Berlin Wall: imbali kwendalo nentshabalalo. Ukuwa Berlin Wall

Kweli nqaku, i-Berlin Wall ziya kuqwalaselwa. Imbali yokudalwa kunye nokonakaliswa zakhiwo phakathi amagunya super sibonisa nokubanga kwaye ngumfuziselo 'imfazwe lokulayita ".

Uya kufunda nje oonobangela eli rhamncwa kwiikhilomitha ezininzi, kodwa ukwazi izibakala umdla ezinxulumene ubukho nokuwa "udonga Anti-lobuFasi ukuzithethelela."

Germany emva kokuba World Second

Ngaphambi kokuba siqonde ukuba ngubani owakha Berlin Wall, kuyimfuneko ukuthetha ngemeko yangoku ngelo xesha sikarhulumente.

Emva kokoyiswa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJamani waxineka lwamazwe ezine. inxalenye yawo wasentshona yelungu amajoni aseBritani, eUnited States France, namasimi ezintlanu nempuma elawulwa yiSoviet Union.

Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngayo imeko itshiswa ngcembe ebudeni "IMfazwe." Kwakhona, xoxa kutheni kuphuhliso lwala mazwe mabini, ngokusekelwe kwi imimandla Koloni naseMpuma sigqithisele, wahamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.

GDR

Njengoko siza kubona ngakumbi, imbali ye-Berlin Wall ibonisa kuphela indawo yokungqubana le awodwa yali kunye namazwe Koloni, kodwa ke ukwahlulwa ngokuthe ngcembe yeenxalenye amandla elinye.

Ngo-Oktobha 1949, i-German Democratic Republic yasekwa. Kuye kwasekwa phantse isiqingatha sonyaka emva kokuba kwasekwa FRG.

GDR ahlala ummandla bamazwe ezintlanu ezibe phantsi umsebenzi yiSoviet. Ezi ziquka Saxony-Anhalt, eThuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Kamva, imbali ye-Berlin Wall ecacisa umsantsa ukuba kuyilwa phakathi kweenkampu ezimbini alwayo. Ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, West Berlin yayahluke ukusuka East London ngexesha Tehran kunye Seoul evela Pyongyang.

Germany

NgoMeyi 1949, i-Federal Republic of Germany yasekwa. Berlin udonga iminyaka elishumi eyahlula ngayo kummelwane wayo wasempumalanga. Okwangoku, urhulumente ngokukhawuleza ezibuyiselwe ngoncedo namazwe majoni emi endaweni yayo.

Ngoko ke, yangaphambili imimandla yomsebenzi isiFrentshi, American kunye yaseBritani kwiminyaka emine emva kwako Second World War lwaba eJamani. Ekubeni icandelo phakathi iinxalenye ezimbini iJamani kwenzeka e Berlin, ikomkhulu ngurhulumente omtsha waba Bonn.

Emva koko, ke, eli lizwe kodwa ufune ukulawulwa imbambano phakathi awodwa yali kunye yongxowankulu West. Ngowe-1952, iosif Stalin ecetywayo ekade yaseJamani ubukho bayo emva nje babuthathaka, kodwa bengatshatanga.

US akamkeli projekthi kunye nangoncedo Marshall uphendulela West Jamani ngamandla nkqi-ezikhulayo. Iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ukususela ngo-1950, kukho esitsholo enamandla, leyo historiography ngokuba "ummangaliso kwezoqoqosho".
Kodwa zamehlo inabela phakathi iibhloko.

Berlin Crisis of 1961

Phezu ukwenzeka "nobudlelwane" kwiMfazwe Yomlomo ungquzulwano iqala kwakhona. Esinye isizathu wadutyulwa phantsi phezu eSoviet Union, waseMelika hlola moya.

Kulenza ungquzulwano elandelayo, nto leyo ekhokelele Berlin Wall. Unyaka kokwakhiwa kwale yenkani lesikhumbuzo kukunyaba - th 1961, kodwa eneneni sele ikhona ixesha elide, nokuba ayikho wenyama eziphathekayo.

Ngoko Stalin ixesha yakhokelela yokubhuqiswa iingalo uhlanga, nto leyo iyakuvingca okwexeshana Ukusungulwa kwelifa imijukujelwa enjalo weave.

