Mughals. Mughal Empire

India - lelinye lamazwe enkulu ehlabathini, ukuba inkcubeko elikhethekileyo kunye nembali umdla. Ngokukodwa, unanamhla abaphandi na umbuzo njani unyana Emir of Ferghana, Babur, washiywa nguyise xa wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, hayi nje akazange abe lixhoba ngamayelenqe zezopolitiko wafa, kodwa wayofika eIndiya wadala enye kwezi emphaya ezinkulu Asia .

prehistory

Ngaphambili yintoni na ngoku Indiya kunye namazwe angabamelwane yamandla Mughal Empire yamiselwa, eli lizwe wohlukana izilawuli ezininzi ezincinane. Babethe gqolo ukuba phantsi yayigqogqa ngabamelwane-mbuya. Ngokukodwa, kwinkulungwane 5 kwi kummandla Egupti karhulumente uphethe inxalenye kumntla-ntshona oweeneem Indian kwaye kufutshane kwilizwe lasemntla, zezizwe Huns elangena. Nangona unyaka 528-th bagxothwa, emveni kokuba eseleyo kwi-Indiya uhlala ilitye le inkulu karhulumente. Kwinkulungwane kamva, nazilawuli eziliqela ezincinane bemanyene phantsi kobunkokheli umlawuli akuyo nenemibono Harsha, Noko ke, emva kokufa kwakhe, ubukhosi entsha yaphela, yaye ngenkulungwane ye-11 ngomhla kummandla Hindustan ngokunyebelezela amaSilamsi phantsi kobunkokheli Mahmud of Ghazni kunye nokumiselwa Delhi Sultanate. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-13, eli urhulumente akwazi ukumelana ayehlasela Mongols, kodwa ekupheleni 14 yawela ngaphandle ngenxa ngokuhlaselwa amawaka ingxokolo Timur. Ngaphandle koku, le ubulawuli inkulu Delhi Sultanate waze 1526, unyaka. nabanqobi zabo waba Mughal ekhokelwa Babur - Timurid abeza eIndiya, enempi enkulu ngamazwe. nempi yakhe ngelo xesha yomeleleyo mmandla, baza abendlu Indian Raja alikwazanga ukuthintela ukuba aphumelele izwekazi Indiya.

biography of Babur

The Great Mogul wokuqala India wazalwa ngo-1483, unyaka kummandla namhlanje Uzbekistan, kwisixeko odumileyo ezorhwebo Andijan. uyise wakhe emir Fergana, yayingubani umzukulwana Tamerlane waza unina ukusuka uhlobo Genghis. Xa Babnuru wayeneminyaka eli-12 kuphela ubudala, yena wasala yinkedama, kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-2 ikwazile ukuba zifake Samarkand. Ngokubanzi, abaphandi biography lwe ngunozala uBukhosi Mughal, zibonisa esengumntwana yaba ukusukela kuphela amandla, yaye ngoko ke yamonga iphupha laba yintloko karhulumente omkhulu. Uloyiso emva kokuqala zange kube kudala, yaye emva kweenyanga 4 Babur Wagxothwa Samarkand Sheibani Khan, ngubani wayemdala kuye izihlandlo ezithathu. yezopolitiko abanamava kulo ayikhange yadamba kwaye liqinisekisile ukuba Timurid oselula kwanyanzeleka ukuba ibaleke amajoni akhe Afghanistan. ithamsanqa Kukho wancuma lo mfana, waza woyisa Kabul. Kodwa nengqumbo ngenxa yokuba fiefdom yakhe - Samarkand imithetho beze umlawuli Uzbek, wamnika akukho kuphumla, yaye wenza uphindelela ukuba babuyele kulo mzi. Bonke ngo ukungaphumeleli, yaye, eqonda ukuba akukho kubuya ngamva, Babur wagqiba ukoyisa India nisekelwe urhulumente omtsha.

Njengoko yasekwa ngurhulumente Mughal

Ngowe-1519, unyaka Babur ndiziphethe hambo ukuya North-West India, yaye kamva iminyaka 7 bagqiba ukuba zifake Delhi. Ukongeza, waboyisa Rajput umthetheli nisekelwe urhulumente kunye iziko ngo Agra. Ngoko ke, ngo 1529, ngomnyaka wesithoba uBukhosi Mpuma zibandakanya ummandla Afghanistan, Punjab kunye iGanges entilini kwimida Bengal.

ukufa Babur

Ukufa afumanana owaseka Empire Mughal ngo-1530. Emva Ukuvuma kokuba Hamayuna kwetrone, Mughal Empire in India waze 1539, unyaka xa umphathi Pashtun Sher Shah wagxothwa kuye evela lizwe. Noko ke, kwiminyaka eli-16 kamva Mughals baba ukwazi ukwenza izinto zabo baze babuyele Delhi. Ebona kwakhe ukuwa kungekudala, uMongameli wahlula bukhosi phakathi koonyana bakhe abane, amisiweyo aziintloko kuwo Hamayuna ekufuneka lawula Hindustani. nezinye Babur abathathu kufika Kandahar, Kabul kunye Punjab, kodwa ke kunyanzelekile ukuba bathobele lo mzalwana omdala.

