James Webb Space Telescope (Yakobi Webb Space Telescope): Umhla sungula, izixhobo

Ngalinye imbobo ezongezelelweyo sentimitha, ixesha ebona lwesibini ngamnye ezongezelelweyo kunye nganye atmospherics atom ezongezelelweyo, kude evela iteleskopu uphando entsimini, ngcono, nzulu twisisekaka uya kubona iphela.

iminyaka 25 "Hubble"

Xa teleskopu "Hubble" waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1990, oko kwavula kwixesha elitsha ngeenkwenkwezi - isithuba. Akukho zaphelelwa ukujamelana nayo emoyeni, amafu, okanye ukhathazeke yokudanyaza electromagnetic. Yonke into efunekayo - ukuba ngokwandisa le satellite kwi target uzinzise baze baqokelele ziluhlaza. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-25 ngeeteleskopu isithuba waqalisa yokugubungela spectrum yonke magnetic leyo ukuba okokuqala ukuqwalasela indalo xa ombala ngasinye sokukhanya.

Kodwa njengoko ulwazi lwethu liye landa, ndakumandisa ukuqonda kwethu angayaziyo. I ngakumbi sijonge phandle indawo yonke, kokukhona siya kubona elidlulileyo anzongonzongo: a selo xesha ukususela Big Bang, libambisene kunye ngesantya anesiphelo ukukhanya lunika umda koko bagcine. Ngaphezu koko, ukwandiswa kwendawo ngokwayo isebenza nxamnye nathi, esisuka ngamaza okukhanya ziinkwenkwezi njengoko uhamba phesheya iphela emehlweni ethu. Nditsho telescope isithuba "Hubble", nto leyo esinika ngokunzulu, imifanekiso ezininzi omangalisayo iphela endakha uyaziwa, lunqongophele kule nkalo.

"Hubble" Ububi

"Hubble" - an iteleskopu emangalisayo, kodwa ezinye ukulinganiselwa ibalulekileyo:

• Nje 2.4 m ububanzi, nto leyo enciphisa yayo isisombululo.
• Nangona ngeo iingcinga, oko rhoqo zidibene nelanga ngqo, nto leyo itshiswe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngenxa yeziphumo thermal, akakwazi ukubukela ombala ukukhanya ngaphezu 1.6 microns.
• Iindibaniso imbobo elilinganiselweyo yaye kwamaza, apho ibe ikwayise iso, ethetha ukuba kweteleskopu abone kumnyele akukho kweminyaka engama-500 ezigidi.

Ezi imithala igqibelele, kude ikhona xa kwindalo malunga-4% kuphela ubudala layo langoku. Kodwa siyazi ukuba iinkwenkwezi kunye ziwe wayekho ngaphambili.

Ukuze ubone oko, teleskopu kufuneka uvakalelo oluphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba lenguqu ukuya kwamaza elide kunye namaqondo asezantsi ngaphezu "Hubble". Kungenxa yoko le nto, waza wadala kaYakobi Webb Space Telescope.

Amathemba isayensi

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ilungiselelwe ukuba soyise ezi umda ngu: nge 6.5 m telescope ububanzi uqokelela amaxesha 7 ukukhanya ngaphezu "Hubble". Kuvula ithuba ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy ukususela 600 NM ukuya microns 6 (ezinkulu 4 amaxesha ngaphezu kwamaza, onako ukubona i "Hubble") agcine ummandla ophakathi infrared kunye uvakalelo ngaphezulu kunanini na ngaphambili. JWST usebenzisa Ukupholisa isixando ukuba iqondo lobushushu lwe iPluto kwaye akwazi ukupholisa ngokubonakalayo izixhobo yee-infrared ukuya ku-7 K. Telescope James Webb iza kwenza kube lula ukwenza inzululwazi akwenziwa akukho mntu phambi oku.

ngeke:

• bagcine iminyele zokuqala wakha ndakubumba;
• zibonakale ngokusebenzisa uphenyo igesi cala kunye nendalo inkwenkwezi reionization yokuqala;
• enze Uhlalutyo spectroscopic yeenkwenkwezi yokuqala (labemi III), emva kokuba Big Bang;
• ukufumana izimanga emangalisayo, ngathi kokufunyanwa yokuqala mingxuma omkhulukazi abamnyama kunye quasars kwindalo iphela.

