Iimfazwe Hussite: izizathu ezikhokelele ekuqaleni yabo

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane elinesihlanu eBohemia (ngoku Czech Republic) luphawulwa umzabalazo ixesha elide yabantu Czech ngokuchasene yamaRoma Katolika, ingcinezelo feudal kunye nasekufumaneni waseJamani. Igama elithi "iimfazwe Hussite" lisetyenziswa ukuchaza uthotho ukungqubana esenzeka lekhefu phakathi kweminyaka 1419 no 1434. Uninzi Czech yabemi Bohemia kwasekwa elinamandla amandla, iye yazuza ukuya Zomnqamlezo ibhengeze yi Pope. Umlo yaphela ngo-1434 xa eliphikisayo eziphakathi malunga eliphikisayo olukhulu iphumelele Utraquists Taborites, ngubani kwafuneka ukuzithoba kwigunya nguKumkani eBohemia kunye ibandla, kodwa imeko ukuba wavunyelwa ukuba benze imisitho ezininzi zonqulo ezahlukeneyo.

Ekuqaleni, inkokeli intshukumo cawa wesizwe waba njengomntwana onengqondo kunye nombingeleli Jan Hus, ababemelene yamaKatolika iCawa, kunye ikhwele wohlobo ukugwebela ubutyebi bakhe yaye ebhenca iintsilelo abefundisi. Lakhe Intshumayelo eBhetelehem Chapel Prague ayichitha eCzech ulwimi esingaqondwayo eqhelekileyo ngabantu. Le ngcinga Hus, ogama ihlabathi iye yaphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo umsebenzi wenguquko kwaye siphu- kobuProtestanti Dzhona Uiklifa, akazange ayithande ibandla.

The University of ePrague 1410 salungelelaniswa impikiswano, ityala elo kokutsha imisebenzi Wycliffe. UGus kunye nezinye oonjingalwazi babhenela Pope, uzama ukubonisa ukuba abantu ningazi kuphela ngomlilo imisebenzi zenzululwazi nentanda-bulumko. Kodwa isiphumo yaba amsongele ka Huss, kunye nentshukumo ukuba Wabakhapha, iye yakhula eyunivesithi kwi yesizwe zonqulo.

Ngowe-1415, ngokuthi isigqibo seBhunga of Constance, Hus watyholwa ngokuba ngumchasi, wagwetywa ukufa zitshiswe esibondeni. ukubulawa kwakhe kwavusa noqhankqalazo intshukumo zesininzi abalandeli bakhe, yaye leyo ekhokelele Hussite Wars. Ngokuchasene umlawuli eyathatha, azixhokonxa upopu ukubamba kwiBhunga Constance, wavuka njengesiphango izityholo, wavakalisa nobudenge kokuhlaselwa bababingeleli obudala.

Phantse ukususela kwasekuqaleni intshukumo yahlulwa kwiindawo eziphambili ezimbini - ngokulinganisela kunye olukhulu. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, UGus wathabatha imfundiso Utraquists (okanye Calixtines-Utraquists) abazibiza ngokuba amaKatolika, kodwa yaxhasa kufuna utshintsho, loo engundoqo apho into yokuba onke amakholwa kufuneka bathabathe isonka newayini (sub utraque sidalwa - phantsi zombini species), hayi nje abefundisi. Kwakugcwele ikakhulu yabathengisi zasezidolophini kunye nesithunzi ezincinane.

Phakathi 1419 no 1420, xa "iimfazwe Hussite" sele kudlule, iinkokheli angquzulanayo baye bazama ukuthethana ngasese kunye umlawuli eyathatha, kodwa wala ukuya nayiphi ukulalanisa, kwaye oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni Utraquists inkxaso kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo. Ngakumbi ezinkulu, omkhanyelayo naluphi na uhlobo lorhulumente (wempangelo okanye ngokwenkolo), ziye eyaziwa ngokuba Taborites (emva kwidolophu iTabhore, esasekwa kubo 1420, nto leyo inqaba yabo). Eli qela kwa- abalimi kunye namagcisa.

Hussite iimfazwe kuyaziwa ukuba ngexesha abaxhobileyo ungquzulwano liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi isandla-kubanjwe imipu (Pishalnikov).

Defenestration First of Prague kwenzeka Julayi 30, 1419. Prague abahluphekayo ikhokelwa ngu-Jan Želivského, umbingeleli yeBandla of Lady Lwethu selikhithika, balucanda umzi ukuya kwiHolo e New Town Idolophu nemfuno ephambili - asibubudlelane isonka newayini. Umntu kwi windows-ofisi kasodolophu waphosa kumngcelele ngamatye. kakhulu abantu atyhoboza, angena kulo sakhiwo, waphoswa ngefestile ngabacebisi ntaba ezisixhenxe kanye kweli gumbi, kuquka usodolophu ndiyaligweba. King uVáclav IV omkhulu ngoko usonganyelwa esi senzo, kubhaliwe kwathiwa, wahlaselwa sistroke, waba ityala lakhe yokufa Agasti 16, 1419.

Eli lizwe yahlulwa kwiinkampu ezimbini baziintshaba - yamaKatolika, ethi ixhaswe abefundisi, izinduna, le patricians waseJamani kunye Hussite. Eyathatha, emva kokufa engenabantwana uVáclav, wabeka zamabango isithsaba Czech. Waye ongumxhasi kwiCawa yamaRoma, Pope Martin umbulali lowo V, ekhutshwe yenkomo-17 Matshi 1420, sivakalisa elwela "ngenxa yokwaphuka nemband 'esikhova eBohemia". Kwaba khona yi kuphela kartel isiJamani kunye Polish, kodwa izama kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ezitsalwa amathemba yamaxhoba.