Imbali yezempilo njenge inzululwazi

Namhlanje, akukho mntu ebalulekileyo ukuba imfuneko abazihlambi izandla zabo xa beza bevela ezitratweni, akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ngemfuneko ahlambe yonke imihla, ukucoca indlu, ukususa uthuli kunye nokungcola. Noko ke, akusoloko. Kwakukho ixesha laxa abantu abangazange baqhoboshele ukubaluleka izinto ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, imbali yezempilo njenge science iingcambu mandulo enzulwini. Ehluma njengoko namhlanje ziwuchanile umhlola yaye ixhaphake kuwo onke amazwe, kuzo zonke izizwe.

Ucoceko njenge isayensi: umxholo, iinjongo kunye neenjongo

Ngubani na ukufunda olu qeqesho, yaye wenza ntoni? Zama ukuqonda.

Injongo yale isayensi uphuhliso amanyathelo okuthintela ezibanzi ekwaziyo yobukho bomntu abaqhelekileyo kwi okusingqongileyo kwaye ukhululeke ukususela izifo ezingafunekiyo. Oko kukuthi, nokuthintela uphuhliso iintsholongwane eziyingozi, iintsholongwane, ifungi phakathi kwabantu, inika inkcazelo ngokupheleleyo indlela ukugcina imizimba yawo, ikhaya, shiya impilo kokuphazanyiswa imeko esempilweni.

Ngako oko, into zokufunda yesayensi ngumntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, intsebenziswano kunye nempembelelo nokuhloniphana kwi imeko kunye nempilo omnye komnye.

Ngokwale njongo, kukho uqeqesho ejoliswe ekufezekiseni le njongo zilandelayo:

1. Ukuze ukufunda ifuthe bume zasemanzini kunye abiotic, kwakunye imibandela yezentlalo kwimpilo imeko yabantu, kuquka ibizwa ngokwasengqondweni-iimvakalelo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba i data ifunyenwe ukuphuhlisa iseti amanyathelo zempilo ezinokuthi ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa le isiphumo.
2. Phuhlisa iindlela ukuphucula uzinzo ukuxhathisa komzimba womntu ukuba imiba eyahlukeneyo.
3. Cinga ifuthe kwamagciwane abantu kunye nokuseka iseti amanyathelo yokulwa nazo.

Ngoko ke yintoni na le misebenzi esetwe ngokwayo le isayensi? impilo yabantu - isikakhulu kuthintelo, uthintelo, ukupheliswa lembandezelo kunokwenzeka phambili.

isiyalo yokuhlela

Ekuphuhliseni ulwazi malunga imigangatho yococeko kwi inzululwazi iisection eziqwalasela naziphi na iimpembelelo ezithile abantu. Ngoko ke, kukho amasebe eziliqela engundoqo yezempilo.

1. Iyonke - ejoliswe ukuyilwa amanyathelo anti-bhubhane entsonkothileyo, ugonyo zabemi kwimiphumo izifo iphenjelelwa yemeko ezisingqongileyo.
2. Ucoceko zomdibaniso - ihlola ifuthe ngqo iimeko zokuphila kunye zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo kwimpilo yabantu. Ngoko ke, apha ziquka yococeko, umhlaba, amanzi, umoya, iindawo zokuhlala, amakhaya kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu.
3. Power. Olu shishino lujoliswe ukufunda impembelelo umgangatho nobungakanani ukutya ukugcina impilo yesiqhelo nangamandla. Ukuba abasebenzi oyiDivision of Food Ucoceko nako angqamane umfanekiso yobomi bomntu kunye nemali efunekayo lweekhalori, kodwa ukuphuhlisa amanyathelo zesondlo zokuthintela iintlobo zezifo (ukutyeba, ukudla, ukudla, isifo seswekile, njalo njalo).
4. zempilo yasemsebenzini correlates iimeko zabantu zokusebenza kunye nobume bempilo, kwakunye impembelelo efanayo kwezi zalathisi.
5. Lococeko abantwana abafikisayo. isebe Special, zijonge kwisizukulwana kolwazi malunga nokubaluleka amanyathelo othintelo na abantwana besikolo kunye eyodwa. Zezona kuqala siqonde ukuba ukufunda ngococeko inzululwazi, kutheni na uncedo kwaye yintoni sebenzisa ikhoyo nokubakho.

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo yezempilo

Ukongeza kwezi, kukho inani yamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwingqeqesho ingqalelo:

• radiation;
• wamajoni;
• nezemidlalo;
• izithuthi;
• isithuba;
• esibhedlele;
• luhlaza;
• nempilo yengqondo;
• siqu;
• uluntu;
• kwilali nococeko.

