Austria Empire. Austria Empire

UMbuso Austrian lwabhengezwa njengelizwe monarchic ngo-1804, kwaqhubeka de 1867, yaye emva koko similise Austria-Hungary. Kungenjalo, kwathiwa ngokuba Habsburg uBukhosi, igama lokugqibela omnye Habsburgs, France, leyo, efana uNapoleon, kakhulu, yazibeka umlawuli.

lifa

Austria Empire ngenkulungwane ye-19, xa ujonga imaphu, ikhangeleka ngathi kukho Quilt ombaxa. Thina ngoko nangoko uyabona ukuba le yimeko-ngeentlanga. Kwaye, mhlawumbi, oko kukuthi, njengoko kudla kunjalo, anqunyulwe ukuzinza. Ukukhangela ngokusebenzisa amaphepha imbali, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba kwenzeka apha. kuwuma olunombala Tiny eziqokelelwe phantsi umda omnye - lo zaseHapsburg Austria. Imephu ebonisa ingakumbi kakuhle indlela ilizwe ubukhosi iyachithwa. yonaniso lale Habsburgs - kwiindawo ezincinane yengingqi, kuhlale ngabantu ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Austria Empire wabumba ngayo ezinjalo.

• ISlovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• Yayo, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Compostela, Bukovina.
• Northern Italy (Lombardy, Venice).

Hayi nje imvelaphi izizwe zonke ezahlukeneyo, kodwa unqulo akazange idibana. Kwizizwana Austria Empire (amashumi amathathu ezigidi ezine), ingxenye nokuxubana (Slovaks, Czechs, Croats, izibonda, Ukraine, namaSerb. Magyar (Hungarians) malunga nezigidi ezintlanu, malunga nenani elilinganayo Italy.

Ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, yembali

Feudalism elo xesha lokuba kuziwe, asikabi ukubaleka ikhondo layo, kodwa iingcibi Austrian kwaye Czech sele ndikwazi kakuhle ngokwakhe ukusebenza njengoko koshishino kwezi nkalo ezimbini yasungulwa ukuze incede nkulu.

Habsburgs kunye nesithunzi zawo ngeenxa yaba ngamandla okuvelelayo ubukhosi, bathabatha zonke izithuba ezininzi eziphezulu - zombini yomkhosi ingenalo novelwano. Absolutism, ukubusa nalwazelelelo - kwaye ingenalo novelwano namandla xa kobuso amapolisa, ngobulukhuni yamaKatolika iCawa, iziko bazizinhanha ubukhosi - konke oku iintlanga ezincinane ngandlel 'idlwengulweyo, akumanyileyo njengoko ezingadibaniyo nkqu eolini lokuxhuba kunye namanzi.

Austria Empire kwi olwandulela revolution

Czech Germanize ngokukhawuleza, ingakumbi ukuba oohlohlesakhe kunye basebukhosini. Abanini baseHungary yayiminxa izigidi abalimi Slavic, kodwa kwakhona sixhomekeke kakhulu urhulumente-Austrians. UMbuso Austrian kwaye cinezela nzima phezu amaphondo zakhe Italian. Nokuba kunzima ukwahlula phakathi uhlobo yengcinezelo ukuba: kumzabalazo wokulwa feudalism, umahluko capitalism, okanye nje yesizwe.

Metternich, inkulumbuso kunye zinkuni phandle, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu wawusalela naluphi na ngaphandle German zeelwimi kuwo onke amaziko, kuquka iinkundla kunye nezikolo. Inani labemi ubukhulu becala Sasungulwa. Ithathwa free, aba bantu baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo phezu abaqeshisi, ukuhlawula oko kubafaneleyo, bafunde emkhosini efana serfdom.

Kungekuphela nje kwiinginginya zabantu wagcuma phantsi kwedyokhwe kwenkqubo feudal namandla lentsalela elipheleleyo kunye nalwazelelelo yayo. Oohlohlesakhe Kwakhona ndinganelisekanga, yaye ngokucacileyo ukutyhala abantu ukuba bavukele. Revolution kuBukhosi Austrian ngezizathu zaphezulu nje kunqandwa.

kazwelonke self-determination

Zonke iintlanga inkululeko-bothando yaye sinexhala zinxulumene uphuhliso nolondolozo inkcubeko yesizwe. Ikakhulu baseMpumalanga. Emva koko, phantsi ubunzima Austria wesiqalo, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians kwaye baseItali bazama self-government, kuphuhliso loncwadi kunye nobugcisa, wafuna yokufundela kwizikolo ngolwimi lweenkobe. Ababhali, izifundiswa Simanywe ingcamango - kazwelonke self-determination.

Iinkqubo yagqabhuka namaSerb, Croats. Ihlamvu baba iimeko zokuphila, lo mhlophe unamathupha iphupha inkululeko, ethe yabonakalisa imisebenzi amagcisa, iimbongi neemvumi. inkcubeko National wavuka ngasentla ekhoyo kwaye ikhuthaze bakhaya kwi amanyathelo inkululeko, ukulingana, abo bakwinkonzo - umzekelo French Revolution.

Le mvukelo e Vienna

Ngowe-1847, i-uBukhosi Austrian "ifumene" imeko kakhulu revolution. Acuity kuqhuba le ntlekele ngokubanzi kwezoqoqosho kunye neminyaka emibini kwesivuno kwaye ukutyhala yaba ukubhukuqwa ukumkani eFransi. NgoMatshi 1848, a revolution kuBukhosi Austrian izimele yaye wayaphula.

