Angiosperms: imizekelo. Iintyatyambo ezintle

angiosperms qembu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-125. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Yaye kude kube ngoku, kukho iimbambano malunga ixesha elithile (era) of kwazo. Abanye ebizwa ixesha Cretaceous, abanye bethetha le kwibakala lakwangoko, ibango yesithathu kamva.

Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, enye into uhlala: kolu didi kwezityalo wayenesikhundla lubalaseleyo waza wahlala ngokugqibeleleyo zonke iinyama zomhlaba, ukususela amahlathi emvula nesiphelo kunye intlango ye-Afrika kunye Arctic ezishushu aqumbe.

Yintoni na ke, angiosperms? Imizekelo, iimpawu kunye neempawu taxon nodidi kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Angiosperms: a isishwankathelo jikelele

Igama abameli eli qela efunyenweyo ngekhono layo bezibeka iimbewu izicwili ezithambileyo okanye eziprintiweyo olungekazalwa. Ngapha koko, indawo wentyatyambo, okuluphawu we taxon ezenziwa ezahlukeneyo iimilo kunye nobukhulu, umbala kunye nexabiso lesondlo eso sakhiwo. Ewe kuthiwa iziqhamo.

Lo mzi-mveliso ngokwawo - okusindileyo, eshiya ilizwe inkqubo ingcambu kwaye neentyantyambo, isiqu kunye namagqabi. lungu Reproductive, nezibonakalisa isakhiwo kwaye ivumela ukuqhelana nayiphi yokuhlala kwaye woyise imimandla emitsha yokuhlala - oku intyantyambo.

isakhiwo Okuninzi oluqhubekayo, owayebonakele ngexesha nasekusungulweni iimpawu kunye nezixhobo kuvumela abameli bathabath gymnosperms, ubulembu kunye omfisi. Namhlanje, izityalo umhlaba lethu esilawulwa ezintle, eqaqambileyo, iintlobo-ntlobo neefomu angiosperms. Imizekelo yezi kunokuphumela ixesha elide kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba omnye kuphela ukuzalwa ingaphezulu kwe-13 amawaka. Ngokufutshane sinokuthetha oku: zonke izityalo kunye intyantyambo - it angiosperms.

Kumbutho we yesicwangciso

Amalungu eziziintloko na ilungu ngalinye leqela - ezo ziqhelekilyo zonke izityalo eziphezulu: ingcambu, isiqu, amagqabi. isakhiwo eyongezelelweyo waqinisekisa angiosperms ithuba akuxhomekekanga zamanzi inkqubo lokuzalanisa intyatyambo.

iindawo intyatyambo, stipules, isitsha, peduncle, Corolla of ezinamagqabi, amathupha, pistil, ibala, stamens. Zonke ezi zakhiwo ziyafana njengoko amalungu okuzala, kwakunye nezo eziguqulelwe nzulu ndingekazalwa, elikhusela imbewu lokuvuthwa ngokupheleleyo.

Abantu bayiqonde izityalo iintyatyambo ngobuhle ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nokuthantamisa, livumba elithozamisayo. Ukusebenzisa iimpawu zamachiza ze utsala izicatshulwa luncedo aziintanga ukuze bafumane iziqhamo amanzi futhi nencasa elizayo.

Kuba izityalo ngokwabo intyatyambo - ilungu luncedo ebalulekileyo, osihlangulayo ngaphandle emanzini, ngokuxhomekeke ukufuya, kuba ngoku kwenziwa ngoncedo neqanda kabini. Fruits ukunika ukhuseleko ukukhusela imbewu, kwakunye inxaxheba ngokuthi lutye izilwanyana nangokuyisasaza zabo, naye a plus enkulu eyahlula ubume izityalo angiosperm phakathi kwabanye.

Ezahlukeneyo ezikhula ngayo iintyatyambo, iintlobo zabo ukwandisa iindlela uvuvuzelo, nayo leyo eyenza igalelo ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kunye nokusasaza kwezityalo.

features

Kakade ke, lo ezintsha ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zithembeke ukuba lokuntshula kwaba ukubunjwa zeentyatyambo. Nangona kunjalo, kungekuphela nje oku, kodwa ezinye iimpawu angiosperms kakuhle gxininisa kwaye baqinisekise ukukhonya kwabo ubunzima phakathi izihluma. Ezifana umzekelo:

• Ekubeni siyiphuculeyo inkqubo Uhanjiso equlathe izinto yokugalela phloem kunye inyama phloem. Oku kuvumela ngokukhawuleza abathutha izimbiwa eziyimfuneko kunye namanzi ngokunjalo izinto eziphilayo ukukhuthaza amalungu isityalo efunekayo ngenjongo Ukugcina ngakumbi.
• Ukukhusela izakhiwo imbewu pericarp, badla zamafu, awadla iziqhamo.
• Iindidi ngeendlela uvuvuzelo (umoya, izinambuzane, izilwanyana, iintaka, ukuzeyisa uvuvuzelo, iLayibhrari yaMaxwebhu, kunye nabanye).
• amalungu okuzala (gametophytes) bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza nje, baphantsi kukhuselo sporophyte izityalo.
• Ukwakheka ezinto izicwili. abameli ezininzi izinto eziyityhefu sezakhi, flavonoids, eguquguqukayo, njalo njalo, nto leyo ethintela ukuba izilwanyana esidla avumele ukuba ukucinezela ukukhula ezinye izityalo.
• Ubume be-angiosperms iquka ubukho babo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ebomini - imithi, amatyholo, amatyholo, amatyholo, ingca, imidiliya.

Ezi mpawu ezikhethekileyo yenza eli qela kwezityalo ethandwa kakhulu, aqine, kwaguqulwa kakuhle kunye nokuhlaliswa. Njengoko kwakunye kuyimfuneko yaye kubalulekile ukuba ngamnye ishishini lakhe.

ngezigaba

Kukho ngaphezu 250.000 iintlobo angiosperms, simanyene 13.000 lokuzalwa ezivela kwiintsapho 350. Systematics amaninzi ngokwaneleyo zohlaza kunye nabameli.

Ulwahlulo isekelwe iiklasi okokuqala angiosperms, apho kukho ezimbini:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Iklasi nganye imelwe eziliqela iintsapho, kuquka iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi, kwaye kuxhaphakile yonke imimandla.

dicots class

Oku kuquka izityalo angiosperm, imizekelo apho phantse wonke umntu ekhaya ngokohlobo ziintyatyambo potted. It ntyatyambo, begonias, spatifillyum, izityalo irabha. Of egadini yonke Rosaceae kunye Solanaceae, Cruciferae kunye ibhabhathane, Compositae - rosehip, iitumato, kwaneekomkomere, iitapile, ikhaphetshu, iidiliya, seqanda, buckwheat kunye nabanye abaninzi. Phakathi iintlobo iinkuni nawo kweentyatyambo izityalo, mizekelo: oki, uthuthu, maple, Linden, ezinde njalo njalo. Ngokwezoqoqosho kubalulekile abameli, imithombo izinto ezixabisekileyo ekrwada: umqhaphu, nelinen, jute, Hevea, nesinamon, hemp, ube ngowakhe kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Dicotyledones Total angaphezu 170 lamawaka. Iintlobo, ezimele malunga nama-75% yazo zonke izityalo kweentyatyambo. Xa ngokuhlelwa inxenye neentsapho zabo-360 ngo-odolo 60 badibanisa ukusuka subclasses 7.

Ubandakanya bipartite

Kukho ezisisiseko eziliqela.

1. Ubukho kwi Cotyledon imbewu (iihafu) ezimbini. Oku kuyenzeka ukubona imidumba umzekelo imbewu. Kukho iimeko cotyledons omnye okanye 3-4.
2. Uhlobo iingcambu: ngentonga. It has phantse zonke izityalo data kweentyatyambo. Imizekelo apho kulula ukulandela: pepper, hemp, umba, begonias, isipinatshi njalo njalo. Ukuxolelwa - iifom iinkuni.
3. Flower phantse yonke amane okanye membered ezintlanu. Ayifane enye.

class Monocotyledones

Kukho abameli malunga 80 amawaka ezahlukeneyo, simanyene entsatsheni. angiosperms ezininzi ezixabisekileyo, imizekelo apho zibandakanya ezi zilandelayo: zonke okuziinkozo, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, Sedge, ezintendeni ezininzi. Kwaye yiloo nto uluhlu yonke, ngenxa yokuba usapho nganye kuquka inani elikhulu kweentlobo ezithile abameli.

ixabiso elikhulu kwishishini nokutya kwabantu ukudla okuziinkozo. Ezi kakhulu ilinywa inkcubeko yehlabathi: ingqolowa, irayisi, nerhasi, irye, nombona kunye nabanye.

iimpawu eziphambili monocots

Kukho iqhosha ezininzi:

• iingcambu - ezinezikhondo, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezimbalwa;
• ishiya lanceolate, evuthelweyo;
• flower olunxantathu azifane amane okanye amabini;
• Cotyledon kwi umbungu kuphela.

Iiklasi ze angiosperms kunye nabameli babo ezininzi zenza iindidi kunye ubuhle nezityalo, nto leyo Bekumnandi ukuba mnandi yaye usisindisele ubomi. Injalo loo nto, kuba izityalo zivelisa ioksijini, kwaye akukho namnye izilwanyana ayikho nako ukuphila ngaphandle legesi.