Akbar the Great

Ngowe-1542, lo nyaka Hamayuna, unyana. Yena ke igama Akbar, yaye ukuba lo mzukulwana ka Babur kwafuneka enze bukhosi yasekwa Mughals, wehla kwimbali umzekelo karhulumente, apho kwakungekho ucalucalulo yonqulo yesizwe. Wenyuka etroneni, phantse ngokulinganayo esemncinane, ezifana utatomkhulu wakhe, yaye phantse-20 iminyaka yobomi echithwayo kule kwezithandani UDUSHE kunye nokomelezwa igunya engundoqo. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1574, ngomnyaka wesithoba eyagqitywa ukuyilwa bengatshatanga inkqubo ecacileyo yolawulo lwengingqi kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Yena umntu onengqondo kakhulu, Akbar Enkulu ukuba ukwaba umhlaba ngemali ukwakhiwa kuphela zamaSilamsi, kodwa amaHindu kunye neecawa zamaKristu, apho abathunywa bevangeli bavunyelwa ukuba ukuvula e Goa.

Jahangir

Umlawuli elandelayo bukhosi wayengunyana yesithathu ka Akbar Enkulu - Selim. Wenyuka etroneni emva kokufa kukayise wakhe, wayalela ukuba bazibize ngokuba Jahangir, Oko kuthetha "koyisa wehlabathi." Yaba umlawuli-kakuhle elifutshane ngubani kuqala zonke ukurhoxisa umthetho ekunyamezeleni kunqulo ningazani amaHindu kunye nabantu bezinye iintlanga abangekho Muslims. Ngoko ke, lo Mughals abazikuxhamla inkxaso yabemi kwiindawo ezininzi, yaye kwanyanzeleka maxa wambi ukucinezela kwimvukelo nxamnye somfundisi-Raja wabo.

Shah Jahan

Le minyaka yokugqibela wolawulo Jahangir, owaba likhoboka kuse ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, baba ixesha mfiliba ukuba ubukhosi, eyasungulwa Mughals. Inyaniso yokuba ebhotweni nomzabalazo ngamandla inxaxheba umfazi iphambili sultan yi igama Nur Jahan. Ngeli xesha, unyana yesithathu ka Jahangir, lowo utshate ukuze nomtshana Umama wakhe, wagqiba ekubeni basebenzise le meko kwaye wenza isibhengezo ngokwakhe njengoko indlalifa yokucima abazalwana abadala. Emva kokufa kukayise, waya etroneni yaye walawula iminyaka engama-31. Ngeli xesha ikomkhulu Mughals - Agra iye yaba sesinye sezixeko intle eAsiya. , Kwaba Ngelo xesha lowo wagqiba, ngowe-1648, unyaka ukwenza ikomkhulu lesizwe Delhi, i-Red Fort bakha apho. Ngoko ke, esi sixeko saba likomkhulu wesibini ubukhosi, yaye apho 1858, unyaka amajoni aseBritani yathinjwa lokugqibela Great Mogul, kunye nezizalwane. yaphela ke ibali lobukhosi ushiye ilifa enkulu.

Ikomkhulu Mughal

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, isixeko ephambili ubukhosi ngo-1528, unyaka Babur wenza Agra. Namhlanje yenye lamaziko kubakhenkethi edume Asia, njengoko kukho izikhumbuzo ezininzi izakhiwo kwexesha Mughal. Ngokukodwa, bonke eyaziwa ngokuba odumileyo Taj Mahal, eyakhiwa Shah Jahan umfazi intanda yakhe. Esi sakhiwo unique ithathwa njengenye yemimangaliso yehlabathi kwaye ichaphazela obufezekileyo kunye nokubengezela kwakho.

Kuyenye nxi Delhi iye yaphuhliswa. Ngowe-1911, saba ahlala kuyo Viceroy of India, yaye ukususela yaseCalcutta wafudukela onke amasebe eziyintloko yiBritani eyayilawula apho. kuye Iminyaka 36 ezayo umzi phambili ngokukhawuleza, yaye kwakukho iinkalo zokwakha yaseYurophu. Ngokukodwa, ngo-1931 ukuvulwa yesithili yalo entsha New Delhi, eyenzelwe ngokupheleleyo British. Ngowe-1947, waye wavakalisa ikomkhulu ezizimeleyo Republic of India isekwanjalo nanamhla.

Mughal Empire ngangosuku kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-16 ukuya kunyaka 1858 kwaye idlale indima ebalulekileyo bayahlelwa nabantu India.