uphando Level JWST ayikho efana naleyo ngaphambili, ngoko ke teleskopu wakhethwa 2010s nowaye mission NASA kaThixo.

wobuciko zesayensi

Ngokwembono zobugcisa, teleskopu entsha James Webb ngumsebenzi wokwenene zobugcisa. Le projekthi sele iwupasisile indlela elide: kwakukho overruns mali, ukulibaziseka ishedyuli kunye umngcipheko yomzila projekthi. Emva kokuba ungenelelo ngoncedo ziinkokheli ezintsha itshintshile. Le projekthi ngequbuliso olufunyenwe iiwotshi, imali eyabelwe, accounted for iimpazamo, ukungaphumeleli kunye neengxaki, kwaye iqela ndamshiya epakisha JWST kuzo zonke ngokwemiqathango, iishedyuli kunye nemiqobo mali. Kuphehlelelwa kucwangciselwe-Oktobha 2018 kwindawo rocket "esandi 5". Iqela lilandela kuphela ishedyuli, yena unendlu iinyanga ezilithoba ekhohlo ukuvumela nayiphi na imeko engalindelekanga ukuba ziqokelelwe yaye bakulungele kulo mhla bonke.

James Webb Telescope iqulathe iinxalenye ezine eziphambili.

unit optical

Oku kuquka zonke nezipili, apho ezona ndlela zisebenzayo elinesibhozo gilt abamnkela njengesipili ephambili. Ziya kusetyenziselwa ukuqokelela kukhanya kude sijolise izixhobo zawo ukwenzela uhlalutyo. Zonke ezi izibuko ngoku ukulungele egqibeleleyo, wenza kanye kwishedyuli. Ekupheleni kwendibano baya isongwe ibe uyilo compact ukuba usebenza kwi kumgama ozikilometa ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 ukusuka Umhlaba ukuya L2 आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi ngongoma, yaye emva koko ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze zenze isakhiwo yobusi, nto leyo iminyaka emininzi iza kuqokelela ukukhanya oluphumayo. Ngokwenene Yinto entle kwaye isiphumo ngempumelelo imigudu Titanic leengcali ezininzi.

Ngena kufuphi infrared

"Webb" lixhotyiswe esayensi amane ukuba bakulungele 100%. Le khamera engundoqo ikhamera le teleskopu kufuphi kuluhlu IR, ekukhanyeni ebonakalayo kummandla orange-infrared enzulu. Iza kubonelela umfanekiso nanto ngeenkwenkwezi bokuqala, iminyele omncinane ukuba nangoku inkqubo ukwakheka, iinkwenkwezi aselula iMilky Way kunye iminyele ezikufuphi, amakhulu izinto ezintsha kwi bhanti Kuiper. It elungiselelwe umfanekiso ngqo izijikelezi nezinye iinkwenkwezi. Oku kuya kuba kwikhamera enkulu, esetyenziswa yi abaninzi ababukeleyo.

Kufuphi Infrared Spectrograph

Esi sixhobo kuphela esahlula kokukhanya kwamaza ngamnye, kodwa iyakwazi ukwenza oku izinto ngamnye ngaphezu kwe-100 ngexesha elinye! Esi sixhobo a spectrograph jikelele "Webb", nto leyo ukusebenza ngo-3 ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo spectroscopy. Ku yakhiwa i-European Space Agency, kodwa amacandelo amaninzi kuquka detectors kunye multi-yokugungxula ibhetri, yi-Centre for Space Flight. Goddard (NASA). Esi sixhobo iye ihlolwe kwaye ilungele ufakelo.

isixhobo Mid-infrared

Isixhobo kusetyenziselwa ukwenza umfanekiso broadband, ngamanye iya kufumaneka nge umfanekiso onomtsalane beneentonga zonke "Webb". Ukusuka apho umbono lwenzululwazi, bekuya kuba luncedo kakhulu ekulinganiseni kwi diski protoplanetary ngeenxa iinkwenkwezi abaselula, imilinganiselo nokuthelekelela ngokuchanileyo ibonwe izinto Kuiper Belt nothuli elibaselwe ngumoji khanya. Nguye lo isixhobo kuphela kunye cryogenically iphela ku-7 K. kuthelekiswa Spitzer Space Telescope, oku kuza kuphucula iziphumo ngamaxesha 100.

spectrograph okungenasikhewu NIR (NIRISS)

Ifowuni iza kuvelisa:

• ngokubanzi spectroscopy kwingingqi kwamaza infrared kufuphi (1.0 - 2.5 micron);
• Grism spectroscopy enye into kuluhlu ebonakalayo infrared (0.6 - 3.0 micron);
• iteyiphu yephepha-imbobo Interferometry kwi kwamaza 3.8 - 4.8 microns (apho ekulindeleke iinkwenkwezi kuqala ziwe);
• ebanzi uphando yonke intsimi ngayo.

Esi sixhobo wadalwa yi-Arhente Space waseKhanada. Emva kokuphumelela uvavanyo cryogenic naye uya kuba ukulungele nokuzibuyisela izixhobo encamini kweteleskopu.

sunshield

izibona Space abo babengekayi elimisiweyo. Enye yezona iinkalo ibuhlungu nawuphi na siqalo kukuba ukusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. Kunokuba olupholisa yonke kwisiphekepheke ngokusebenzayo usebenzisa eziphelayo refrigerant ezilahlwayo, teleskopu James Webb usebenzisa iteknoloji entsha ngokupheleleyo - ukuba eziku-5-umaleko ilanga Uyingweletshetshe ukubonisa imitha yelanga ukusuka kweteleskopu. Five unyawo-25 amaphepha kwizinti titanium oxhulumene nefakiweyo emva kokutyalwa ezinjengeetelescope. Olu khuselo iye ihlolwe ngo-2008 no-2009. Imifuziselo epheleleyo, abathatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo elebhu, wakwenza konke ke kwafuneka enze apha on Earth. Le ezintsha omhle.

Ukongeza, kwakhona ingcamango emangalisayo: nje ukuba ukuvimba ukukhanya kwelanga waza wabeka Array emthunzini, kwaye wenze ukuze bonke ubushushu yemisebe kwicala malunga orientation ezinjengeetelescope. Ngalinye maleko ezintlanu kwindawo cleaner liya kuba abandayo njengoko umgama ukusuka ngaphandle ukuba ayigodoli ngaphezu iqondo lobushushu i - malunga 350-360 K. maleko lokugqibela lobushushu kufuneka angehla 37-40 K, nto leyo ngaphandle lalingu komhlaba ebusuku seBhulin.

Ukongeza, amanyathelo abalulekileyo athathiweyo ukuze awukhusele bume ezibi yendawo enzonzobila. Enye yezinto sokuxhalaba apha iingqalutye ezincinane ubungakanani ingqalutye, isanti, uthuli nkqu ngaphantsi esibhakabhakeni omncane luphaphazela ngesantya kwamashumi okanye amakhulu amawaka km / h. Ezi micrometeorites bayakwazi prodelyvat ezincinane, imingxuma obungabonakaliyo konke nazo: iziphekepheke, iisuti isithuba, nezipili, yerediyo kwakunye nokunye okuninzi. Ukuba isipili iya kuba ziingozi kuphela okanye emingxunyeni, ukunciphisa kancinane imali ekhoyo "ukukhanya elungileyo", i-solar panel nga kuncothulwa ukusuka kolunye udini, uye kolunye udini lwalo, nto leyo eya kwenza yonke umaleko engenamsebenzi. Ukuphelisa le meko umbono omuhle lalisetyenziswa.

Zonke ikhaka solar yahlulwe yangamacandelo ukuze, xa kukho umsantsa encinane enye, ezimbini okanye ezintathu aba, umaleko akayi ningazikrazuli ngakumbi, njengokuba ezinjengokwaphuka kwi ifestile emotweni. Izahlulelo kuzakugcina wonke isakhiwo lonke, kubalulekile ukuba ukuthintela ukuhla komgangatho wemo.

Iziphekepheke: ibandla kunye nenkqubo yolawulo

Kuyinto isixa esiqhelekileyo, njengoko kukho kuzo zonke ezilapha space kunye namagqiza zenzululwazi. In JWST ihamba yodwa, kodwa walungisa ngokupheleleyo. Yonke into eseleyo ke unokontraka jikelele inkampani yeprojekthi Northrop Grumman, - ikhaka epheleleyo, ulibizele ndawonye ezinjengeetelescope ujonge phandle. Ifowuni iza kuba bekulungele ukuqala kwiminyaka-2.

eyi 10 izovela

Ukuba konke kuhambe kakuhle, abantu phezu esengozini ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu zenzululwazi. Ikhuselo gas cala, apho nangoku labasibekela ubenemboniselo yangaphezulu yazo iinkwenkwezi yokuqala kunye iminyele, ilungisiwe ubunakho infrared "Webb" kunye likhanya omkhulu. Oku kuya kuba, iteleskopu inkulu kakhulu ezibuthathaka kunye uluhlu kwamaza elikhulu ukusuka microns 0.6 ukuya 28 (iliso yabantu abone microns 0.4 ukuya 0.7) ye eyake yakhiwa. Kulindeleke ukuba ukunika elishumi kokuma.

Ngokutsho NASA, igama elithi "Webb" umsebenzi uya kuba ukususela kwiminyaka 5.5 ukuya kwi-10. Oku silinganiselwe kwisixa amafutha efunekayo ukugcina orbit, kunye nobomi neeletroniki ezithengiswayo kunye nezixhobo kwi-bume ngqwabalala isithuba. Teleskopu Orbital uYakobi Webb uya ithwale isitokhwe izibaso for yonke iminyaka eyi-10, yaye avavanywe kwiinyanga ezi-6 emva kokuba sungula uya ukuqinisekisa moya, oqinisekisa kwiminyaka 5 imisebenzi yesayensi.

Yintoni ukuya ephosakeleyo?

Eyona nto iphambili umda sisixa amafutha ebhodini. Xa lugqitywe, i-satellite uyoya nimke आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi kwindawo L2, esiza phezu njenge orbit umbhodamo kufutshane kakhulu uMhlaba.

Le isiqaqa, zingenzeka kunye nezinye iingxaki:

• ilinganisa ukuthotywa, nto leyo echaphazela umthamo wokukhanya eziqokelelweyo ukudala zakudala umfanekiso, kodwa umonakalo ukusebenza ngakumbi ezinjengeetelescope;
• ngokwehluleka inxalenye okanye iyonke elanga screen, uya kusivusa iqondo lobushushu kwisiphekepheke, kwaye linciphise i kusetyenziswa uluhlu kwamaza ukuba kufutshane kakhulu kummandla infrared (2-3 microns);
• isixhobo injini yemoto kwiminyaka yee-IR uluhlu, nto leyo eyenza kube ungafanelekanga ukuba ukusetyenziswa, kodwa aluchaphazeli kwezinye izixhobo (microns 0.6 ukuya 6).

Uvavanyo ezinzima balindelwe kaYakobi Webb iteleskopu, - uqalise kunye inaliti kungena orbit oyifunayo. Kuyinto le meko avavanyiwe kwaye ngempumelelo.

Revolution kwezesayensi

Ukuba kweteleskopu James Webb iza kusebenza ngendlela kwimo yesiqhelo, amafutha kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ukususela 2018 ukuya 2028. Ngaphezu koko, amandla ikhona yokugalela amafutha ezithuthi, nto leyo eza kwandisa ubomi teleskopu ukuya kwenye elishumi. Kanye njengokuba "Hubble" wenziwa utyando iminyaka engama-25, i-JWST wayeza kuqinisekisa isizukulwana science yotshintsho olululo. Ngo-Oktobha 2018, lo rocket umthuthi "esandi 5" uya ukujikeleza ikamva ngeenkwenkwezi, leyo, emva kokuba sele wenze iminyaka engaphezu kwama-10 ngomsebenzi onzima sele ukuqalisa ukuze athwale isiqhamo. izibona space Future phantse kufika.