I-Mulberry silkworm. Iingqayi ze-silkworm

Unomdla kakhulu ngembali yokuzalisa inambuzane enjalo, njengengqungquthela. I-teknoloji yaphuhliswa ixesha elidlulileyo, kwiChina yamandulo. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwalo mveliso kwimibandela yaseTshayina kuvela ngo-2600 BC, kunye neengqungquthela ze-silkworm ezifunyenwe ngabadala be-archaeologists babuyela ngonyaka ka-2000 BC. E. AmaTshayina enza i-silk yokuvelisa imfihlo yombuso, kwaye ngeenkulungwane ezininzi le nto yayibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe.

Kwiminyaka kamva, ngekhulu le-13, ukuhluma kwezi mphupho kunye nokuveliswa kweempahla zelinen zaqala ukujongana neItali, iSpeyin, amazwe aseNyakatho Afrika, kunye nekhulu le-16 kunye neRashiya. Luhlobo luni lwesinambuzane sisilkworm?

I-butterfly silkworm kunye nenzala yakhe

I-butterfly yasekhaya i-butterfly yamalberry namhlanje ayiyenzeki kwintlango kwaye iveliswe kwizityalo ezikhethekileyo ukuvelisa intambo yemvelo. Umntu omdala uyinambuzane enkulu ngokwaneleyo yombala okhanyayo, ufikelela kwi-6 cm ubude ngamaphiko afikelela kuma-5-6 cm. Abafuyi bamazwe amaninzi bahlakulela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhathaneli elithakazelisayo. Emva koko, ukulungelelaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo zendawo ziyisiseko sokuvelisa ngenzuzo kwaye kufumana imali engenayo. Iintlobo ezininzi ze-silkworm zafunyanwa. Abanye banikela isizukulwana esinye ngonyaka, abanye-ababini, kwaye kukho iintlobo ezinika iintlobo ezininzi ngonyaka.

Nangona ubukhulu, i-butterfly i-mulberry silkworm ayifuni, kuba sele ilahlekile le meko. Uhlala kuphela iintsuku ezili-12 kwaye ngeli xesha alinakudla, unomlomo ongasaphili. Ngethuba lokuqala kwexesha lokuhlala, ama-silkworms atyalwe kwiipokhethi ezihlukeneyo. Emva kokuqhathaniswa, inqunu ngexesha leentsuku eziyi-3-4 lijongene nokubekwa kwamaqanda kwisixa sama-300-800 e-oval, enesimo se-oval esinobukhulu obukhulu, obuxhomekeke ngqo kwiintlobo zezilwanyana. Ukusuka kwoluhlobo olufanayo kuxhomekeke kunye nexesha lokunciphisa imbungu - kungenzeka kube kunyaka omnye, kwaye mhlawumbi - kwilandelayo.

I-Caterpillar - isigaba esilandelayo sophuhliso

Iimbumba ze-silkworm zisuswa kumaqanda kwiqondo lokushisa ngama-23-25 ° C. Kulo mveliso, oku kwenzeka kwi-incubators kwindawo ethile kunye nobushushu. Amaqanda aphuhliswa iintsuku eziyi-8-10, ke umdaka omncinci ukuya kwi-3 mm ubude obude obuninzi, obushushu kunye neenwele, buvela kwi-grenade. Amacumbane amancinci afakwa kwiitrayi ezikhethekileyo aze adluliselwe kwigumbi elifudumele elineshushu. Ezi zikhonkwane zifana nesibhekebhethi, ezenziwe ngamashalofu amaninzi, ziqiniswe ngomnatha kwaye zibe nenjongo ethile-apha iimbumba zidla ngokungapheliyo. Bondla kuphela amaqabunga ama-mulberry, kwaye umzekeliso othi "ukutya ukutya kuza kunye nokutya" kukuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo ekunqumeni ukugubha kweembumba. Isidingo sokutya sikhula kubo ekuqhubekeni kwejometri, ngosuku lwesibini badliwa ukutya okuphindwe kabini kwangoko.

Ukunyusa

Ngosuku lwesihlanu lobomi, i-larva iyeka, ikhululeke kwaye iqala ukulinda i-molt yayo yokuqala. Ulala malunga neentsuku, efaka imilenze yakhe ecaleni kweqabunga, ngoko ngokuqhayisa ngokukhawuleza ugqithisa isikhumba, ukukhulula isibungu aze amnike ithuba lokuphumla kwaye aphinde ahlanganyele ekwaneliseni indlala. Kwiintsuku ezine ezalandelayo, ubamba amaqabunga ngesidlo esinomdla, de kube kuqaliswe i-molt elandelayo.