Kucacile ukuba le sifundo iquka zonke kwezentlalo, bemvelo, iikhemikhali kunye nezinto eziphathekayo enokuchaphazela impilo yabantu. Kungenxa yoko le nto Ucoceko - inzululwazi yezempilo (kuqala). Oku kuqinisekiswa nolwalamano lwayo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi zabantu.

ubudlelwane ucoceko kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Xa sijonga nkcukacha ze kwingqeqesho ingqalelo, kungekhona nzima ukuthelekelela ukuba iinzululwazi eziphambili ezinxulumene - is:

• imithi;
• lwezifo;
• Ecology (total kunye babantu);
• eziphilayo;
• Kwisidumbu.

Bonke bephela e intsebenziswano enkulu, kwaye ukuyilwa kobume nococeko ithiyori ubukhulu becala isekelwe kwidatha zidweliswe iinkalo zezifundo.

Ingakumbi close contact abe ucoceko kunye eziphilayo zabantu. Ngapha koko, into yokuqala - indoda kunye nofundo lokuba isifundo sesibini - nokusingqongileyo. Ekubeni abantu ngendlela rhoqo kwaye eqhubekayo ukunxibelelana nendalo, ngoko ke inzululwazi echazwe ngasentla, abanakukwazi ukunxibelelana. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, nemimiselo yococeko echazwe kuvumelekile yoxinaniso ubuninzi kwezinto ezinobungozi, iigesi, ubumdaka emoyeni. Ecology isekelwe phezu kwezi zalathisi ekubaleni kunye abalinganiswa ezisemgangathweni lomoya.

Formation kunye nophuhliso nenzululwazi kwihlabathi lamandulo

Imbali Uphuhliso yezempilo kugxila kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngapha koko, nkqu ehlabathini mandulo kwakukho Iimpawu zokuqala nempilo nokhuseleko malunga nokubaluleka ucoceko nocwangco.

Kukho amaziko aliqela eziphambili zembali, nesuka iziseko yococeko. Umzekelo, e-Indiya yamandulo uthabathe inani lemithetho ebalulekileyo. Zibonisa imigaqo esisiseko nococeko buqu kunye noluntu (ukucoca inkunkuma ezitalatweni, ukungcwatywa izidumbu ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwezifo, isiqulatho omzimba ecocekileyo, njalo njalo).

Phantse imithetho ezifanayo babeyinxalenye iseti kwemithetho yesizwe kunye amandulo amaGrike, amaYiputa, IsiTshayina, amaYuda namaRoma. Bonke aba bantu kwafuneka ukuba bagcine nemithetho zilandelayo:

• ngempilo ngokwesondo;
• imithetho zobuqu wokulondoloza umzimba ehlambulukileyo;
• ukuthotyelwa kulawulo ukutya;
• bodwa abantu abagulayo ukusuka uphilile;
• Akukho nje;
• ukuyifundisa njalo njalo.

Imithetho yococeko woluntu kumaxesha amandulo

Nangona eli xesha yamandulo mbuzo, nangona kunjalo, kwiYiputa yamandulo (iminyaka BC) besebenza, ngoku isifundo yezempilo yoluntu. Ngoko ke, amaYiputa womisa umhlaba ukuthintela ukuxovwa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nophuhliso lweentshulube, sikuyo, umngundo kunye namanye amagciwane. Nangona kunjalo lutho malunga ubukho babo.

Baba ngabokuqala ukwakha inkqubo itephu elula. Kukho imithetho ethile, leyo ayengenazixhobo ezitalatweni. Ngokuthe ngcembe, zonke ezi zakhono kunye nolwazi kudluliselwa kwezinye iingingqi planethi.

AmaRoma baze bakwazi ukwakha izixokelelwano kumjelo olunjalo, zazijongwa ummangaliso zobugcisa. izitrato zazo ibhungane kwaye simahla ubumdaka, walawula ngeenxa ucoceko.

La maziko eziphambili nokwanda uphuhliso lolwazi theoretical yintoni eyenza imbali yococeko, yaba Greece Ancient.

Igalelo noHippocrates

Yamandulo Greece idume abantu bayo ezintle. Ngapha koko, oku abemi ekugxilwe iphambili Greece. uphuhliso Physical kunye nokugcinwa namandla, natrenirovannosti kunye nobuhle umzimba - kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba zonke Hellene. Engundoqo imithetho yezempilo baba kweli thuba:

• ukutya okunempilo eqhelekileyo;
• ubuhle wenyama umzimba;
• imisebenzi kunye noqeqesho ukuphuhlisa amandla kunye kwezihlunu.

Konke oku kubonakala imisebenzi enkulu bulumko, ugqirha, sesayensi nzulu ngezinto wexesha noHippocrates. Xa umsebenzi wakhe "Xa umoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba", wenza kucace ukuba ingqalelo izinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ukugcina kwimeko eqhelekileyo impilo yomntu idweliswe zinto. Kwakhona, wayekholelwa ukuba nkqu namanzi plain kunye umoya nako ukunyanga izigulo, Ukuba uthe wacoceka, kuphiliswa.