Ngoku, xa kuthe imfazwe, ukongama yenyukliya wayengekho ngamandla super.
Ukususela ngexesha yongquzulwano Korean, ukungakhululeki wakha kwakhona. Incopho torque steel eBerlin neentlekele Cuban ngezikhali. Njengenxalenye inqaku abanomdla wokuqala thina. Kwathi ngo-Agasti 1961, ngenxa yaba nokudalwa Berlin Wall.

Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, njengoko sele sitshilo, iJamani yahlulwa ezimbini ithi - longxowankulu yaye yobusoshiyali. Ngexesha iinkanuko ezizodwa, ngo-1961, Khrushchev sidlule ulawulo ukuya kwicandelo ndawo saseGDR eBerlin. Inxalenye kwidolophu enye, ebeyinalo Federal Republic of Germany, baye batyelela US kwafa kunye namahlakani ayo.

ultimatum Khrushchev kaThixo echaphazelekayo West Berlin. Inkokeli abantu Soviet befuna ekade yayo. iqela ntshona awodwa yali uthe ingxabano.

Imeko iminyaka eliqela esithubeni. Utyelelo Khrushchev esiya US, kwabonakala, kwaba ukupholisa meko. Nangona kunjalo, lo siganeko kunye hlola moya U-2 ubeke umnqamlezo ngqindilili ithuba ekunciphiseni longquzulwano.

Umphumo waba amawaka enye enesiqingatha eentloko ezaxhobela ezongezelelweyo US e West eBerlin kunye nokwakhiwa eludongeni, yade ngalo mzi, nangaphaya kwayo, phezu inxalenye GDR.

Umhla zolwakhiwo "udonga Anti-lobuFasi Uyalwa" ithathwa Agasti 13, 1961.

udonga

Ngoko, kwi umda phakathi kwamazwe amabini sele bakha Berlin Wall. Imbali yokudalwa kunye nokonakaliswa ebungqoleni lesikhumbuzo ziya kuqwalaselwa ngakumbi.

Ngowe-1961, iintsuku ezimbini (ukususela ngo-Agasti 13 ukuya kwi-15) solulelwe neengcingo ezihlabayo, ngesiquphe candelo kuphela lizwe kodwa usapho kunye bayahlelwa oonyana babantu. Oku kwalandelwa kwakukho isakhiwo eside baphela kuphela ngo-1975.

Konke oku shaft ubukho kangangeminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibhozo. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela (ngo-1989), i-complex kwakukho udonga eziphathekayo malunga eziimitha ezintathu ezinesiqingatha ubude yaye ngaphezu kwekhulu kweekhilomitha. Ukongeza, iquka kwiikhilomitha emashumi mathandathu anamithandathu umnatha metal, abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci mabini kweekhilomitha ixesha.Ngalo uthango sombane ikhulu elinamanci amahlanu eekhilomitha izisele.

Kwakhona, uyilo yafakwa ezinqatyisiweyo anti-itanki, izakhiwo wezwe, kuquka ezinde ezimakhulu mathathu, kwakunye njengemicwana ulawulo, apho angabekwa rhoqo isanti.

Ngenxa yoko, ubude iphezulu Berlin Wall, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali uqikelelo waba ngaphezu kwesinye anamanci mahlanu anesihlanu km.

Kuye ngokutsha izihlandlo eziliqela. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu lwaqhutywa ngo-1975. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba izithuba kuphela kwimida kunye phezu kwemilambo. Babedla ekuqaleni wasebenzisa abafuduki kakhulu nesibindi lithemba "kwihlabathi wongxowankulu."

Bawela umda

Kusasa phambi kwamehlo balindele nto abemi capital GDR Berlin Wall yavulwa. Imbali yokudalwa kunye nokonakaliswa le sinzima ibonisa ngokucacileyo ubuso yokwenene kwamazwe alwayo. Izigidi iintsapho bahlukaniswa ngobusuku.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume shaft akuzange kumthintele ngakumbi yokushiywa ukusuka kummandla kwiMpuma Jamani. Abantu benza indlela yazo ngaphesheya komlambo yaye phantsi. Kwi-avareji (phambi kokuba yokufaka ucingo) yonke imihla ukusuka GDR ukuya FRG umhlambi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, abantu malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi. Kwaye iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibhozo ukususela ukwakhiwa kodonga oko kuphela nempumelelo 5075 zokunqumla mthethweni bathwalwa phandle.