Ukuguqulwa kwembumba

Kuphela ixesha lokuphuhliswa (malunga nenyanga) i-poplar i-molts kane. I-moult yokugqibela ijika ibe yinkampu enkulu kakhulu ye-pearl shadow shade: ubude bomzimba bufikelela kwi-8 cm, ububanzi bufike ku-1 cm, kwaye ubukhulu buyi-3-5 g. Intloko enkulu kunye neebini zombini zemihlathi ephucukileyo, "Zhvalami." Kodwa umgangatho obaluleke kakhulu, obaluleke kakhulu ekuvelweni kwelikasi, ubukho be-tubercle phantsi komlomo kwimbumba yabantu abadala, okuvela kuyo into ekhethekileyo eyakhayo xa idibanisa nomoya kwaye iyajika ibe yintambo ye-silika.

Ukuqulunqwa kwentambo yelinen

Le ngqungquthela iphetha ezimbini iingqungquthela zesolika, eziyi-tubes ezinde kunye nenxalenye ephakathi, ziphendulwe zibe ngumzimba wembumba zibe yintlobo yamanzi, iqokelela into enamathe, eyenza i-silk intambo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, inambuzane, ngokuvuleka phantsi komlomo ophantsi, inokukhupha isiphumo sempahla yangaphandle, eqinisa kwaye iphenduke ibe yintambo encinci, kodwa eyomeleleyo. Okokugqibela ebomini bezinambuzane kudlala indima enkulu kwaye kusetyenziswa, njengommiselo, njengentambo yokukhusela, ukususela kwengozi encinci kunokuba ixhomeke kuyo njengentsimbi, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuwa. Kwiimvumba ezindala, izilonda ze-silk zithatha i-2/5 yobunzima bomzimba.

Amanyathelo okwakhiwa komquba

Emva kokufikelela kummandla omdala emva kwe-moult ye-4, inambuzane iqala ukulahlekelwa ngumdla wayo kwaye ngokukhawuleza iphelile ukutya. Izilonda ze-silika zizaliswa ngamanzi ngeli xesha ukwenzela ukuba umtya omude uhlale uqhubeka emva kwe-larva. Oku kuthetha ukuba inambuzane ilungele ukufundela. Uqala ukukhangela indawo efanelekileyo kwaye uyifumane kwi-rod-kokonniki, ibekwe ngexesha kunye ne-silkworms ecaleni kweendonga zecala "elingaphantsi".

Emva kokuhlala kwisigxina, inambuzane iyaqala ukusebenza ngokunyanisekileyo: itshintshe ijikeleza intloko, isebenzise i-tubercle kunye nomngxuma wee-scraworm kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwi-hawk, ngaloo ndlela yakha intambo enamandla kakhulu yoluhlu lwe-silika. Kuvela uhlobo lwesigqabi sokwakhiwa kwangomso. Emva koko, i-poplar iyahamba phakathi kwendawo yesakhelo sayo, ibambe emoyeni ngemicu, kwaye iqala ukuphazamisa i-cocoon ngokwayo.

Cocoon kunye nePupation

Xa ukwakhiwa kwecocoon, i-poplar iguqula intloko yayo ngokukhawuleza, ikhupha kufika kwi-3 cm yomtya ngokujika nganye. Ubude bayo ekudaleni yonke icocoon livela ku-0.8 ukuya ku-1.5 km, kwaye ixesha elichithwe kuyo lithatha iintsuku ezine okanye ngaphezulu. Emva kokugqiba umsebenzi, i-poplar iyalala e-cocoon, iphenduke ibe yi-pupa.

Ubunzima be-cocoon kunye ne-pupa ayedluli kwi-3-4 g. Iingcoko ze-silkworm ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo (ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-6 cm) ngokuma, ngeenxa zonke (i-oval, ngeentendels) kunye nombala (ukusuka kumhlophe ukuya kwigolide kunye ne-lilac). Iingcali ziqaphele ukuba abafana beesilkworms bakhuthele kakhulu kwinxalenye yokucoca icocoon. Ukuhlala kwabo kwiipilisi kuyahluka ngokuxininisa kwendlela yokuhamba kunye nobude bayo.

Kwakhona i bhathathane

Emva kokuphelelwa kweiveki ezintathu, iflyflyfly ivela kwi-chrysalis, efuna ukuphuma kwikhokho. Oku kunzima, kuba ayinayo yonke imihlathi eguguzela inambuzane. Kodwa isilumko esilumkileyo siphendule le ngxaki: ibhabhathane ibonelela ngekhethelo elikhethekileyo elivelisa i-alkaline saliva, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithintela udonga lwamacoca kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwebhathaneli elitsha. Ngoko i-silkworm ivala isangqa seenguqu zayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuzaliswa kwemveliso ye-silkworm kukuphazamisa ukuveliswa kwamabhotela. Ubuninzi beekholeji zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-silk eluhlaza. Emva koko, lo umkhiqizo olungeleyo, uhlala nje ukuwukhupha ama-cocoons ngoomatshini abakhethekileyo, emva kokubulala ama-puppa kunye nokunyanga ama-cocoons nge-steam namanzi.

Ngoko, i-silkworm, ekuzaleni kwayo kwi-industrial scale kungenakuze ilahlekelwe yimpumelelo yayo, ngumzekelo omhle wezilwanyana ezifuywayo ezizisa ingeniso enkulu.