Yintoni na le nqwelo yokulwa, njengoko amalungiselelo oko? Njani iinqwelo bamandulo? Iinqwelo - a ...

Ngeenqwelo zokulwa yakudala zibaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo yokulwa. Amaninzi ngokuchasene waphumelela ke umkhosi, ebe izithuthi ezinjalo. KuMbindi Mpuma kunye iinqwelo Mediterranean kusetyenziswa de 500 BC. e. Ngu isiqalo sexesha elitsha, baye yanyamalala eNtshona Yurophu. iinqwelo obude olwalukho China kunye mpuma Asia, apho bahlala ithandwa de Ages Aphakathi emva kwexesha.

Ukubaluleka ngeenqwelo

Ngexesha Okwemfazwe, iinqwelo badlale indima enye, lowo owayephakathi kwalo amatanki elizayo. Kwakufuneka ukuba ibe yonakele kwizikhundla yotshaba. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa iinqwelo waphuncuka ezintlwini oxineneyo yotshaba. Iinqwelo baba amarhamncwa asengcongolweni, abatoli okanye kwangulamntu nenkcula. Azitshabalalisa wezabasebenzi utshaba.

Kanye mabutho, neenqwelo Bothuka, bendikoyika olungalungiselelwanga ukuze loo elihamba ungquzulwano. Amaxesha amaninzi athathwe ehamba wabaleka ngoloyiko kwelo chibi, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba indlela zokufa.

Iinqwelo - kukwayinto entle sisalathisi elibalulekileyo ezithile ngokwezinga. Balihlutha kuphela kubahlali abahlelekileyo eli lizwe. Ukuba banyukele isikhundla isithuba gig, kwafuneka ukuba benze umzamo omkhulu. Ukongeza, iinqwelo - oku kwizivuseleli elungileyo kuphuhliso ihashe ukuvelisa kwimo ethile.

Iinqwelo zokulwa Middle East

Abaphandi bayavuma ukuba ukusebenza gig eliphezulu ekufikelelwe kuMbindi Mpuma. Beza apha ngenxa kwii waya kummandla zezizwe Indian kunye neqela ulwimi Iranian.

Kule nkulungwane III BC iinqwelo Aram kunye eMesopotamiya. Bona azakubalulwa imilo eqhelekileyo okoxande kunye kwiqonga evuthelweyo. ububanzi sabo malunga nesiqingatha ubude. Ukusuka apha babengamakhoboka eJiputa yamandulo, apho ithandwa kakhulu.

Battle of eMegido

Kule nkalo, kubalulekile ukukhankanya idabi aseMegido. Le mpi lokuqala zibhalwe kwimbali yabantu. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1468 BC. Utshaba ke uFaro Egyptian Thutmose III kunye nookumkani bamaKanan. Yintoni na inqwelo yokulwa ngexesha? Le yunithi elite amajoni. Naye uFaro waqonda ukuba gig kwikholam. Ke yena wazixuna iintolo kwi-Aram kunye namaPalestina, nto leyo ekugqibeleni lahluleka obukhulu.

Iintolo ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo squad zaseYiputa. Xa Thutmose bevuka izaphetha kakhulu ngempumelelo, ngelo xesha nako ukuvelisa abantu. Bona ebonakala ichanile aphezulu kunye ukuhamba. impembelelo yazo nako ukuma akukho iintonga zokukhanya. iinqwelo yamandulo ukuvumela abatoli eme phezu elihamba ifume iinjongo eziyimfuneko.

I-Battle of eKadeshe

Yayingunyaka yegolide lweenqwelo zokulwa. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu enkulu zokulwa babebhalwa Idabi eKadeshe. Oku baxabana imikhosi somYiputa kaFaro kaRamses II nakumaHeti ukumkani Muvatalli II. Idabi kwenzeka BC ngenkulungwane XIII.