Ukulungiselela le njongo imijelo yamanzi, SAPS (iimitha 145 komhlaba), iibhaluni, akuxhome neziwuza, izikhongozeli ngohlobo kweemoto Oogandaganda, bafudukela nkqu intambo phakathi kwezakhiwo.

Inkalo umdla obengowesibini. Abantu bafumana imfundo simahla kwinxalenye yali waseJamani, kunye nomsebenzi waqala eJamani kuba kwakukho amaholo aphezulu.

Ngenxa yoko, ubude Berlin Wall eye wavumela abantu abaselula ukugcina umkhondo kwiindawo zayo ibhungane kunye ubaleka. Ngokuba abadla umhlala-phantsi njengoko kungekho yimiqobo ezibalekayo akazange abe kwimida.

Enye ithuba ukuya kwinxalenye esentshona lowo umzi esebenza igqwetha waseJamani Vogel. Ukususela ngowe-1964 ukuya 1989, yena basayina isivumelwano abangama-2.7 billion zeerandi, wayithenga ukusuka kwikota karhulumente GDR yesigidi East baseJamani yaye amabanjwa ezopolitiko.

Into ebuhlungu kukuba abantu bezama ukubaleka kuphela wabanjwa, kodwa wadubula. Ngokusemthethweni ekuthini amaxhoba 125, ngokungekho inani liyenyuka kakhulu.

Iingxelo ziiprezidanti US

ngcembe nokunciphisa iimvakalelo emva ntlekele kunye Caribbean ziyakupheliswa ziyageza iingalo uhlanga. Ukususela ngelo xesha, amanye abongameli American baqalise ukwenza iinzame ukufowunela iinkokheli eSoviet ukuthethana uze yesisombululo yonxulumano.

Ngale ndlela, bazama ukubonisa abo bakha Berlin Wall, ukuziphatha kwabo ngqiqweni. Eyokuqala kwezi ntetho kwaba intetho ngu Dzhona Kennedi ngoJuni 1963. Umongameli American wathetha phambi kwintlanganiso omkhulu-isikali kufutshane Rathaus Schöneberg.

Ukususela kule ntetho ndashiyeka ibinzana odumileyo: "Mna - omnye Berliners." translation abaziqonda, namhlanje bokwenza American badla ulityhile njengokuba wathi ngempazamo, "Mna -. Berliner" Enyanisweni, onke ilizwi intetho ulinganiswe bafunda kuye, kwaye joke isekelwe kuphela ngokungazi ubuqili yabaphulaphuli German kwamanye amazwe.

Ngaloo ndlela Dzhon Kennedi wavakalisa inkxaso yakhe labantu West Berlin.
umongameli Okwesibini, wavula umxholo ezichaphazela abalindi kusinda waba uRonald Reagan. Ke imbangi yalo yaba uMikhail Gorbachev.

I-Berlin Wall yaba yintsalela yongquzulwano endala ezingemnandi.
Reagan wathi, uNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU, ukuba lo yokugqibela ufuna yinkululeko ubudlelwane kunye nekamva abonwabileyo kumazwe yali, kubalulekile ukuba eze eBerlin uze uvule isango. "Yidilizeni le donga, uMnu Gorbachev!"

Fall kodonga

Kungekudala emva kwentetho, ngenxa ke ukunduluka "perestroika kunye glasnost" lwamazwe awodwa yali baqalisa kuwa i-Berlin Wall. Imbali yokudalwa kunye nokonakaliswa le zokuzifaka apha ngazo kweli nqaku. Ngaphambili, siye sikhumbule ekwakhiweni kwayo kunye nesohlwayo.

Ngoku siza kuqwalasela ekupheliseni lesikhumbuzo ukuze yobuyatha. Kanye ngamandla eSoviet Union, weza Gorbachev, i-Berlin Wall iye yaba sisikhubekiso. Ekuqaleni, ngo-1961, lo mzi waba unobangela ungquzulwano kwindlela Socialism i-West, kodwa ngoku oluthi kuthintele ekomelezeni ubuhlobo phakathi blocs kanye alwayo.

