misila zifana, kodwa zifutshane kwaye zisoloko ukwakha izakhiwo yonke kwi kwiseli nokulungelelanisa umsebenzi. Indlela Ukusasazwa isiliya kumphezulu - umqondiso ebalulekileyo yokuhlelwa esebenzayo amaqela taxonomic of lenyama.

Noko ke, Musani ukubaphatha kubo intlanzi, ezinye abameli elula ifihle izikali nzima okanye organic okanye amaqokobhe oonokrwece, ezahlukeneyo kumafa kunye nesakhiwo. Ukongeza, ukuba babe skeleton nzima intracellular, edla isakhiwo emkhusaneni ezintsonkothileyo.

ukudla

Ngokumalunga amalungu, abameli eli qela taxonomic Sima autotrophs (oko kukuthi, umBoniso zendalo) okanye heterotrophs (ukukuqonda ukusuka kokusingqongileyo) okanye mixotrophy (sebenzisa iindlela ezimbini ngasentla ukuya power). Heterotrophs nga nanye up ngaphezulu iiseli izinyibiliki. Kulo mzekelo zibizwa osmotrofami. Ukongeza, ukuba uyakwazi ukuginya ukutya okuqinileyo ngokusebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iindlela, yaye ngoko ke kuthiwa fagotrofami. fagotrofov ukutya nezinye izinto. Ingakumbi, bangayidlayo enye lenyama. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuze bayithimba baphila ixhoba.

nokwabiwa

Ukususela iseli kulo eliphakathi exchange angaphandle iimveliso eziqinileyo ephuma kusetyenziswa vacuoles fusion equlathe nabo, kunye ndizayo engaphandle. Ngamanye amaxesha yenzeka inxalenye yokuzinikela yayo (tsitoprokte, iseli poroshitse). vacuoles Contractile athathe umpontshelwa ngaphandle amanzi agqithisileyo kunye nenkunkuma pathways ichithwe kuyo.

umoya

Achaza amaqela taxonomic lenyama zingahlonyelelwa yi iimpawu nokuphefumla. Kunokuba ube ioksijini-free (anaerobic) yaye zifuna indawo oksijini ukuba aerobic. Oksijini ngokuba anaerobes uyawabophelela kuyingozi, yaye ziyafa kwindawo osisityebi kuzo. Ezinye iintlobo kwiindawo zasemanzini, amahlwempu kubo, uphefumlele ngokusebenzisa iintsholongwane bokubambisana. Ngenxa yoko izinga apho le nkqubo kwenzeka into kisekiyo ngqo lobushushu kwaye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo zeendawana metabolizable, ngamanye iimolekyuli cleavable, ngokunjalo iqela taxonomic.

buphindwe

Inkcazelo amaqela ngendlela nje epheleleyo iimpawu yokuzala. Bayakwazi ande asexually. Kulo mzekelo, iseli yahlulahlulwe kwinani abaxhasi. Noko ke, ukuze enze le nkqubo kwaye ngesondo, kunye inxaxheba iiseli ezimbini. Ezi ndlela wambi mzuzu kuxhomekeke sigaba kwi umjikelo wobomi. iiseli lwegciwane (ekubhekiselwe kuwo gametes) angene ukuzala okanye waphawula uxhulumaniso okwexeshana (conjugation) iiseli ezimbini eqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintshiselwano izinto therebetween amafa. Ukuba ukuhlanganisa gametes ngaphandle phantse twatse, sithetha isogamy. Ukuba omnye wabo ubukhulu inkulu kakhulu, uthini anisogamy.

Kakade ke, siya kuphela ngokufutshane ukuchaza amaqela yenkqubo elula. Biology - inzululwazi, ukufunda ngazo nengxaki kwihlabathi elitsha lonke. amehlo ethu abakwazi ukwahlula micro-eziphilayo, kodwa inzululwazi yenza sikwazi ukubona ukuba nabo. Phambi kwethu kuvela indalo. Imizekelo yezi amaqela ahlukeneyo eyondeleleneyo lenyama. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo umdla kakhulu ngeendlela ezininzi.