Kweli dabi la macala mabini kwi-mali esetyenziswa malunga 7000 zokulwa. Iqale nesibakala sokuba amaHeti ngequbuliso bahlasela inkampu umYiputa, nto leyo eye wahlala ngokoqobo ngenxa zigcwalisa yotshaba. Kakade zazisetyenziswa olu hlaselo amakhulu zokulwa. Nakuze ikwaze kwakudala.

Noko ke, umkhosi omkhulu waseYiputa phantsi kwesikhokelo UFaro kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kweminquba. Lo mkhosi eye yabangela kuhlaselo counter. AmaYiputa nawo iinqwelo owahlwayela besothusa phakathi elihamba. AmaHeti ayengenazo amarhamncwa asengcongolweni ukuthintela lo hlobo amajoni. Noko ke, nomkhosi wawo butho isikrweqe yentsimbi. Le metal yaba iimfihlelo yomkhosi karhulumente. AmaYiputa wayengazi ukuba lengca njani. Enyanisweni, oku imfazwe yokugqibela Bronze Age.

Idabi akazange achaze ophumeleleyo. Inani seenqwelo macala omabini kwakukho malunga alinganayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni le ukulingana. Ngenxa yoko, amaYiputa namaHeti wavuma ukuba asayine isivumelwano soxolo. Ngelo xesha, ilizwe ngalinye bathi le uloyiso ngokwayo. Kodwa ke apha ukuba wamiswa ngokuhlaselwa saseYiputa, kuMbindi Mpuma. Oku negalelo elikhulu iinqwelo umHeti.

Uphuhliso sihambe kunye nokwehla zeenqwelo

Ekupheleni kwale BC kwewaka lesibini, kwaqalisa ukwehla beenqwelo zokulwa. Waye enxulumene nesibakala sokuba umntu Iyakwazi ekhwele ihashe. Ekuqaleni ayenzi rhoxisa i gig. Noko ke, kwezoqoqosho ziqulathe mabutho iindleko kakhulu iinqwelo. Ngoko ke zokulwa ne kwexesha baqalisa shwaka umkhosi ngenxa kakuhle kwayo. Expensiveness kwabangelwa imfuneko ukwenza izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

wenza njani iinqwelo? Kuba ikakhulu kuyimfuneko wasebenzisa. Ukuba imali eninzi kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kabanzi. Ingakumbi igalelo olomeleleyo kokusingqongileyo ephila. Kwangaxeshanye, umzekelo China yamandulo. Ngexesha lokulwa emfuleni Yellow River amawaka amathandathu nomkhosi waba zapryazhek malunga amabini, anamanci kuphela.

izizathu Socio-economic zokwala seenqwelo

Ukusetyenziswa neenqwelo kunjalo bugwetyelwe ukusuka kwindawo yomkhosi ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo kuvuthelwa knockout kuzo emva kokuba ezinawo yanyamalala zentlalo abantu bafundiswe ukuba babe ngabanini zeenqwelo beza.

Oku kuquka azi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, inqwelo waba intsingiselo engcwele njengoko nomqondiso wegunya namandla. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba abalawuli baseRoma emva uloyiso lobungangamsha wabagxotha kuyo imali a gig. Nokufika iindidi ezintsha ngesinyithi, kwakunye nezinye iintlobo umkhosi, beza inqwelo ababhangayo. Kuye ngempumelelo indawo mabutho.

wasebenzisa bemfuno eAsiriya

iintlanga ezininzi udale kwiinguqulelo zabo olu hlobo amajoni. Umzekelo, ama-Asiriya baqalisa ukusebenzisa wasebenzisa kukothuka entsha. Xa iinqwelwana ezinjalo ingamahashe kunye nenani elifanayo wamajoni 4. Omnye kubo mfuneko wathwala ikhaka ukukhusela abasebenzi evela kubamelwane amarhamncwa asengcongolweni uhlaselo. Loo "weighting" ekugqibeleni waba eqhelekileyo kwamanye amazwe.