Omnye umsebenzi wakhe - "indlela esempilweni yobomi" - uyakuqinisekisa ukuba kubaluleke nditsho ngelo xesha yanikwa imithetho eziziziqalelo yococeko kunye sanitization.

Imbeko kumaXesha Aphakathi

Imbali Uphuhliso yempilo kweli xesha, kwakunye ukuyilwa zonke ezinye zenzululwazi, unenzondelelo kungekho kukhula. Kumazwe amaninzi kucingwa abakrwada ukuhlamba ucoce iingubo zenu nendawo yokuhlala, abantu ngokukhululekileyo wathulula amdaka ngqo ukusuka iifestile yezindlu esitratweni. Ngexesha la maxesha ubhubhane Ijalele izifo ezifana isibetho, icesina, isifo sephepha, kholera, njalo-njalo.

amazwe kuphela embalwa (i Ottoman, China, Japan, Russia) uyaqhuba banikwe ngenxa ingqalelo ixesha elide. Mnths, hammams, neebhate - zonke ezi zakhiwo ukuze ukuhlamba umzimba.

Nakuba kunjalo, phantse zonke eYurophu ukusuka nebeka. Kubekho enkulu usulelo negcushuwa, isifo samehlo, ingqakaqha, yesifo. yonke indawo imfazwe, waba feudalism olomeleleyo serfdom.

Uphuhliso lezempilo nenzululwazi kweli XV-XVII eminyaka

Ukuqalisa ukususela kwinkulungwane XV kumazwe amaninzi baqalisa ukuvuselela umdla ngococeko kancinci. Lubuya imisele yamanzi, izitalato zibekwe ngamatye, ilindle angene kwiindawo ukulimela. Ageza ayisa uthathwa ukuba sisibonakaliso kukulavuza kunye sokubandakanyeka kwiiklasi asezantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwakukho ezibhateni, ezo ezaliswe ngamanzi elimnandi. Kuyo steel ukwenza isepha kunye ukongeza amafutha enuka kamnandi.

Inani loqhambuko iye yehla, kodwa imeko usaqhubeka nangoku nezinzima kakhulu. Umntu wokuqala ixesha nabuganga ukuthethelela isondlo ngokubaluleka kococeko, waba Italian Bernardino Ramazzini. Yaba nguye owadala umsebenzi "Intetho phezu izifo weengcibi", eyabonisa ukuxhomekeka impilo yabantu ukusuka kokusingqongileyo.

XVIII-XIX ngenkulungwane kwimbali yococeko

Imbali kuphuhliso inzululwazi yezempilo kwixesha kabukhali luyakhula. Ngapha koko, abaninzi baqalisa ukwakha isixeko, izibonelelo uyatshintsha. Abantu boyika loqhambuko, ngoko esweni ngenyameko ucoceko kunye namatyala ekwanti ngexesha.

Yaba ngeli xesha baqala ukuphuhlisa Sciences ezifana physics, chemistry, ibhayoloji, eziphilayo. It ishiya uphawu yayo ngolwazi lwezempilo. Ngoku, impilo yabantu kuqwalaselwa kuphela ngokusebenzisana yemo engqongileyo ayikwazi kwahlulwa kuyo. Siye sifunde yempembelelo umoya, ukwakheka komhlaba, ubulunga okusela amanzi, ukutya, ucoceko kunye nezempilo kwindawo imeko ngokubanzi emzimbeni yomntu.

Yintoni enye ukubalisa ibali yezempilo? isayensi Modern linentsusa yalo inokufunwa ugqirha German Pettenkofer. Wavula sokuzikhethela lokuqala kwiSebe Ucoceko kwiYunivesithi Munich, ke ngoko, uthathwa ukuba abe nguyise olu qeqesho.

Ixesha elidlulileyo yezembali impilo eRashiya

Imbali Uphuhliso impilo eRashiya wahamba eyakhe indlela yayo, ekhethekileyo. Malunga 300 iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke eYurophu, iRashiya imbeko ucoceko zombini ezenziwayo kunye zovavanyo. Isazinzulu Outstanding oye wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwale nzululwazi, zezi:

• izonkana eziyolisa intliziyo;
• izilumko;
• Zakhar'in;
• Dobroslavin;
• Erismann;
• Khlopin;
• Nicholas;
• Osipov;
• belousov;
• Soloviev kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Uphuhliso kakhulu olunzulu kwaba yococeko kuphela XIX-XX iinkulungwane. Kwaba ngoko ukuba isifo kunye nezifo zabantu ziye zachongwa ukuba ezinxulumene nokusingqongileyo.