Abasebenzi, abafundi, zobuciko ukwakha ngothango kwizitalato eVienna afuna yokurhoxa lukarhulumente, Musa ukuboyika imikhosi komlawuli, utyunjwe ukuba kthen isiyaluyalu. Urhulumente wenza umnyinyiva, sityeshele Metternich kunye nabefundisi. Kwagqitywa wathembisa nkqu siseko.

Uluntu, Noko ke, baxhobe ngokukhawuleza: abasebenzi kuyo nayiphi na imeko zange afumane nto - nkqu nelungelo lokuvota. Abafundi wadala Academic Legion, kunye noohlohlesakhe - i-National Guard. Babeka ukuxhathisa xa ezi amaqela mthethweni axhobileyo izame ukunyibilikisa ngaphezu umlawuli yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba abaleke eVienna.

Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke, njengesiqhelo, kwi revolution zathatha inxaxheba zange abe nexesha. Iindawo ngokuzenzekelayo neenkani, ukwala ukuhlawula irenti, umnini-mhlaba ngokungekho mthethweni ekugawuleni imithi. Consciousness kunye umbutho wabasebenzi lowo, kakade, ngaphezulu. Lokwahlulwa komuntu yamanyama yabasebenzi leyo added.

incompleteness

Njengabo bonke German, asigqitywanga revolution waseOstriya, nangona yoohlohlesakhe-ledemokhrasi ukubiza sele kunokwenzeka. Iklasi yokusebenza okwangoku ekhula ngokwaneleyo, oongxowankulu, njengesiqhelo, i-melo waziphatha ngobuqhophololo, kunye yayifumaneka imbambano yesizwe zomkhosi sokubala-revolution.

ayikwazanga kuphumelela. Ukumkani kuvuselelwe yaye bomeleze ingcinezelo lobungangamsha bezizwe lihlwempuzekileyo disenfranchised. Kuyinto entle ukuba ezinye iinguqulelo zenzekile, kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo - i Revolution ekugqibeleni wabulawa inkqubo feudal. Good nokuba lizwe igcine nommandla wayo, kuba emva kokuba revolution sichithakele kunye ilizwe yohlobo olunye ngaphezu Austria. Empire Ikhadi ayikatshintshi.

nababusi

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, de-1835, yonke imicimbi karhulumente ukuze alawule i-uMlawuli Franz I. Chancellor Metternich kwaba smart yaye ubunzima enkulu kwezopolitiko, kodwa ukweyisela umlawuli wawuyingozi engenakwenzeka. Emva kokuba iziphumo ezingentle French Revolution e Austria, zonke izinto ezoyikisayo iimfazwe Napoleonic, Metternich kakhulu walangazelela ukuba zazise okubhalwe kule ukuze ilizwe ngoxolo.

Kodwa Metternich wasilela ukudala epalamente kunye nabameli zonke izizwe ubukhosi, inguwo zephondo abazange bafumane naluphi na amagunya yokwenene. Nangona kunjalo, kakhulu ngokwezoqoqosho umva Austria, kunye nolawulo zinkuni feudal iminyaka emashumi Metternich wajika zikarhulumente yomeleleyo eYurophu. Inkulu indima yakhe ekudalweni ekhawuntaleni-revolution Alliance oyiNgcwele ngo-1915.

Kwiinzame ukugcina ubukhosi evela bechola-ekuweni ngokupheleleyo, imikhosi Austrian liye lawutyumza mvukelo e Naples kunye Piedmont ngo-1821, lo gama kugcinwe kobunganga ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe Austrians phezu neavstriytsami. Amaxesha amaninzi zicinezelwa udlame ngaphandle Austria, ngenxa apho umkhosi lo lizwe iye yazuza igama lilishwa phakathi ngabanquli kazwelonke self-determination.

uzowenza Zintle Metternich yayiganelwe yi iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle, kunye noMlawuli Franz ilawule imicimbi zangaphakathi karhulumente. On kokuhlolisisa Ilandela zonke izithuthi kummandla wemfundo: amagosa lukhangelwe ngokungqongqo yonke into ukuze ifundwe kunye nokufunda. Imingcele ndikhohlakele. Iintatheli ayengavumelekanga ukuba ukukhumbula igama elithi "umgaqo-siseko".

Xa inkolo, kwaba ethule, kukho abathile nokunyamezelana. Evuselela Order of the bamaKatolika, amaKatolika wayebukele imfundo, yaye ukuba ashiye nabani na ngaphandle kwemvume mlawuli ecaweni. AmaYuda kukhululwa xian, kwaye nkqu Vienna zakhiwa yesikhungu. Ngoko ke kwavela phakathi kubananisi uSolomon eRothschild, wenza abahlobo kunye Metternich. Yaye wafumana kwisihloko baronial. Ngaloo mihla - isiganeko engakholelekiyo.

Ukuphela amandla amakhulu

Umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of Austria kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane izele yeentsilelo. lahluleka rhoqo empini.

• I-iCrimea War (1853-1856).
• Austria-Prussia War (1866).
• Italian War First of Independence (1866).
• imfazwe kunye ESardinia kunye neFransi (1859).

Ngelo xesha, kwakukho ikhefu elibukhali kunxulumano ne-Russia, ngoko nokudalwa North German Confederation. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba Habsburgs ezilahlekileyo impembelelo yabo kurhulumente, kungekuphela eJamani kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kwaye - ngenxa - ubume amandla amakhulu.