Iinqwelo zokulwa China

Yintoni na iinqwelo ukuba Chinese? waseMpumalanga baqala ukusebenzisa yona ngeenjongo Uyalwa (kodwa hayi ekhubekisayo, njengoko eqhelekileyo kwezinye imibutho). Ngokuba eli qela evela iinqwelo 5-7 emgceni kwi imilo nenqaba leyo singqongwe elihamba ashinyeneyo. Kwimeko le ukuhlaselwa lutshaba redoubts Uyalwa ezifana ukudubula iintshaba ezayo. Kwakhona empumalanga ityhileke enye inkalo. Kunokuba isaphetha slingshot isetyenziswe apha.

Kodwa strollers ayisindi nangoku asetyenziswe kuhlaselo kwi ephaphazelayo umgca yotshaba. Ukuba iinqwelo enzima baphumelela ukuziphendulela, ngokukhawuleza gig ezincinane mobile ngok ukusondela kumdlali welinye icala.

Ukusetyenziswa iinqwelo e China nayo enxulumene ebumelwaneni emathafeni. Kuxhomekeke kubo Han wafumana amahashe yokuqala leyo, ngasendleleni, ixesha elide ukuba ziqhelane iimeko ezintsha ebomini. Abanini neenqwelo baba emkhosini oozilawuli elite Chinese. Wonke urhulumente wengingqi amancinci yayimalunga 200-300 zokulwa emkhosini.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, loo nqwelo ngokuthe ngcembe akhula ukusuka kwisayizi. Ukufumana ezinkulu kunye nabasebenzi babo. Okuhamba, inani elihamba ehamba lehlile (ukusuka 80 ukuya 10). Oku kwakuthetha ukuba imfazwe phakathi imikhosi ibuye ibe iinqwelo ingozi enkulu. Kwezi amadabi indima nomkhosi baba ngakumbi ingenamsebenzi ngakumbi. Loo ngokunxulumene iyafana imeko apho ephakathi eYurophu, yaba sisiseko nabaphumi-ikampu kartel abaxhobileyo.

emathafeni

Kuba emathafeni iinqwelo yaba inzuzo, elathi izizwe ezininzi ezingaphucukanga ukuba amalungiselelo ukuhlasela kwezulu phezu kwintsimi enkulu. Ukususela kwiMeditera kuhlaselo Pacific kwakhokelela ekuncipheni kwe ngamasiko amavila. Iinqwelo kuvumela mbuya ukufumana inzuzo kwi edabini.

Yokubambela amahashe elide kwaye zinamandla ehlabathini. Izilwanyana adla wefula umgangatho kunye enkangala zengca, waba amandla ezinzima, kuquka zokulwa ikwenze.

Ingakumbi ntwala strong wawa phezu Chinese abahlala ezintlanjeni waseMesopotamiya. amawaka aliqela umzabalazo waqhubeka phakathi nabanini abasemathanga. Ngeenqwelo zokulwa ubukho bakhe wayengomnye amakhadi amaninzi kakhulu trump.

Shaya abemi emaqeleni wafika eYiputa yamandulo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu beli impucuko enkulu waba nethamsanqa ngaphezu Chinese. Baba kude kwimimandla emathafeni. Ukongeza, bakwazi ukufunda ngempumelelo ukusuka iteknoloji ngokwayo iinqwelo amadlelo.

amaqhinga elihamba

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela seenqwelo zokulwa nomkhosi nako ukuphuhlisa iindlela eziliqela lo hlobo welinye iqela. Omnye ixhaphakileyo yaba iqhinga apho ezizukileyo wegqitha ukuya ngasemva, apho nayo waba lixhoba lula amadoda umhlaba.

Roma ngexesha Yuliya Tsezarya ikwazile ezikhawulezileyo inzuzo scythed enqwelweni. Ndiyaqala yokuqhuba skirmishing elihamba, apho izixhobo ezinjalo kuphuthiswa. Ngenxa yoko, amaRoma waphumelela imfazwe phezu kaSeleucus, umkhosi leyo ahlala indawo neenqwelo ebalulekileyo.

EGrisi naseRoma

EGrisi, iinqwelo zokulwa yamandulo zathatha ingakumbi elide de yeeMfazwe wasePersi kwi BC ngenkulungwane IV. e. Ukusetyenziswa phalanges enjalo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwandisa uphume yomkhosi. Ukongeza, eGrisi yamandulo walondoloza nqwelo kukhuphiswano kwezemidlalo. Kwi-Olimpiki Imidlalo kugqatso ngesitulo wadibana uluntu kunye jonga okhethekileyo.

Yintoni na inqwelo yokulwa eRoma Ancient? Sengqondo ngale kuluntu elifana kwanakumGrike. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaRoma zange bayonakalisa umyalelo kwezizwe oyiswe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ayedla wathabatha phezu ilungileyo yonke inkcubeko kunye iimpumelelo abamelwane.

Ayimangalisi into yokuba ekubeni amaRoma babeneenqwelo zam. Ukuchazwa indima yalo imfazwe kwakuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile. Ingakumbi a lot of zizisu iye isetyenziswe kwi Punic Wars nxamnye Carthage.

AmaRoma yakhiwa racetracks uyoyika nqwelo. Maximus zibambe ukuya nababukeli 150,000. Yuliy Tsezar walakha, landiswa. Oku ke kuthetha ukuba amaRoma waqhubeka ukusebenzisa iinqwelo phantsi ku BC. Kunika umdla yaqala ukuba ngethuba yendaleko zeteknoloji, baseYurophu usebenzisa buyo endala njengoko zokulwa ballista mobile.

Yintoni na iinqwelo? Kananjalo uphawu yamhlamnene. Ngexesha xa i-Emphaya yamaRoma yathi engqongwe ngabantu kuLwandle lweMeditera, iinqwelo baqalisa shwaka ukusuka tho. Baba kuphumelele nxamnye abaninzi bakhona wasentla. Endaweni iinqwelo endala beze eziqhelekileyo ukuya abakhwele ephakathi.

nqwelo Scythed

Phakathi iinguqulelo ezininzi ingakumbi kula zokulwa ezingamakhulu asithoba ezinamarhengqa amakhulu entsimbi. Okokuqala beza evela Asiriya. Ezi abemi yakuMbindi Mpuma baye bagqiba ukuphucula inqwelo endala. Kuba amavili iimela elide apha. Bayilimaza baninzi nomkhosi utshaba, leyo bayirhawula iinqwelo ngexesha amadabi ikrakra. amathe onzima ekugadeni amajoni baselalini babengandithethisi waza wabaleka ngokuphakuzela.

Kamva, kwakukho nezinye izisombululo zobugcisa. Kwakubonakala ngathi zokulwa olu hlobo? Kuba drawbar ezi neenqwelo nako kongezwa wamtshicela, elathi ukuba ram utshaba abakhwele ukungquzulana ngokungqalileyo.

Ezi iinqwelo zazidume ePersi. Lwala amahashe ezine. Eli qela ibe ngabantu 3. Omnye wabo wenqwelo. abanye ababini empi razili utshaba.

Amathe babulalana ucwangco kulwakhiwo elihamba. Ukuba le nkqubo dissipated ngokupheleleyo, kuba iqulathe ubuncinane isithuba appreciable. Baphumela amajoni lobuhlobo akazange avumele utshaba ukuvala ezintlwini boyisiwe. Yintoni na inqwelo yokulwa kwimeko enjalo? Yaba usisiqinisekiso impumelelo kungquzulwano ngokungqalileyo wemikhosi.

Mu kuya kwa nshita amahashe njengesiqhelo, iinqwelo kunye braids ukuba ngokoqobo besika izintlu yotshaba. Kungenxa yoku, amajoni ihashe njengesiqhelo wayenechaphothi nxamnye yokuhlasela ashinyeneyo zamaGrike. Ukongeza, i-mabutho endala waba Izihlalo bekhululekile, loza kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo wabonakala kuphela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngoko ke, de ixesha lethu, iinqwelo zokulwa akhuphisana ngempumelelo nabakhweli zikhwele emahasheni, nangona iindleko eziphezulu isalamane.