Ilizwe yokuqala Iyitshabalalisile inxalenye yayo eludongeni, waba iHungary. Ngo-Agasti 1989, kufutshane nedolophu Sopron, emdeni zikaRhulumente Austria, kwabakho "Pan-European yepikniki". Foreign Balungiseleli mazwe mabini laqalisa ekuvalweni kwiinqaba.

Le nkqubo sele akunakwenzeka ukuba ayeke. Ekuqaleni, urhulumente German Democratic Republic walile ukuxhasa le ngcamango. Noko ke, awela kanye nje emdeni Hungary eJamani iintsuku ezintathu elinesihlanu lamawaka East baseJamani, ukomelezwa ke akufuneki ngokupheleleyo.

Berlin Wall kwimephu ubaleka ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, ukunqumla isixeko efanayo. Ngobusuku le yethoba ngo-Oktobha 10, 1989 ndivule ngokusesikweni umda phakathi intshona kunye nempuma yeli capital waseJamani.

Wall esikweni

Iminyaka emibini, ukususela ngo-2010, isakhiwo enkumbulo "Berlin Wall" yakhiwe. Kwi mephu kuthatha malunga ezine hectares. ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo ezigidi kowethu bakholelwa ukuba ukudala sisikhumbuzo.

Le lesikhumbuzo siquka "Windows Inkumbulo" (imbeko amaJamani, ilalhekile ngelixa utsiba evela windows ngasesitratweni East German Bernauer Strasse, nto leyo esele laseFederal Republic of Germany). Ukongeza, i-complex iquka Chapel ka Reconciliation.

Kodwa nje ukuba inkcubeko odumileyo Berlin Wall. Photo ibonisa, mhlawumbi enkulu kwimbali kwigalari kwegrafiti phantsi kwezulu evulekileyo. Ukuba East ukomeleza ndlela akunakwenzeka, ngasentshonalanga, bonke iintente ngaphandle imizobo zobugcisa kakhulu amagcisa esitalatweni.

Ukongeza, umxholo othi "ulawulo ngokozwi lakhe shaft" kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu iingoma ezininzi, imisebenzi uncwadi, iifilimu nemidlalo yekhompyutha. Umzekelo, isimo ngobusuku le yethoba ngo-Oktobha 1989 lunikezelwa ingoma "Umoya of Change" iqela Scorpions, ifilimu "Bye Good, uLenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Kwaye enye amakhadi kwi Call Umdlalo of Duty: Ops Black yadalwa kwinkumbulo zeziganeko kwi idlule "uCharlie."

izibakala

Ixabiso ukuwa Berlin Wall zibalulekile. Le umqobo kolawulo yileyo wabonwa abahlali ezikhohlakeleyo ngokucacileyo, nangona nge xesha larhoxa imo quo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kule minyaka yokuqala defectors osetyenziswe bangamajoni vostochnonemetskie ilinde eludongeni. Kwaye zazingekho ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi - elinanye lamawaka abasebenzi.

Eyona nto intle ngosuku lwamashumi omabini anesihlanu enyangeni impahla yayo yaba Berlin Wall. Ifoto ibonisa Ngenxa ukhanyiso ovela phezulu. Abazalwana ababini Bauder eyenziwe nabaxhasi, nto leyo ukudala isijungqu esiqhubekayo wezikhanyiso oqaqambileyo yonke ubude udonga yangaphambili.

Xa zokuvota, ukuwa shaft lanelisekile phezu abemi GDR kwe eJamani. Nangona kukho flow omkhulu kumacala omabini kule minyaka yokuqala. East baseJamani waluphosa indlu and waya Germany zinemali ezikhuselweyo nasentlalweni. Kwaye abantu izama Federal Republic of Germany wafuna cheap saseGDR, ingakumbi ukusukela ukuba kwakukuninzi lwezindlu ishiywe.

Ngexesha ubukho Berlin Wall amanqaku East kubiza izihlandlo ezintandathu ngaphantsi kwe entshona.

Kwibhokisi nganye kunye ividiyo World umdlalo in Ungquzulwano (Edition Collector i-) ukubeka iqhekeza eludongeni isiqinisekiso sobunyani.

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku siza baziqhelanisa ukubonakalalisa candelo kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye ezizinzululwazi ihlabathi kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

luck ezilungileyo kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo!